Jihar Adamawa (Fula: Leydi Adamawa) jiha ce da ke a shiyyar Arewa Maso Gabashin na shiyyar Najeriya, Gombe ta yi iyaka da Borno daga Arewa maso yamma, Gombe zuwa yamma. a yayin da ta haɗa iyaka da ƙasar Kamaru daga Gabas. Jihar ta samo asalin sunanta ne daga tarihinta na Masarautar Adamawa, tare da tsohon babban birnin masarautar watau Yola wanda take matsayin babban birnin Jihar Adamawa a yau. Jihar ta kasance daga cikin mafi rabe-rabe tare da harsuna na asalin garin daban daban fiye da guda 100. An kafa Jihar a shekarar 1991 a sa'annin da aka raba tsohuwar Jihar Gongola don samar da Jihar Adamawa da Taraba.[1]
A cikin jihohi guda 36 na Najeriya, Jihar Adamawa ta fi kowacce girma ta fuskar faɗin ƙasa, amma ita ce ta 13 a jerin jihohi masu ƙarancin yawan jama'a tare da kimanin mutum miliyan 4.25 dangane da kiyasin shekara ta 2016.[2] Dangane da yanayin ƙasa, Jihar ta ƙunshi tuddai da tsaunuka (kamarsu Atlantika, Mandara, da kuma tudun Shebshi) da kuma tsaunin Adamawa Plateau tare da kogi zagaye da tsaunukan.
Jihar da ake kira da Adamawa a yau ta kasance gida ga yaruka daban daban kamar su Bwatiye (Bachama), Bali, Bata (Gbwata), Gudu, Mbula-Bwazza, da kuma Nungurab (Lunguda) daga yankin tsakiyar garin; harshen Kamwe daga tsakiyar da arewacin garin; yaren Jibu daga can kudancin garin; harshen Kilba, Marghi, Waga, da Wula daga arewa; sai kuma Mumuye daga arewa; da kuma Fulani daga kowannne sashi na garin mafi akasari a matsayin makiyaya. Akwai rabe-raben addini a jihar Adamawa inda musulmai mabiya sunnah suke da kaso 55% na yawan mutanen jihar, kaso 30% kiristoci (yawancinsu mabiya kiristanci na Lutheran, EYN, ECWA, da Pentecostal), inda sauran kashi 15% na mutanen jihar suna riko ga addinan gargajiya.[3][4]
Daga farkon ƙarni na 1800, Mayakan Fulani na musulunci sun mamaye yankin jihar Adamawa ta yau inda suka kafa Masarautar Adamawa a ƙarƙashin Halifancin Sokoto. Shekaru 90 bayan haka, dakaru daga Daular Ƙasar Jamus da Burtaniya sun ci Masarautar Adamawa da yaki, inda suka rarraba yankin a tsakaninsu. An haɗe sashin da Turawa suke mulka (wacce ta mamaye yammacin Jihar Adamawa a yau) a cikin yankin mulkin mallaka na Turai, kafin ta samu 'yancin kai kuma ta zamo Najeriya a shekarar 1960. Inda sashin da Jamus ke mulka ta zamo German Kamerun kafin sojojin hadin kai farmaki kuma suka mamaye Kamerun a lokacin gwagwarmayar Kamaru (Kamerun campaign) a lokacin Yakin Duniya na daya. Bayan yakin, yankin gabashin Adamawa ya kasance daga cikin yankin arewacin Kamaru a karkashin mulkin Turawan Kamaru har zuwa 1961, a lokacin da yarjejeniya ta hade yankin da Najeriya. Tun asali, yankin Jihar Adamawa ta kasance daga cikin Yankin Arewa bayan samun 'yanci, har zuwa shekarar 1967 lokacin da aka tsaga yankin kuma ta zamo daga cikin yankin Jihar Arewa ta Gabas. Bayan an raba Jihar Arewa ta Gabas a shekarar 1976, an samar da Jihar Gongola a ranar 3 ga watan Fabrairun 1976 tare da sauran sabbin jihohi 10. Shekaru 15 bayan an mayar da yankin jiha, an raba Gongola, yayinda kudancin jihar ta zamo Taraba, arewacin jihar kuma ta zamo Jihar Adamawa.
