Harsunan Kwa

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Harsunan Kwa
Linguistic classification
Glottolog kwav1236[1]

Harsunan Kwa, waɗanda galibi ana kiransu da Sabon Kwa, shirin iyali ne amma har yanzu ba a nuna shi ba na harsunan da ake magana a yankin kudu maso gabashin Ivory Coast, a kudancin Ghana, da kuma tsakiyar Togo . Iyalin Kwa na cikin yankin Neja-Congo ne. Gottlob Krause ne ya gabatar da sunan a shekara ta 1895 kuma ya samo asali ne daga kalmar 'mutane' ( Kwa ) a yawancin waɗannan harsuna, kamar yadda sunayen Akan suka kwatanta. Wannan reshe ya ƙunshi harsuna kusan 50 da kusan mutane miliyan 25 ke magana. Wasu manyan yarukan Kwa sune Ewe, Akan da Baule .

Harsuna[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Duba akwatin da ke hannun dama don rarrabuwa na yanzu.

Rukunin harsuna daban-daban da aka haɗa a cikin Kwa suna da alaƙa da juna, kuma ba a nuna cewa sun fi kusanci da juna ba fiye da harsunan Nijar-Congo makwabta.

Stewart [2] ya bambanta manyan rassa masu zuwa, waɗanda binciken kwatancen tarihi ya goyi bayan ƙungiyoyi masu inganci:

  • Potou-Tano (ciki har da Akan )
  • Ga – Dangme
  • Na-Togo
  • [tsohon] Gbe (cikin shakku, yayin da suke nuna ƙarin fasalulluka na Kwa mafi kusanci zuwa Akan)

Harsunan Lagoon na kudancin Ivory Coast ba su da kusanci da ɗayan waɗannan, ko kuma ga juna, don haka an bar su ba tare da rukuni ba:

Harshen Esuma, bacewa ca. 1800, ya rage ba a tantance shi ba.

Tun da Stewart, an cire Ega da gangan, an canza harsunan Gbe zuwa Volta – Niger, kuma Apro ya kara da cewa. An sanya wasu daga cikin harsunan Na-Togo da Ka-Togo zuwa rassa daban-daban na Kwa. [3] Duba akwatin info a dama don rassan da aka samu.

Ethnologue ya raba harsunan Kwa zuwa manyan rukunoni guda biyu: Nyo da bankin hagu, amma wannan ba rabe-rabe ba ne. Kungiyar Nyo ta rushe reshen Potou-Tano da Ga-Dangme na Stewart sannan kuma sun hada da harsunan kudancin Ivory Coast da ba a hada su ba, yayin da ake kiran harsunan Ka/Na-Togo da Gbe da bankin hagu saboda ana magana da su a gabashin kogin Volta .

Tarihin shawarwarin[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Gottlob Krause yayi amfani da kalmar 'Kwa' a cikin 1885 don harsunan Akan (ko watakila Tano ), Gã, da Gbe, waɗanda ke da kwa ko kua a matsayin kalmarsu na 'dan Adam'. Tun daga wannan lokacin an faɗaɗa shawarar sosai, kawai don komawa ga wani abu da ke gabatowa tunaninsa na farko.

A cikin 1952 Westermann da Bryan sun faɗaɗa Kwa zuwa harsuna daban-daban na Lagoon na kudancin Ivory Coast da kuma abin da a yanzu ake kira harsunan Volta-Niger na kudancin Najeriya. Greenberg (1963) ya kara da harsunan Kru na Laberiya, da harsunan tsaunin Ghana-Togo wanda Westermann da Bryan suka cire musamman, da Ijaw na yankin Niger Delta; Yammacin Kwa ya haɗa da harsuna daga Laberiya zuwa Dahomey (Jamhuriyar Benin), da Gabashin Kwa harsunan Najeriya. Bennett & Sterk (1977) ya ba da shawarar cewa harsunan Yoruboid da Igboid sun kasance a cikin Benue–Congo maimakon Kwa. Stewart (1989) ya cire Kru, Ijaw, da Volta–Niger (Gabas Kwa), amma ya kiyaye harsunan Ghana – Togo Mountain da Lagoon, da kuma ƙara wasu ƴan gaɓoɓin, sabbin harsunan da aka kwatanta. Rabe-raben Stewart shine ginshikin sabbin ra'ayoyin kwanan nan. Don warware wannan daga rabe-raben tasiri na Greenberg, dangin da aka rage wani lokaci ana kiransa "Sabon Kwa".

