Yaren Chaha

Chaha
ቸሃ
Asali a	Ethiopia
'Yan asalin magana	(undated figure of 130,000)
Dangin harshen	Tafrusyawit Semitic West Semitic South Semitic Ethiopic South Ethiopic West Gurage Sebat Bet Chaha
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-3	–
Glottolog	chah1248

Chaha ko Cheha (a cikin Chaha da Amharic : chha čehā ko čexā ) harshe ne na Gurage da ake magana da shi a tsakiyar Habasha, musamman a cikin yankin Gurage a cikin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙasa, Ƙungiyoyin Ƙasa da Ƙungiyoyin Kudancin . Har ila yau, mazauna Gurage a biranen Habasha, musamman Addis Ababa ne ke magana da shi. Chaha sananne ne ga masu ilimin phonologists da ilimin halittar jiki da yawa saboda hadadden ilimin halittar jiki .

Masu magana

A cewar Ethnologue, yaren SBG (Sebat Bet Gurage) sune Chaha ( čäxa ), Ezha ( äža ), Gumer (ko Gwemare, gʷämarä ), Gura, Gyeto (ko Gyeta, gʸäta ), da Muher (ko Mwahr, mʷäxr ) . Duk da haka, wasu daga cikin waɗannan wasu lokuta ana ɗaukar yare a nasu dama. Musamman Muher ya banbanta da sauran yarukan da ba lallai ba ne a dauke shi a matsayin dan kungiyar Gurage ta Yamma wadda SBG yake.

Wannan labarin ya mai da hankali kan yaren Chaha, wanda aka yi nazari fiye da sauran. Sai dai in an nuna ba haka ba, duk misalan Chaha ne.

Sauti da rubutu

Bak'ak'e da wasali

SBG yana da daidaitaccen tsarin wayoyi don harshen Semitic na Habasha . Akwai tsarin baƙaƙen da aka saba da shi da kuma baƙaƙe marasa murya da murya. Koyaya, yaren Chaha shima yana da babban saiti na baƙaƙe da labialized fiye da sauran yarukan Semitic na Habasha. Bayan wasullai bakwai na waɗannan harsuna, SBG yana da gaba mai buɗewa ( ɛ</link> ) da wasulan baya ( ɔ</link> ). Wasu daga cikin yarukan suna da gajerun wayoyi da dogon wasali, wasu kuma suna da wasula na hanci.

Hotunan da ke ƙasa suna nuna wayoyin yaren Chaha; daidai yawan wayoyi nawa ne abin da ke jawo cece-kuce saboda sarkakkiyar ilimin halittar SBG . Don wakilcin sauti na SBG, wannan labarin yana amfani da gyare-gyaren tsarin da ya zama na kowa (ko da yake ba duniya ba) tsakanin masana ilimin harshe da ke aiki a kan harsunan Semitic na Habasha, amma ya bambanta da ɗanɗano daga ƙa'idodin Harafin Wayar Watsa Labarai ta Duniya . Lokacin da alamar IPA ta bambanta, ana nuna ta a maɓalli a cikin ginshiƙi.

Consonants

		Labial		Dental	Bayan-<br id="mwQA"><br><br><br></br> alveolar	Palatal	Velar		Glottal
		a fili	zagaye				a fili	zagaye
Nasal		m	mʷ	n
M / </br> Haɗin kai	murya	b	bʷ	d	d͡ʒ ⟨ ǧ ⟩	ɟ ⟨ ⟩	g	ɡʷ
	mara murya	p	pʷ	t	t͡ʃ ⟨ č ⟩	c ⟨ ⟩	k	kʷ
	m			tʼ ⟨ ṭ ⟩	t͡ʃʼ ⟨ č̣ ⟩	cʼ ⟨ ḳʸ ⟩	kʼ ⟨ ḳ ⟩	kʼʷ ⟨ ⟩
Ƙarfafawa	murya			z	ʒ ⟨ ž ⟩
	mara murya	f	fʷ	s	ʃ ⟨ š ⟩	ç ⟨ xʸ ⟩	x	xʷ	h
Kusanci		β̞		l		j ⟨ y ⟩		w
Rhotic				r

Wasula

	Gaba	Tsakiya	Baya
Babban	i	ɨ ⟨ ⟩	u
Babban-tsakiyar	e		o
Ƙananan-tsakiyar	ɛ	ɐ ⟩ ⟨
Ƙananan		a

Ilimin Morphonology

Bugu da ƙari, ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun yanayin halittar fi'ili da ke cikin dukkan harsunan Semitic, SBG yana nuna wani matakin rikitarwa saboda ƙaƙƙarfan alaƙar da ke tsakanin saitin baƙaƙe a tushen fi'ili da yadda ake gane su ta wani nau'i na wannan fi'ili ko suna da aka samo daga wannan kalmar. Misali, fi'ili ma'anar 'bude' yana da tushe wanda ya ƙunshi baƙaƙe { kft } (kamar yadda yake yi a yawancin sauran harsunan Habashawa). A wasu nau'ikan muna ganin duk waɗannan baƙaƙe. Misali, mutum na uku madaidaicin namiji kamala siffar Chaha ma'ana 'ya buɗe' shine käfätä-m . Koyaya, lokacin da aka yi amfani da wanda ba na wannan fi'ili ɗaya ba, ma'ana kusan 'An buɗe shi', ana canza baƙaƙe biyu na tushe: ' kä fʷ ä č -i-m' .

Aƙalla matakai uku daban-daban na phonological suna taka rawa a cikin ilimin halittar jiki na SBG.

Devoicing da "gemination"

A yawancin yarukan Semitic na Habasha, gemination, wato, tsawaita baƙaƙe, yana taka rawa wajen bambance kalmomi daga juna da kuma cikin nahawun kalmomi.

Misali, a cikin Amharic, an ninka na biyu na tushen fi'ili mai baƙo guda uku a cikin cikakke: { sdb } 'cin mutunci', sä dd äbä 'ya zagi'. A cikin Chaha da wasu yarukan SBG (amma ba Ezha ko Muher), ana maye gurbin gemination ta hanyar sadaukarwa. Misali, tushen fi’ili ma’ana ‘zagi’ iri daya ne a cikin SBG kamar yadda yake a harshen Amharic (wanda aka maye gurbinsa da b da β ), amma a cikin cikakkiya harafin na biyu ya zama t a cikin yarukan da ba na geminating ba: sä t äβä-m 'ya zagi. '.

Baƙaƙe masu murya kawai za a iya keɓance: b/β → p, d → t, g → k, bʷ → pʷ, ǧ → č, gʸ → kʸ, gʷ → kʷ, z → s, ž → š .