User:Nazifi IN/Zaizaya da tektonics

 

Hulɗa tsakanin Zaizaya da tectonics ya kasance batun muhawara tun farkon karnin 1990s. Duk da yake an dade da sanin tasirin <i>tectonic</i> a cikin lamuran farfajiyar kasa kamar zaizaya (alal misali, samuwar kogi sakamakon hauhawar tectonic), akasin haka ne (tasirin zaizayar kasa kan aikin tectonic) ba da dadewa ba an magance shi. Tambayoyin farko da suka shafi wannan batun sune nau'ikan ma'amala tsakanin zaizaya da tectonics kuma menene tasirin waɗannan hulɗar. Duk da yake wannan har yanzu batun muhawara ne, abu daya ya bayyana, yanayin duniya ya samo asali ne daga dalilai guda biyu: tectonics, wanda zai iya kirkirar yanayin kasa da kuma kiyaye taimako ta hanyar dutse da dutsen, da kuma yanayi, wanda ke sulhunta hanyoyin lalata da ke lalacewa. yankunan upland akan lokaci. Hulɗa da waɗannan matakan na iya ƙirƙira, gyaggyarawa, ko lalata siffofin <i>geomorphic</i> a saman Duniya.

Hanyoyin hulɗa da hanyoyin amsawa don lamuran yau da kullun da kuma lalata abubuwa.

Kalmar <b>tectonics</b> na nufin binciken yanayin tsarin duniya da hanyoyin da yake canzawa tsawon lokaci. Hanyoyin koyarwa na yau da kullun suna faruwa ne a kan iyakokin farantin waɗanda yana ɗayan nau'ikan nau'ikokin uku ne: iyakokin haɗuwa <i>convergent</i>, kan iyakokin daban divergent, ko canza kan iyakoki transform . Waɗannan matakai suna haɓaka kuma suna gyara yanayin saman duniya, ta yadda za a ƙara samun taimako ta hanyoyin haɓaka haɓaka, daskararrun ababuwa, da nakasawa ta hanyar kuskure da lankwasawa . Elevation tsayi, dangane da matakan tushe na yanki, yana haifar da raƙuman raƙuman ruwa na kogi da kuma ƙaruwa a hazo da ake magana da shi ta hanyar magana, wanda hakan ke haifar da ƙaruwar zaizayar. Yanayin sama, da kuma taimako na gaba ɗaya, na wani yanki yana ƙayyade saurin abin da zai gudana daga sama, a ƙarshe yana ƙayyade tasirin ƙazamar ruwa ta gudana. Dogayen tuddai sun fi fuskantar matsalar zaizayar kasa a lokacin da ake ruwan sama mai karfi fiye da guntu, wuraren da ke gangarowa a hankali. Don haka, manyan tsaunukan tsaunika, da sauran yankuna na babban taimako, waɗanda aka kafa ta hanyar haɓaka tectonic za su sami ragi mai yawa na lalatawa. Ari akan haka, tectonics na iya yin tasiri kai tsaye kan zaizayar kaya a kan gajeren lokaci, kamar yadda ya bayyana a yayin yanayin girgizar ƙasa, wanda zai iya haifar da zaftarewar ƙasa da raunana dutsen da ke kewaye da shi ta hanyar rikicewar girgizar ƙasa.

Duk da yake hawan tectonic a kowane hali zai haifar da wani nau'i na haɓaka, saboda haka yaɗuwa mafi girma na lalatawa, an mai da hankali na farko akan haɓaka isostatic yayin da yake samar da haɗin kai tsakanin abubuwan da ke haifar da tasirin hulɗar lalata-tectonic.