Kwatankwacin ƙamus[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Misalin ainihin ƙamus na Kwa da harsuna masu alaƙa daga Dumestre (1971) da sauran tushe: [4]

Classification Language eye ear tooth tongue mouth blood bone tree water
Ghana-Togo Proto-Central Togo *ki-nu-bí /bi- *ku-túe /a- *li-nía /a-; *li-lúma /a- *ki-níé-bí /bi- *ka-niána /ku-; *o- núí /i- *li-kúpá /a- *ku-wyéu /a- *n-tû
Ga–Dangme Ga hiŋmɛi toi¹ nyanyɔŋ lilɛi² daa⁴ la⁵ wu⁴ tso³ nu⁵
Ga–Dangme Ga hi-ŋmɛi toí ɲaɲɔɔ líʔlɛ́í dáʔá lá wú tʃo nu
Ga–Dangme Dangme[5] hí-ŋmɛ́ túê lúŋù lílɛ́ ɲâà mùɔ̀ wû tʃô ɲù
Potou-Tano Proto-Potou–Tano *-ɲĩ *-tʊ̃ *-nʊ̃ *-ju
Potou-Tano Proto-Akanic[6] *-ɲĩ *-sʊ̃ *-nʊ̃ *-cu
Potou-Tano Akan[6] ɜ-nĩ a-sʊ̃ a-nʊ̃ n-su
Potou-Tano Proto-Guang *kω-sω *kɔ-nɔ̃ *ŋ-kalωŋ *o-yi *ɲ-ču
Potou-Tano Baoulé ɲima su ɟe taama, tãflã nwã moɟa oɥje wake n̥zɥe
Potou-Tano Ebrié[4] m̥mɛ-ɓi n̥ɟɛ n̥nɔ allɛ m̥mɛ n̥ka n̥eʔwe aja n̥du
Potou-Tano Krobou[4] ɲɛ-bi su n̥ɲɛ dandre n̥nɔ̃ n̥krã m̥rɔ ɲamɛ n̥zɔ
Potou-Tano Aboure[4] ɛɲɛ ɔwɔ n̥ɲɛ nãnɛ ɔblɔ n̥nla eboɛ̃ elibe n̥tʃwɛ
Potou-Tano Eotile[4] ɛjima ɔho anna annɛ ãto n̥na n̥tɔwu edwɔ n̥su
Potou-Tano Mbatto[4] õɲɛ̃muo õdʒo ɔ̃nɔ̃gõ olɛ ẽmẽ õglɔ̃ õtʃɥi ojoku õdu
Lagoon Adioukrou[4] ɲama lɔru nɛn anm nɛɲ mebl luw l-ikŋ midʒ
Lagoon Abbey[4] aɛ̃mɔ̃ rɔkɔ eji lɛtɛ ejimbu m̥pje sfje ti midʒi
Lagoon Attie[4] himbɛ te hɛ̃ nũ mɛ vø̃ fe dzakwɛ sø
Lagoon Alladian[4] ɛrɛ nuku n̥ɲi ɛwɛ̃ ɛmwã n̥krɛ n̥wi ɛtɛ n̥ʃi
Lagoon Avikam[4] eŋwaɓa ɛzjɛɓa ɛɲrã azraɓa enɔ̃ ɛvɛ̃ ɛwu eziba ɛsɔ̃
Lagoon Abidji[4] nɔnɔwɛ rɛte ɛɲi ine nimiti m̥bwo luvu tʰi mindi
Kru Aizi[4] zro lokɔ ɲɪ mrɔ mu ɲre kra ke nrɪ̃
Ega Ega efí /e elowá /a- ɛnʊmà /a- eno /i- ɔ̀mà àsɔ̀ ìkù ote /a- aɗú
Pere Pere[7] jísì-kéé nɛ́ɛ́(ⁿ) ɲòŋòmù jèŋgé yúgú ɲààmú kóó gbèè-tííⁿ túmú
Mpra Mpra anisi ate nchuma nchumu eyia nkaw; nkwõ
Dompo Dompo nyisi sepe nyì dandulo kanu nkla wuu yi nsu
Gbe Proto-Gbe *-tó *aɖú *-ɖɛ́ *-ɖũ; *-ɖũkpá *-ʁʷũ *-χʷú *-tĩ́ *-tsĩ

Kwatanta lambobi a cikin yaruka ɗaya:

Classification Language 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Left Bank, Avatime-Nyangbo Avatime ólè ɔ́βà ɔ́tà óné ót͡ʃù óɡlò ɡlóelè ɡɔ́tɔ́βà ɡɔ́tólé líɔfɔ
Left Bank, Avatime-Nyangbo Nyangbo (1) olí ɛbʰa ɛtá ɛlɛ́ ití holo ɡene ansɛ ʒita kɛfɔ
Left Bank, Avatime-Nyangbo Nyangbo (2) olié ɛbʰa ɛtaé ɛlɛ etié holō ɡěneé ansɛ ʒitaé kɛfɔ
Left Bank, Avatime-Nyangbo Tafi (1) olí ɛbʰa ɛtá ẽlɛ ití holō ɡéné asuɛ̄ ʒitá kɛfɔ̄
Left Bank, Avatime-Nyangbo Tafi (2) olí ɪbʰa ɪtá ĩlĩ́ ití holō ɡéné asʊī ʒitá kífɔ̄
Left Bank, Gbe Éwé èɖé èvè ètɔ̃ ènè àtɔ̃ àdẽ́ adrẽ́ èɲí aʃíeké èwó
Left Bank, Gbe Kotafon-Gbe ɖok͡po àwè àtɔ̃̂ ènɛ̀ àtɔ̃́ aɲizɛ̃ tsĩ́ã̀wè (litː hand+ 2) tsĩ́ã̀tɔ̃̂ (litː hand+ 3) tsĩ́ɛ̀nɛ̀ (litː hand+ 4) emewó
Left Bank, Gbe Saxwe-Gbe ɑ̀ɖé / ɖók͡pó òwê ɑ̀tɔ̃̂ ɛ̀nɛ̃̂ ɑ̀tṹ ɑ̀dɛ̃́ ɑ̀tʃówê (5 + 2) ɑ̀tɾótɔ̃̂ (5 + 3) ɑ̀tʃɛ̃́nɛ̃̂ (5 + 5) òwō
Left Bank, Gbe Waci-Gbe (Gen-Gbe) ɖeka (e)ve (e)tɔn (e)ne (a)tɔ́n (a)dén (á)dlén (e)nyí (e)asiɖeka (10 -1) ? (e)wo
Left Bank, Gbe Western Xwla-Gbe lók͡pó ɔ̀wè ɔ̀tɔ̃̀ ɛ̀nɛ̀ àtɔ̃́ àtroók͡pó (5 + 1) àcówè àtsítɔ̃̀ àtsíɛ̀ ɔ̀síɔsí (litː hand hand)
Left Bank, Gbe Xwla-Gbe òɖě(lók͡pō) ōwè ōtɔ̃̀ ēnɛ̀ àtɔ̃̄ɔ̃̄ ātrók͡pō ācíòwè àtĩ́tɔ̃̀ àcíɛ̀nɛ̀ ōwóé
Left Bank, Gbe, Aja Aja-Gbe (Aja) eɖé / ɖeka èvè / amɛ̃ve etɔ̃̂ / amɛ̃tɔ̃ enɛ̀ / amɛ̃nɛ̃ atɔ̃ / amãtɔ̃ adɛ̃ / amãdɛ̃ adɾɛ / amãdɾɛ eɲĩ / amɛ̃ɲĩ ɲíɖe / aʃiɖekɛ / amãʃíɖekɛ (10 -1) ewó
Left Bank, Gbe, Aja Gun-Gbe òɖè / ɖòk͡pó àwe àtɔn ɛnɛ̀n àtɔ́n t͡ʃíɖòk͡pó (?+1) t͡ʃiánwè (?+2) t͡ʃíantɔ̀n (?+3) t͡ʃíɛ́nnɛ̀n (?+4) àwò
Left Bank, Gbe, Fon Fon-Gbe (Fon) ɖě we atɔn ɛnɛ atɔ́ɔ́n ayizɛ́n tɛ́nwe (5 + 2) tántɔn (5 + 3) tɛ́nnɛ (5 + 5) wǒ
Left Bank, Gbe, Fon Maxi-Gbe ɖèé òwè ɔ̀tɔ̃̀ ɛ̀nɛ̀ àtɔ̃́ ayizɛ̃ tɛ́ɛwè (5 + 2) tã́tɔ̃̀ (5 + 3) tɛ̃ɛ̃nɛ̀ (5 + 5) òwó
Left Bank, Gbe, Mina Gen-Gbe (Gen) èɖě èvè ētɔ̃̀ ēnɛ̀ àtɔ̃́ɔ̃ ādɛ̃́ ǎdrɛ̃́ ēɲí ēɲíɖé (10 -1) ēwó
Left Bank, Kebu-Animere Akebu (1) ʈɛ́ì jí tā nìə̀ə̀ tʊ̄ʊ̀ kʊ̀rã̀ŋ pīrìmātā nɛ̀ĩ̀ŋ fã̀ŋt͡ʃẽ̄ŋt͡ʃẽ̄ŋ tə̀
Left Bank, Kebu-Animere Akebu (2) dɛi yi taː niə tuw turaŋ primata nɛŋ fant͡ʃet͡ʃeŋ (10 - 1) ? tə
Left Bank, Kebu-Animere Animere bɛɹi din tʰa aɳe atʰuŋ akʰuɹuŋ ɳotʰa ɳoɳa fʊɳe tʰi
Left Bank, Kposo-Ahlo-Bowili Igo (Ahlon) ili ìwà ìtã àlã̀ ùtɔ uɡo ùzòni ùmàlà úkàli ɔ̀wú