A matsayinta na jiha da ta dogara a kan noma, tattalin arzikin Jihar Adamawa sun ta'allaƙa ne a kan noma da kiwo, kamar noman Auduga, Gyaɗa, dawa, Rogo, Gero da doya. Shekaru da dama bayan rikicin Boko Haram, ya kawo cikas ga ci gaba a jihar.[5] Adamawa tana ta goma a fuskar ci gaban al'umma, amma tun da rikici ya fara a shekara ta 2016, an sake tsarin ci gaban.[6][7][8]
Jihar Adamawa na daga cikin jihohi mafi girma a Najeriya kuma ta mamaye kusan faɗin 36,917sqkm. Jihar ta haɗa iyaka da Borno daga arewa maso yamma, Gombe (jiha) daga yamma, Taraba daga kudu maso yamma, a yayin da ta haɗa iyaka da ƙasar Kamaru daga gabas.[9] Damshi da yanayin zafi/sanyi na Jihar Adamawa na farawa ne a watan Nuwamba, inda garin na da zafi sosai musamman a lokacin zafi. Lokacin sanyi na farawa ne daga watan Disamba zuwa watan Fabrairu na kowacce shekara.[10]
Ta fuskar yanayin ƙasa, Adamawa ƙasa ce ta manyan tsaunuka zagaye da koramu a gefensu - kaman rafin Benue, Gongola da Yedsarem. Koramun tsaunin Kamaru, Tsaunin Mandara[11] da Tsaunin Adamawa ne suka haɗu suka samar da yanayin ƙasar Jihar Adamawa.
Mafi akasarin mutanen Adamawa manoma ne kamar yadda yankunan tsirrai na ƙasar guda biyu suka nuna, yankin Sub-Sudan da Northern Guinea Savannah.[12] Amfanin gonarsu na siyarwa sun haɗa da auduga da gyaɗa a yayin da kayan amfani na cin yau da kullum su ne masara, doya, rogo, gero, dawa da shinkafa.
Mutanen ƙauyuka da ke zaune a gaɓar rafi suna aikin kamun kifi a yayin da Fulanin ƙauyukan sun kasance makiyaya. Jihar na da hanyoyi na titi da suka haɗe kowanne yanki na jihar.
Haɓaka da ci gaban yankuna da dama na jihar na da alaƙa da lokacin Turawan mulkin mallaka a sa'ilin da turawan Jamus suka mulki yankin Arewaci da Kudancin Kamaru daga Dikwa daga arewa zuwa Victoria (Limbe) a kan gaɓar Atlantik a ƙarni na 19. An miƙa wannan yankuna zuwa ga Burtaniya a matsayin yarjejeniyar United Nations Trust Territories bayan Yakin Duniya na Ɗaya, tare da sanya hannu a yarjejeniyar Treaty of Versailles. Bayan jayayya mai ƙarfi, an mika Arewacin Kamaru zuwa Najeriya inda ta zamo Gundumar Mulkin Sardauna, sannan kuma Kudancin Kamerun ta haɗe da yankin harshen Faransanci na Kamaru.[13][14]
Musulmai sun yi rinjaye ta fuskar yawa a Jihar Adamawa, tare da matsakaicin yawa na kiristoci. Jihar Adamawa na ɗaya daga cikin yankunan da aka fara Jihadin addinin musulunci tun zamanin Daular Masarautar Musulunci ta Sokoto a ƙarni na shekara ta 1800. Har ya zuwa yau, akwai Sarki da ke jagorantar jihar Adamawa na lokacin wanda ake kira da Lamido, wanda ya fito daga tsatson sarakuna Musulmai wanda suka yaƙi yankin kuma suka mamaye ta tun kafin a haɗe Kudanci da Arewacin Najeriya a shekarar 1914 lokacin mulkin mallaka na turawa. Atiku Abubakar ya kasance Waziri ga sarkin Adamawa. Akwai helikwata na manyan cocin kirista na Church of the Brethren in Nigeria (EYN Church) wacce ke da cibiya a Mubi a yankin arewacin jihar, da kuma cocin Lutheran Church of Christ in Nigeria (LCCN Church) wacce ke da cibiya a Numan da ke yankin kudancin jihar.[15] Mishanari Ƙasar Amurka suka kafa Cocin Brethren na Najeriya (EYN church) a ƙaramar hukumar Garkida Gombi a jihar a watan Mayun shekarar 1923.[16] Shi kuma cocin "Lutheran Church of Christ in Nigeria (LCCN Church)", mishanarin Ƙasar Jamus suka kafa ta a Numan a shekara ta 1913.[17]
Kafin zamanta jiha, Adamawa ta kasance ƙarƙashin mulkin Masarautar Sokoto wacce ta haɗa da akasarin arewacin Kamaru. Ana yiwa shugabanninsu laƙabi da Sarki ko (Lamido da harshen Fillanci).