ɗagawar Isostatic

Fahimtar ka'idojin isostasy babban jigo ne don fahimtar hulɗar juna da ra'ayoyin da aka raba tsakanin yashwa da tectonics. Ka'idar isostasy ta bayyana cewa lokacin da aka sami 'yanci a tsaye, lithosphere na yawo a matakin da ya dace a cikin sararin samaniya ta yadda matsin lamba a zurfin diyya a cikin asthenosphere da ke kasa da asalin lithosphere iri daya ne. Soaukakawar Isostatic duka sababi ne da tasirin yashewa. Lokacin da nakasawa ta kasance a cikin yanayin dunƙulewar ɓawon buɗaɗɗen amsa an haifar da sanadiyyar haifar da ɓawon ɓawon burodi ya nitse, kuma keɓaɓɓen ɓawon burodi ya haɓaka. Sakamakon farfajiyar farfajiya yana haifar da haɓaka mai haɓaka, wanda hakan yana haifar da zaizayar ƙasa. Madadin haka, lokacin da adadi mai yawa ya ɓaci nesa da Earthaukakawar Duniya yana faruwa don kiyaye daidaitattun daidaituwa. Saboda tsageranci, yawan zaizayar kasa akan manyan wuraren dake kwance na iya tsotse kayan da kyau daga ƙananan ɓawon burodi da / ko rigar sama . Wannan tsari an san shi azaman sake dawowa kuma yana da kwatankwacin amsawar Duniya bayan cire manyan ledojin kankara.

Haɓaka Isostatic da yashwa mai dacewa suna da alhakin ƙirƙirar sifofin yanki-yanki da sifofin ƙasa. Misalai biyu sun hada da:

Fayil:River anticline by, Michael Stevens.pdf

Samuwar tsayayyen kogi

• Continental garkuwoyi - Kullum manyan yankunan da low taimako (<100 m) a cikin duniya a ɓawon burodi inda Precambrian crystalline igneous kuma high-sa metamorphic kankara da ake gittar da. Garkuwa ana daukar su yankuna masu kwanciyar hankali ta hanyar kwatankwacin ayyukan da suke faruwa a gefensu da kuma iyakokin da ke tsakanin faranti, amma samuwar su na bukatar aiki mai yawa da zaizayar kasa. Garkuwa, tare da daidaitattun dandamali, sune abubuwanda ake amfani dasu a dunkule na nahiyoyi, saboda haka fahimtar ci gaban su yana da mahimmanci ga fahimtar ci gaban wasu abubuwan a duniya. Da farko, ana kafa bel ɗin dutse a gefen gefen farantin jirgi. Canza bel din dutsen zuwa garkuwa ya dogara ne da dalilai biyu: (1) zaizayar bel din dutsen ta ruwa mai gudana da kuma (2) daidaitawa ta daban sakamakon cire dutsen da ke saman saboda zaizayar. Wannan tsari na zaizayewa tare da daidaitawa mai ci gaba yana ci gaba har sai tsarin ya kasance a daidaitaccen daidaitawa. A wannan lokaci zaizayar kasa ba zata iya faruwa ba saboda farfajiyar ta yi kasa har zuwa kusan matakin teku kuma daukaka ta daina saboda yanayin daidaiton tsarin.
• Kogin tsaunuka - Tsarin ƙasa wanda aka kirkira ta hanyar ɗaga dutsen da ke ƙasan wurare masu tsananin zaiza ( watau, koguna). Sake dawo da martabar Isostatic sakamakon saurin cire dutsen da ke kanshi, ta hanyar zaizayarwa, yana haifar da raunanan wuraren dutsen dutsen da ke tashi daga koli na kogin. Domin cigaban wadannan tsarurruka zai iya faruwa yashewar kogin dole ne ya wuce matsakaicin yanayin zaizayar yankin, da kuma saurin daukaka orogen. Abubuwan guda biyu wadanda suke tasiri ga cigaban wadannan gine-ginen sune ikon kwararar rafin hade da sassaucin dattin ciki a yankin. Haɗuwa da ƙaruwar ƙarfin rafi tare da rage sakamako mai tsauri a cikin ci gaban tsarin daga kan hanyar wucewa zuwa ƙetaren kogi.

Canjin tashar kwarorowar

Channel kwarara bayyana tsari ta hanyar da zafi, danko sosai crustal abu gudana horizontally tsakanin babba ɓawon burodi da kuma lithospheric alkyabbar, da kuma aka ƙarshe tura zuwa surface. Wannan tsari da nufin bayyana siffofin kowa ya metamorphic hinterlands wasu collisional orogens, galibi da Himalaya - Tibet Filato tsarin. A cikin yankuna masu tsaunuka tare da ruwan sama mai ƙarfi (saboda haka, yawan zaizayar ƙasa) koguna masu zurfin gaske zasu samar. Yayinda wadannan kogunan suka rufta da doron kasa abubuwa biyu na faruwa: an rage matse akan duwatsun da ke karkashin su wanda hakan zai sa su zama masu rauni kuma (2) kayan da ke kasan suna matsowa zuwa saman. Wannan rage crustal ƙarfi, guda biyu tare da erosional exhumation, damar domin shagala daga tamkar tashar kwarara wajen Duniya ta surface.

