Yaren Akuapem
| Yaren Akuapem | |
|---|---|
| Lamban rijistar harshe | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog |
akua1239[1] |
Akuapem, Fanta aka fi sani da Akuapim, Akwapem Twi, da Akwapi, yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan membobin yaren Akan, tare da Bono da Asante, wanda aka sani da Twi, da Fante, wanda yake fahimtar juna. Akwai masu magana da Akuapem 626,000, galibi suna mai da hankali a Ghana da kudu maso gabashin Cote d'Ivoire.[2][3] tarihin wallafe-wallafen da kuma yaren Akan, an zaba shi a matsayin tushen fassarar Akan na Littafi Mai-Tsarki.
Magana[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Sunan Akuapem ana zaton ya samo asali ne daga ko dai Akan tolla ("batutuwa dubu") ko akuw-apem ("kamfanoni dubu").[4]
Tarihi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje ne suka fara kirkirar rubutun Akuapem a Ofishin Jakadancin Gold Coast Basel a cikin 1842, amma tarihin rubuce-rubucensa ya fara ne a cikin 1853 tare da buga harsuna biyu, Jamusanci Elemente des Akwapim Dialects der Odshi Sprache da Ingilishi Grammatical Outline da Vocabulary na Harshen Oji tare da ambaton Akwapim na musamman, dukansu Hans Nicolai Riis ne ya rubuta su, ɗan'uwan wanda ya kafa Ofishin Jakadun Basel na Gold Coast Andreas Riis. Wadannan za a bi su a cikin tarihin Akuapem ba har sai an fassara Sabon Alkawari.[5]
An zabi Akuapem a matsayin yaren wakilci ga Akan saboda masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje a Basel sun ji cewa ya dace. Christaller, wanda ya koyi Akyem amma ya yi imanin cewa Akuapem shine mafi kyawun zabi, ya bayyana batun, da mafita, a cikin gabatarwa ga harshen Asante da Fante na 1875 da ake kira Tshi:
[Akuapem] yaren Akan ne wanda Fante ya rinjayi, yana jagorantar tsakiyar tsakanin sauran yaren Akan da Fante a cikin sauti, siffofi da maganganu; yana yarda da halaye na rassan biyu har sai ba su saba wa juna ba, sabili da haka, ya fi dacewa da wadata daga bangarorin biyu.
Littafi Mai Tsarki[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Tarihin Akuapem a matsayin yaren wallafe-wallafen ya samo asali ne daga zaɓin da aka zaɓa don zama tushen fassarar Akan na Sabon Alkawari, wanda aka buga a 1870 tare da bugu na biyu a 1878, da kuma dukan Littafi Mai-Tsarki, wanda aka wallafa a 1871. biyu an rubuta su ne ta hanyar Ofishin Jakadancin Gold Coast Basel, musamman ta hanyar mishan na Jamus da masanin harsuna Johann Gottlieb Christaller da masanan harsuna da mishan na Akan David Asante, Theophilus Opoku, Jonathan Palmer Bekoe, da Paul Keteku.[6][7][8]
Duk da wallafa Littafi Mai-Tsarki, ilimin Akan ba zai yadu tsakanin Akan ba na ɗan lokaci, ko ma tsakanin masu mulkin mallaka na Turai. , lokacin da jami'in Burtaniya Sir Garnet Wolseley, wanda aka fi sani da shi a Ghana da sunan "Sargrenti" (cin hanci da rashawa na "Sir Garnet"), ya fara kamfen dinsa zuwa Ghana a lokacin Yaƙin Anglo-Ashanti na Uku a 1873, ya yi niyyar yin jawabi ga kiran da ya yi wa sarki Asante Kofi Karikari a Turanci da Asante, kawai don gano cewa, ga sanin su, "babu cikakken wakilci na Fante ko yaren Asante ya wanzu", yana jinkirta aikawar kiran kusan makonni biyu; duk wannan ko da Akuapem na Littafi Mai Tsarki na Yesu har ma da Yesu na kusan shekaru biyu; dukansu biyu; duk da Yesu.[9]
Harshen magana da ƙamus[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Christaller's A Grammar of the Asante and Fante language called Tshi (1875) da A Dictionary of the Asante da Fante language named Tshi (1881), wanda aka rubuta tare da ambaton Akuapem, sun kasance ƙayyadaddun ƙamus na ilimi da ƙamus na Twi, duk da rubutun yarukan, ƙamus, da ƙamus sun canza a cikin karni tun lokacin da aka buga su.
Fasahar sauti[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Bayanan da aka ambata[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Yaren Akuapem". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ↑ Christaller, Johann Gottlieb (1875). A Grammar of the Asante and Fante Language Called Tshi Chwee, Twi Based on the Akuapem Dialect with Reference to the Other (Akan and Fante) Dialects (in Turanci). Basel evang. missionary society.
- ↑ Ofosu-Appiah, L. H. (1998). "Christaller, Johannes Gottlieb". Dictionary of African Christian Biography.
- ↑ Gilbert, Michelle (1997). "'No Condition Is Permanent': Ethnic Construction and the Use of History in Akuapem". Africa: Journal of the International African Institute. 67 (4): 501–533. doi:10.2307/1161106. ISSN 0001-9720. JSTOR 1161106. S2CID 144245685.
- ↑ Committee, Akan Language; Languages, Ghana Bureau of Ghana (1995). Language guide (Akuapem-Twi version) (in Turanci). Bureau of Ghana Languages. ISBN 9789964200145.
- ↑ Reindorf, Carl Christian (1895). History of the Gold Coast and Asante 2nd edition. Accra.
- ↑ Debrunner, H. W. (1967). A History of Christianity in Ghana. Accra.
- ↑ Ofosu-Appiah, L. H. (1997). The Encyclopaedia Africana Dictionary of African Biography. 1: Ethiopia-Ghana. New York, NY: Reference Publications.
- ↑ Christaller, Johann Gottlieb (1875). A Grammar of the Asante and Fante Language Called Tshi Chwee, Twi Based on the Akuapem Dialect ... (in Turanci). Harvard University. Printed for the Basel evang. missionary society.