Kalmar "Adamawa" ta samo asali ne da asalin ne daga wanda ya kafa masarautar Adamawa watau Modibo Adama, shugaban yankin na Jaruman Fulani a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Usman ɗan Fodio Sarkin Daular Sokoto a shekarar 1804. Modibo Adama ya fito ne daga yankin Gurin (wani dan kauye a yau) sannan a 1806, an bashi koriyar tuta don ya jagoranci jihadi na musulunci a kasar sa. Bayan 'yan shekaru kadan, Adama ya mamaye ƙasashe da harsuna da dama na yankin. A cikin shekarar alif 1838, ya mayar da Ribadu babban birninsa, sannan a 1839, Joboliwo ta zamo babban birnin yankin. A shekarar 1841 ne ya kafa birnin Yola daga bisani ya rasu a 1848. Bayan turawa sun mamaye yankin (daga fari turawan Jamus, daga bisani kuma na Burtaniya), shugabannin sun cigaba da mulki a matsayin sarakuna sannan tsatsonsu sun ci gaba da gadon kujerar mulkin.
An samu labarin ɓarkewar cutar kyanda daga wani sansanin almajirai a watan Junairun 2015.[18]
Jihar Adamawa ta samu illa sosai daga ƙungiyar Boko Haram. A cikin watan Janairun shekara ta 2012, Boko Haram sun kai hari a Gombi, Yola da Adamawa. Zuwa shekara ta 2014, Jihar ta zamo gida ga sansani 'yan gudun hijira a kalla mutum 35,000 wanda suka gudo daga yankunan da Boko Haram ta mamaye kaman su Mubi, Madagali, Askira Uba, Bama da Gwoza na jihohin Adamawa, Borno, da Yobe. A shekara ta 2014, an kiyasta 'yan gudun hijira a kalla mutum 400,000.[19] An kai wani mummunan hari a garin Chakawa a shekara ta 2014. Kunar bakin wake (na bam) ya kashe akalla mutum 30 a shekara ta 2015.[20] Hare-hare bam sau biyu a Madagali a cikin shekara ta 2016 ya jawo rasa rayukan mutum 50. Mubi itace yankin da tafi kowacce matsalolin Boko Haram a Jihar Adamawa. A sa'ilin da aka kai mata munanan hari a shekara ta 2012, 2014, 2017 da kuma 2018.
Ƙungiyoyin tabbatar da wanzuwar zaman lafiya a yankin sun hada da "Adamawa Peace Initiative (API)" wata kungiya na 'yan kasuwa, malaman addini da kuma jagororin al'umma - kuma Kungiyar Musulman Jihar Adamawa. Kungiyar United States Agency for International Development ta dauki alhakin taimakawa wajen cigaban al'umman yankin.[19]
A ranakun 21 zuwa 22 ga watan Febrerun 2020, ƙungiyar Boko Haram ta kai hari a gidaje da cocuka a yankin Garkida, inda suka kashe sojoji uku kuma suka rauna ta mutane (farar hula) da dama.[21]
↑Nwankwo, Cletus Famous (March 27, 2019). "Religion and Voter Choice Homogeneity in the Nigerian Presidential Elections of the Fourth Republic". Statistics, Politics and Policy. 10: 1–25. doi:10.1515/spp-2018-0010. S2CID 159290972. Retrieved January 19, 2022.
↑"Nigeria declares 'massive' military campaign on borders". BBC News. May 15, 2013. Retrieved June 6, 2013.
↑"Human Development Indices". Global Data Lab. Retrieved December 15, 2021.
↑"Celebrating the Return of Peace in Nigeria's Adamawa State". USAID. July 12, 2021. Retrieved December 15, 2021.
↑Aga, Chiegeonu (2009). Nigeria: State by State. Nigeria: Lulucom. ISBN9781105864322.
↑A.B. Mamman, J.O. Oyebanji (2000). Nigeria: A people United, A Future Assured.
↑"A Dormant Volcanic Range in Adamawa". Folio Nigeria. June 20, 2020. Retrieved August 17, 2020.
↑"Learn About Adamawa State, Nigeria | People, Local Government and Business Opportunities in Adamawa". Overview of Nigeria |NgEX. Retrieved February 4, 2022.
↑Gongola State Government (1989). Gongola at a Glance.
↑Udo, R.K (1970). Geographical Regions of Nigeria. Heinemann.
↑"About – The Lutheran Church of Christ in Nigeria". lccn.org.ng. Retrieved February 4, 2022.
↑"Nigeria - EYN, Church of the Brethren | Mission 21". www.mission-21.org. Retrieved February 4,2022.
↑Gongola State Government (1985). Potential Investors Guide to Gongola State.
↑"Mohammed Ismail (January 16, 2015). "Nigeria: Adamawa IDPs' Camps Record Outbreak of Measles". AllAfrica.
↑ 19.019.1"Nigeria: U.S., UK, American University Deliver Relief Materials to Adamawa Displaced Persons". Channels Television. November 20, 2014.
↑"Garkida attacked by Boko Haram, town was birthplace of EYN in Nigeria | Church of the Brethren". www.brethren.org. Archived from the original on February 29, 2020.
Adamawa