Tsarin yashewa/Zaizayewar

Tsarin baka wanda aka samar dashi ta hanyar zaizayar dutsen da ke banbancin yanayi a Jebel Kharaz ( Jordan )

Kalmar zaizayar kasa tana nufin rukunin hanyoyin tsari na halitta, wadanda suka hada da yanayin yanayi, rugujewa, abrasion, lalata, da safara, ta hanyar da kayan da suke karewa daga doron kasa don safarar su da ajiye su a wasu wuraren.

• Bambanci daban-daban - zaizayar kasa da ke faruwa a rashin tsari ko kuma sauye-sauye masu yawa, sanadiyyar bambance-bambance a cikin juriya da taurin kayan farfajiya; daskararrun duwatsu masu taushi da sauri sun lalace, yayin da duwatsun da suka fi ƙarfi kuma suka fi ƙarfin kasancewa tsaunuka, tuddai, ko tsaunuka. Bambancin banbanci, tare da yanayin yanayin, sune manyan mahimman iko biyu akan juyin halittar yankuna na duniya.

Bayanin zaizayar kasa akan tectonics ana bayar da shi ta safarar farfajiya, ko kusa da farfajiya, taro (dutse, kasa, yashi, regolith, da sauransu) zuwa sabon wuri. Wannan sake rarraba kayan na iya samun tasirin gaske a kan yanayin matsin lamba a cikin yankin, ya dogara da girman yawan jigilar da aka yi. Saboda ayyukan tectonic sun dogara sosai akan halin matsin lamba na yau, sake rarraba kayan ƙasa zai iya haifar da aikin tectonic. Duk da yake zaizayar kasa a dukkan nau'inta, a ma'anarsa, zai kawar da abu daga doron kasa, aikin barnata taro a matsayin samfuri na kwararar iska mai zurfin gaske yana da mafi girman tasirin tasirin tectonic.

Lalacewar taro

Talus cones da aka samar ta hanyar ɓarna da yawa, a arewacin gabar Isfjord, Svalbard, Norway .

Lalacewar taro shine tsarin geomorphic wanda abinda ke saman kasa yake motsawa zuwa kasa galibi galibi a matsayin nauyi, galibi a karkashin karfi na nauyi Yayinda koguna ke gudana daga gangaren tsaunuka masu tsattsauran ra'ayi, toshewar hanya mai zurfin yana faruwa yayin da kwararar kogin take dauke dutsen da ke karkashinta. Isionarfin tashar tashar yana rage yawan ƙarfin ƙarfin da ake buƙata don faruwar lamarin gangara, wanda hakan ke haifar da ɓarnar taro. Cire ɗimbin yawa na farfajiyar ƙasa a cikin wannan yanayin zai haifar da martani mai tsauri wanda ke haifar da haɓaka har sai an kai daidaito.

Tasiri kan canjin tsarin mafari

Karatuttukan kwanan nan sun nuna cewa lalata yanayi da tsarin tectonic suna da tasiri akan cigaban halittar wasu siffofin ilimin kasa, galibi sanadiyyar orogenic. Samfurori na akwatin yashi masu amfani sosai, wanda a hankali ake matse yashi a bayan baya, sun nuna cewa geometries, Tsarin, da kuma sinadarin halittar kwayar orogenic tare da kuma ba tare da zaizayarwa da ƙarancin yanayi ba. Misali na adadi kuma ya nuna cewa juyin halittar orogens, tsarinsu na karshe, da yuwuwar cigaban wani tsaunuka, duk suna da lamuran yanayi na tsawon lokaci akan tsaunuka, misali, yanayin hadari a wani gefen orogen saboda zuwa hawan magana a ƙarƙashin babbar iska.

Duba kuma

• Tsarin yanayi mai motsi
• Buzzsaw na launin glacial
• Sake dawowa bayan glacial
• Rushewar post-orogenic