Left Bank, Kposo-Ahlo-Bowili Ikposo-uwi ɛ̀dɪ ɛ̀fʷà ɛ̀la ɛ̀na ɛ̀tʊ ɛ̀wlʊ ɛ̀wlʊdɪ (6 + 1) ? ɛ̀lɛ ɛ̀lɛdɪ (8 + 1) ? ìd͡ʒo
Left Bank, Kposo-Ahlo-Bowili Tuwuri (Bowiri) kédì kɛ́ɛ́yá kààlɛ̀ kɛ́ɛ́ná kùùló kévũ̀ kɛ́kɔ̀nɔ̀ kɛ̀ɛ̀lɛ̃̀ kàvèdí (10 - 1) ? kùwà
Nyo, Agneby Abé (Abbey) ŋ̀k͡pɔ̄ āɲʊ̃́ āɾí àlɛ́ ōní lɔ̀hɔ̃̀ lɔ̀hʍ̃ã̄ɾí èpʲè ɲāàkó ǹnɛ̀
Nyo, Agneby Abidji ń̩nɔ̀ áānʊ̄ ɛ̃́ɛ̃̄tɪ̄ ã́ã̄lā éēnē náhʊ̃̀ã̀ nɔ̃́ᵐbʊ̀ nówò nɛ̃́ᵐbrɛ̀ ń̩díɔ̀
Nyo, Agneby Adioukrou ɲâm ɲóɲ ɲâhǹ jâr jên nɔ̂hǹ lɔ́bŋ̀ níwǹ líbárm̀ lɛ̂w
Nyo, Attie Attié èk kɛ́mwʌ̃́ kɛ́hã́ kɛ́dʒí kɛ̋bʌ̃́ kɛ̋mũ̄ n̩ső mɔ̃̀kɥɛ́ ŋ̩ɡʷã kɛ̃̋ŋ
Nyo, Attie Ga ékòmé éɲɔ̀ étɛ̃ éɟwɛ̀ énùmɔ̃ ék͡pàa k͡pàwo (6 + 1) ? k͡pàaɲɔ̃ (6 + 2) ? nɛ̀ɛhṹ ɲɔ̀ŋmá
Nyo, Ga-Dangme Dangme kákē éɲɔ̃̀ étɛ̃̄ éywɛ̀ / éwìɛ̀ énũ̄ɔ̃̄ ék͡pà k͡pààɡō (6 + 1) ? k͡pàaɲɔ̃̄ (6 + 2) ? nɛ̃̀ɛ̃́ ɲɔ̃̀ŋ͡mã́ (plural formː ɲĩ̀ŋ͡mĩ́)
Nyo, Potou-Tano, Basila-Adele Adele ɛ̀kí ɛ̀nyɔ̀ɔ̀n àsì ɛ̀nàà tòn kòòròn kɔ̀rɔ̀nkí (6 + 1) ? nìyɛ̀ yɛ̀kí (10 - 1) ? fò
Nyo, Potou-Tano, Basila-Adele Anii dɨ̄ŋ, ɡādɨ̄ŋ, ɡīdɨ̄ŋ, ɡūdɨ̄ŋ īɲīʊ̄, bʊ̄ɲīʊ̄, bāɲīʊ̄, īrīū, īrīū, īrīū īnāŋ, īnāŋ, īnāŋ īnʊ̄ŋ, īnʊ̄ŋ, īnʊ̄ŋ īkōlōŋ, īkōlōŋ, īkōlōŋ kūlūmī ɡánááná tʃīīnī tɘ̄b
Nyo, Potou-Tano, Lelemi, Lelemi-Akpafu Lelemi ùnwì íɲɔ́ ɛ̀tɛ̀ ínɛ́ ɛ̀lɔ́ ɛ̀kú máátɛ̀ (4 + 3) ? máánɛ́ (4 + 4) ? lɛ́yàlìnwì (10 - 1) ? lèèvù
Nyo, Potou-Tano, Lelemi, Lelemi-Akpafu Siwu (Akpafu) ɔ̀wɛ̃̂ íɲɔ̂ ìtɛ́ ínâ írù íkùɔ̀ ìkɔ́dzɛ̂ (4 + 3) ? fàráfánà (4 + 4) ? káiwɛ̃̂ (10 - 1) ? ìwéó
Nyo, Potou-Tano, Lelemi, Likpe-Santrokofi Sekpele (1) nʊ̀ɛ́ (lɛ̀wɛ́) núə̀ ǹtsyə́ ńnà ǹnɔ́ ǹkùá kùánsè yèní nàsé lèfòsì
Nyo, Potou-Tano, Lelemi, Likpe-Santrokofi Sekpele (2) nùɛ́ núə̀ ǹtsyə́ ǹná ǹnɔ́ ǹkúa kúansè yèní nàsé lèfósì
Nyo, Potou-Tano, Lelemi, Likpe-Santrokofi Selee (Santrokofi) ònwíì ɔ̀ɲɔ́ òtìɛ́ ɔ́nà ɔ̀nɔ́ɔ̀ òkúɔ́ kùɛ́nsĩ́ ɔ̀nɛ́ nàásĩ́ lèfósì
Nyo, Potou-Tano, Logba Logba (1) ik͡pɛ inyɔ ita ina inú iɡló ɡlaŋk͡pe mlaminá ɡɔkwaɖu uɖú
Nyo, Potou-Tano, Logba Logba (2) ik͡pɛ iɲɔ ita ina inú iɡló ɡlaŋk͡pe mlaminá ɡɔkwaɖu uɖú
Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Central, Akan Bono Twi baakó̃ mienu miensá nain num nsiã nsɔ ŋɔt͡ʃwie ŋkrɔŋ du
Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Central, Akan Akan (Akuapem Twi) (1) baakó~ ə̀bìéń ə̀bìèsá~ ànáń ə̀núḿ ə̀sìá~ ə̀sɔ́ń àwòtɕɥé /tw/ àkróń dú
Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Central, Akan Akan (2) baakó̃ mmienú mmeɛnsã́ (ɛ)náń (e)núḿ (e)nsĩã́ (ɛ)nsóń nwɔtwé (ɛ)nkróń (e)dú
Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Central, Bia, Northern Anufo kũ ɲ̀ɲɔ̀ ǹzã̀ ǹná ǹnú ǹʒɛ̃́ ǹzô mɔ̀cᵘɛ́ ŋ̀ɡɔ̀ná búɾú
Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Central, Bia, Northern Anyin ɛ̀kʊ̃ (in counting)/ kʊ̃ (after a noun) ɲɲṹã nsɑ̃ nnɑ̃́ nnṹ nsĩ́ã́ nsʊ̂ mɔcuɛ́ ŋɡʊ̃ɑ̃lɑ̃́ búlú
Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Central, Bia, Northern Baule (Baoulé) kùn ǹɲɔ̀n ǹsàn ǹnán ǹnún ǹsiɛ́n ǹsô ǹmɔ̀cuɛ́ ǹɡwlàn blú
Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Central, Bia, Northern Sehwi kʊ̃̀ ɲɔ̀ ǹzã̀ ǹná ǹnú ǹziã́ ǹzɔ́ː mɔ̀tʃwɛ́ ǹɡɔ̃̀lã̀ bʊ́lʊ́
Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Central, Bia, Southern Ahanta ɔ̀kʊ́n àɥɪ̀n àsàn ànlà ə̀nlù ə̀ʃiə̀ ə̀súŋwà àwɔ̀twɛ̀ àhɔ́nlà bùnlù
Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Central, Bia, Southern Nzema ɛ̀kʊ̃ (in counting)/ kʊ̃ (after a noun) ɲ́ɲʊ̃ (tone reversals after nouns) ńsɑ̃ ńnɑ̃ ńnṹ ńsĩ́ã ńsṹũ mɔ́cʊɛ ŋɡʊ̃lɑ̃́ bulú
Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Central, Bia, Southern Jwira-Pepesa ko ńwia ńsa ńna ńnu ńsiã ńsuw mɔ́twɛ nɡhoalá eburú
Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Guang, North Guang Chumburung kɔ́ ɪ̀ɲɔ́ ɪ̀sá ɪ̀ná ɪ̀núː ìsíyé ìsúnóː ìbùrùwá ɪ̀kpánɔ́ː kúdú
Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Guang, North Guang Dwang (Bekye) kɔ́ɔ́ aɲó asá aná anú asíé asʊ́nɔ at͡ʃwé ak͡pɔ́nɔ ídú
Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Guang, North Guang Foodo ǹkɔ́ /ɔkʊlam ǹɲʸɔ́ ǹsá ǹnáàŋ ǹnṹũ̀ / ǹnúŋ ǹséè ǹsínō dùkwéè / dùkoi ǹk͡pánɔ̀ dúdu
Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Guang, North Guang Ginyanga okou iɡno issa ina inoun issi sono ɡuikoe sonʔou ɡuidou
Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Guang, North Guang Gonja à-kô à-ɲɔ́ à-sá à-ná à-nú à-ʃé à-ʃúnù à-bùrùwá à-k͡pánà kùdú
Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Guang, North Guang Kplang (Prang) kɔ̃ / ɛkʊ́nkɔ́ áɲɔ asa aná ɛnʊ́ esé ɛsʊ́nʊ́ ɛkwé apʊ́nɔ́ ídú
Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Guang, North Guang Krache (Kaakyi) kɔ́ɔ́ aɲɔ́ asá aná ɛnʊ̂ ɛsíɛ́ asʊ́nɔ́ kukwé ak͡pʊ́nɔ́ kúdú
Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Guang, North Guang Nawuri kʊ́ːʔ aɲɔ́ asá aná anû asíjé asúnɔ̂ abᵘɾuwá akpʌ́nɔ̂ ɡúdú
Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Guang, North Guang Nkonya ɛ̀-kʊ̃̀ (ɔ̀-kʊ̀ Northern Dialect) / ɪ̀-kʊ̀lɛ̀ à-ɲɔ̀ à-sà à-nà à-nù à-sìè à-sìènɔ́ ɪ̀-kʷè ɪ̀-kʷèbá ɪ̀-dú
Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Guang, South Guang Awutu (Awutu-Efutu) kòmé ìɲɔ́ èsã́ ènaː́ ̀ ènú ìsɛ̃́ː ̀ ìsɔ̃́ itʃwé ɛ̀pán ìdù
Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Guang, South Guang Cherepon àkʊ́ ìɲɔ́ ìsã́ ìnɛ̂ ìnî ìsíɛ̃̀ ìsúnɔ̋ ìtwî ìk͡púnɔ̋ ìdû
Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Guang, South Guang Gua ákò nyɔ́ sã́ nɛ̃̀ nĩ́ sĩ̀ɛ̀ sùnɔ̃́ twí k͡plɔ̃́ ìdú
Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Guang, South Guang Larteh (1) kɔ́ ɲyɔ́ sá nɛ́ nú síɛ̀ súnɔ́ tɕɥí k͡pʋ́nɔ́ dú
Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Guang, South Guang Larteh (2) kõ ɲɔ̃ sã nɛ̃ nũ sĩɛ̃ sũnɔ̃ cui k͡plɔ̃ du
Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Western Abouré (Abure) okuè aɲù nɳà nnàn nnú ncɪɛ̀ ncʋ̀n mɔ̀kʋ̀ɛ́ puálɛ́hʋ̀n óblún

Nassoshi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  1. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/kwav1236 |chapterurl= missing title (help). Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  2. ↑ 1989, slightly revised in Blench & Williamson 2000:29
  3. ↑ Williamson & Blench 2000:29
  4. ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 4.12 Dumestre, Gérard. 1971. Atlas linguistique de Côte-d'Ivoire: les langues de la région lagunaire. Abidjan: Institut de Linguistique Appliquée (ILA).
  5. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named GaAdangme
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Stewart04
  7. ↑ Heath, Jeffrey. 2019. Pere lexicon [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.3354193
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