Harsunan Benue-Congo
| Harsunan Benue-Congo | |
|---|---|
| Linguistic classification |
|
| Glottolog | benu1247[1] |
Benue–Congo (wani lokaci ana kiransa Gabashin Benue – Kongo ) babban reshe ne na harsunan Volta-Congo wanda ya mamaye galibin yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara .
Rarraba[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Central Nigerian (or Platoid) contains the Plateau, Jukunoid and Kainji families, and Bantoid–Cross combines the Bantoid and Cross River groups.
Bantoid kalma ce ta gama gari ga kowane dangi na Bantoid–Cross sai Cross River, kuma wannan ba a ganinsa a matsayin kafa reshe mai inganci, duk da haka ɗayan dangin, Southern Bantoid, ana ɗaukarsa yana aiki. Kudancin Bantoid ne wanda ya ƙunshi yarukan Bantu, waɗanda ake magana da su a cikin mafi yawan yankin Saharar Afirka. Wannan ya sa Benue–Congo ta zama yanki mafi girma na dangin harshen Nijar – Kongo, duka a yawan harsuna, wanda Ethnologue ya ƙidaya 976 (2017), kuma a cikin masu magana, ƙila miliyan 350. Har ila yau, Benue-Congo ta hada da wasu ƴan ƴan tsiraru a yankin Najeriya da Kamaru, amma ainihin dangantakarsu ba ta da tabbas.
Makwabciyarta Volta – Niger reshen Najeriya da Benin wani lokaci ana kiranta "West Benue–Congo", amma ba ta kafa reshen hadin gwiwa da Benue-Congo. Lokacin da Joseph Greenberg ya fara ba da shawarar Benue–Congo (1963), ta haɗa da Volta – Niger (a matsayin West Benue–Congo); An yi ta muhawara akai-akai kan iyakar tsakanin Volta-Nijar da Kwa . Blench (2012) ya bayyana cewa, idan aka ɗauki Benue–Congo a matsayin “harsunan suna gabas da arewacin Nijar”, mai yiyuwa ne ƙungiyar da ta dace, duk da cewa ba a yi nuni da hakan a rubuce ba. [2] Ana tunanin rassan dangin Benue-Congo kamar haka:
- Bantoid-Cross harsuna
- Cross River
- Arewa Bantoid
- Kudancin Bantoid
- Harsunan Tsakiyar Najeriya, wanda kuma aka sani da Platoid
Ukaan kuma yana da alaka da Benue–Congo; Roger Blench yana zargin yana iya zama ko dai yaren Benue-Congo mafi bambanta (Gabas) ko kuma dangi mafi kusa da Benue-Congo.
Fali na Baissa da Tita su ma Benue–Congo ne amma ba a tantance su ba.
rassa da wurare (Nijeriya)[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Da ke ƙasa akwai jerin manyan rassan Benue – Kongo da wurarensu na farko (cibiyoyin bambancin) a cikin Najeriya dangane da Blench (2019).[3]
| Reshe | Wurare na farko |
|---|---|
| Cross River | Cross River, Akwa Ibom, da Jihohin Rivers |
| Bendi | Kananan Hukumomin Obudu da Ogoja, Jihar Kuros Riba |
| Mambiloid | Sardauna LGA, Taraba State ; Kamaru |
| Dakoid | Karamar Hukumar Mayo Belwa, Jihar Taraba da wasu unguwanni |
| Jukunoid | Jihar Taraba |
| Yukubenic | Takum LGA, Taraba State |
| Kainji | Kauru LGA, Kaduna State and Bassa LGA, Plateau State ; Yankin Lake Kainji |
| Plateau | Plateau, Kaduna, Nasarawa State |
| Tivoid | karamar hukumar Obudu, jihar Cross River da karamar hukumar Sardauna, jihar Taraba ; Kamaru |
| Beboid | Takum LGA, Taraba State ; Kamaru |
| Ekoid | Ikom da Ogoja LGAs, Jihar Cross River ; Kamaru |
| Filin ciyawa | Sardauna LGA, Taraba State ; Kamaru |
| Jarwan | Bauchi, Plateau, Adamawa, and Taraba |
Kwatankwacin ƙamus[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Misalin ainihin ƙamus don sake gina proto-harshen na rassan Benue-Congo daban-daban:
| Branch | Language | eye | ear | nose | tooth | tongue | mouth | blood | bone | tree | water | eat | name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Benue-Congo | Proto-Benue-Congo | *-lito | *-tuŋi | *-zua | *-nini, *-nino; *-sana; *-gaŋgo | *-lemi; *-lake | *-zi; *-luŋ | *-kupe | *-titi; *-kwon | *-izi; *-ni | *-zina | ||
| Kainji | Proto-Northern Jos[4] | **iji (lì-/à-) | *toŋ (ù-/tì-) | *nyimu (bì-/ì-) | *ʔini (lì-/à-) | *lelem (lì-/à-) | *nua (ù-/tì-) | *nyì(aw) (mà-) | *ti (with reduplication) (ù-/tì-) | *nyi (mà-) | *lia | *ji(a) (lì-/sì-) | |
| Plateau | Proto-Jukunoid | *giP (ri-/a-) | *tóŋ (ku-/a-) | *wíǹ (ri-/a-) | *baŋ (ku-/a-); *gyín (ri-/a-) | *déma (ri-/a-) | *ndut (u-/i-) | *yíŋ (ma-) | *kup (ku-/a-) | *kun (ku-/i-) | *mbyed | *dyi | *gyin (ri-/a-) |
| Plateau | Proto-Kagoro | *-gi | *-two | *nii[ŋ] | *-dyam | *-nu[ŋ] | *-suok | *-kup | *-kwan | *-sii | |||
| Plateau | Proto-Jaba[5] | *gu-su | *gu-to[ŋ] | *-gi[ŋ] | *ga-lem | *ga-nyu | *ba-zi | *gu-kup | |||||
| Plateau | Proto-Beromic[5] | *-gis | *-toŋ | *-ɣiŋ | *-lyam | *-nu | *nì-ji | *-kup | *-kon | *-sii | |||
| Plateau | Proto-Ninzic[5] | *ki-sị́ | *ku-tóŋ | *ki-Nyin / *-Nyir | *ì-rem | *-nuŋ / *-n[y]uŋ | *ma-ɣì | *kù-kụp | *ù-kon | *a-ma-sit | |||
| Cross | Proto-Upper Cross | *dyèná | *-ttóŋ(ì) | *dyòná | *-ttân | *-dák | *-mà | *-dè; *-yìŋ | *-kúpà | *-tté | *-nì | *dyá | *-dínà |
| Cross | Proto-Lower Cross | *ɛ́-ɲɛ̀n / *a- | *ú-tɔ́ŋ / *a- | *í-búkó | *é-dɛ̀t / *a- | *ɛ́-lɛ́mɛ̀ / *a- | *í-núà | *-ɟìːp | *ɔ́-kpɔ́ | *é-tíé | *ˊ-mɔ́ːŋ | *líá | *ɛ́-ɟɛ́n |
| Cross | Proto-Ogoni | *adɛ́ɛ̃ | *ɔ̀tɔ́̃ | *m̀ bĩɔ́̃ | *àdáNa | *àdídɛ́Nɛ́ | *m̀ miNi, *m̀ muNu | *ákpogó | *èté | m̀ mṹṹ | *dè | *àbée | |
| Grassfields | Proto-Grassfields | *Ít` | *túŋ-li | *L(u)Í` | *sòŋ´ | *lím` | *cùl` | *lém`; *cÌ´ | *gÚp; *kúi(n)´ | *tí´ | *LÍb; *kÌ´; *mò´ | *lÍa | *lÍn`; *kúm |
| Grassfields | Proto-Ring | *túɛ̀ | *túndé | *dúì, *tɔ́ŋ | *túŋɔ̀, *góìk | *dɔ́mì, *dídè | *dúɔ̀ | *dúŋá, *káŋù | *gúpɛ́ | *kák`, *tíɛ́ | *múɔ̀ | *dúɛ̀ | *dítɔ́, *gíd' |
| Bantu | Proto-Bantu | *i=jíco | *kʊ=tʊ́i | *i=jʊ́lʊ | *i=jíno; *i=gego | *lʊ=lɪ́mi | *ka=nʊa; *mʊ=lomo | *ma=gilá; *=gil-a; *ma=gadí; *=gadí; *mʊ=lopa; *ma=ɲínga | *i=kúpa | *mʊ=tɪ́ | *ma=jíjɪ; *i=diba (HH?) | *=lɪ́ -a | *i=jína |
| Bantu | Swahili | jicho | sikio | pua | jino | ulimi | kinywa | damu (Ar.) | mfupa | mti | maji | la | jina |
Magana[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- Wolf, Paul Polydoor de (1971) Tsarin Ajin Suna na Proto-Benue-Congo (Thesis, Jami'ar Leiden). Hague/Paris: Mouton.
- Williamson, Kay (1989) 'Bayyanawar Benue–Congo', shafi. 248–274 a cikin Bendor-Samuel, John & Rhonda L. Hartell (eds.) Harsunan Nijar–Congo – Rarrabawa da bayanin dangin harshe mafi girma a Afirka . Lanham, Maryland: Jami'ar Press na Amurka.
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- ComparaLex, database tare da jerin kalmomin Benue-Congo
- Abubuwan yanar gizo don harsunan Benue-Congo
- Jaridar Harsunan Yammacin Afirka: Benue-Congo
- Archived Jerin Proto-Benue-Congo Swadesh Archived 2021-07-09 at the Wayback Machine </link> (da Wolf 1971)
Manazarta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/benu1247
|chapterurl=missing title (help). Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. - ↑ Roger Blench, Niger-Congo: an alternative view
- ↑ Blench, Roger (2019). An Atlas of Nigerian Languages (4th ed.). Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.
- ↑ Empty citation (help)
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Cite error: Invalid
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