Yarjejeniyar Muhalli
| Yarjejeniyar Muhalli | |
|---|---|
| Asali | |
| Characteristics | |
Yarjejeniya don Muhalli ( French: Charte de l'environnement </link> Doka ce ta tsarin mulki ta Faransa da aka amince da ita a shekara ta 2005, wacce ta zama wani ɓangare na toshe kundin tsarin mulkin ( bloc de constitutionnalité</link> ) na dokar Faransa da ke da karfi iri daya da Kundin Tsarin Mulki.
Yarjejeniyar ta amince da wasu hakkoki da ayyuka masu mahimmanci da suka shafi kare muhalli kuma ta gabatar da manyan ka'idoji guda uku a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Faransa: ka'idar rigakafi (a cikin Art. 3), Ka'idar kariya, da kuma mai gurbatawa ya biya ka'idar.
Shugaban Jamhuriyar Faransa Jacques Chirac ne ya fara aikin sàrtu kuma kwamiti ne wanda Yves Coppens, farfesa a fannin ilimin ɗan adam a Collège de France ya shirya.
A cikin canza Kundin Tsarin Mulki, Yarjejeniyar tana ɗaya daga cikin gyare-gyaren Kundin Tsarin Duniya a ƙarƙashin Jamhuriyar Faransanci ta Biyar.
Asalin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Jacques Chirac ya sanar da Yarjejeniyar don aikin Muhalli a ranar 3 ga Mayu 2001, a cikin jawabi a Orléans. Yana gab da ƙarshen wa'adinsa na farko na shekaru bakwai a matsayin Shugaban kasa, kuma Yarjejeniyar ta zama ɗaya daga cikin alkawuran manufofinsa a yakin neman zabe a zaben shugaban Faransa na 2002. [1] An sake zabar Chirac, tare da wasu kashi 80 cikin 100 na kuri'un a zagaye na biyu, inda ya doke Jean-Marie Le Pen.[2]
Chirac ya nada kwamiti na musamman, wanda Farfesa Yves Coppens ya jagoranta, wanda ya dauki kimanin shekaru biyu don tsara rubutun sashin. Wannan kwamiti ya hada da:
- Dominique Bourg na Jami'ar Fasaha ta Troyes;
- Christian Brodhag, darektan bincike a École des Mines de Saint-Étienne;
- Philippe Charrier;
- Bertrand P. Collomb, shugaban Lafarge;
- François Ewald, masanin falsafa kuma lauya;
- Yves Jegouzo, Mai ba da shawara na Jiha;
- Robert Klapisch, injiniya kuma masanin kimiyyar lissafi;
- Christiane Lambert na Forum na Manoma masu alhakin Muhalli;
- Jean-Claude Lefeuvre, farfesa a Gidan Tarihi na Kasa;
- François Loloum, Jagoran Bukatar Majalisar Jiha;
- Marie-José Nicoli, Shugaban UFC-Que Choisir;
- Jacques Pélissard, shugaban kungiyar Mayors na Faransa;
- Geneviève Perrin-Gaillard, Mataimakin Deux-Sèvres;
- Pierre Picard, Jami'ar Paris X;
- Charles Pilet, likitan dabbobi;
- Bernard Rousseau, Shugaban Faransa Yanayin Yanayi; da
- Jean-François Trogrlic, sakataren kasa na Kungiyar Kwadago ta Demokradiyyar Faransa.
Wannan Hukumar ta nada kwamitoci biyu, daya na shari'a, ɗayan na kimiyya, don gwada wasu ra'ayoyin da yake so ya yi la'akari da su. An kuma tattara ra'ayin jama'a a cikin jerin tarurrukan jama'a da aka gudanar a duk faɗin Faransa.
Hukumar ta gabatar da rahotonta a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2003, tare da rubutun da aka gabatar na sashin, wanda daga baya Babban Sakatariyar Gwamnati da kuma majalisar ministocin Shugaban Jamhuriyar suka sake yin aiki. Kazalika da sashin kanta, a cikin tsari na ƙarshe ya haɗa da canji ga gabatarwar Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Faransa, yana sakawa cikinsa abubuwa goma na Yarjejeniyar, da kuma Mataki na 34 na Kundin Tsarin mulki.
An gabatar da da takardar shaidar a matsayin lissafin kundin tsarin mulki ga Majalisar Dokoki sannan ga Majalisar Dattijai kuma an amince da ita a shekara ta 2004. A ranar 28 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2005, majalisar dokoki ta hadu a Majalisa a Versailles kuma ta tabbatar da kundin tsarin mulki da kuri'u 531 zuwa 23. Jacques Chirac ya gabatar da shi a ranar 1 ga Maris 2005.
Matakan Yarjejeniyar
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Mataki na 1. Kowane mutum yana da 'yancin rayuwa a cikin yanayin da ya dace wanda ke nuna girmamawa ga lafiya.[3]
- Mataki na 2. Kowane mutum yana ƙarƙashin aikin shiga cikin adanawa da inganta muhalli.[3]
- Mataki na 3. Kowane mutum zai, a cikin yanayin da doka ta tanada, ya hango kuma ya guje wa faruwar duk wani lalacewar da zai iya haifar wa muhalli ko, idan hakan ya gaza, iyakance sakamakon irin wannan lalacewar.[3]
- Mataki na 4. Za a buƙaci kowa, a cikin yanayin da doka ta tanada, ya ba da gudummawa ga yin duk wani lalacewar da ya yi wa muhalli.[3]
- Mataki na 5. Lokacin da faruwar duk wani lalacewa, ko da yake ba a iya hangowa ba a halin yanzu na ilimin kimiyya, na iya cutar da muhalli sosai kuma ba za a iya juyawa ba, hukumomin gwamnati za su, tare da girmama ka'idar kariya da yankunan da ke cikin ikonsu, tabbatar da aiwatar da hanyoyin kimanta haɗari da kuma karɓar matakan wucin gadi daidai da haɗarin da ke ciki don hana faruwar irin wannan lalacewa.[3]
- Mataki na 6. Manufofin jama'a za su inganta ci gaba mai ɗorewa. Don wannan dalili za su sulhunta kariya da inganta muhalli tare da ci gaban tattalin arziki da ci gaban zamantakewa.[3]
- Mataki na 7. Kowane mutum yana da 'yanci, a cikin yanayin da kuma yadda doka ta tanada, don samun damar samun bayanai game da muhalli a hannun hukumomin jama'a da kuma shiga cikin tsarin yanke shawara na jama'a wanda zai iya shafar muhalli.[3]
- Mataki na 8. Ilimi da horo game da muhalli za su ba da gudummawa ga aiwatar da hakkoki da ayyukan da aka tsara a cikin wannan Yarjejeniyar.[3]
- Mataki na 9. Bincike da kirkire-kirkire za su ba da gudummawa ga adanawa da ci gaban muhalli.[3]
- Mataki na 10. Wannan Yarjejeniyar za ta karfafa ayyukan Faransa a matakin Turai da na duniya.[3]
Bayani
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Gilles Bresson, Chirac, chantre du tout-écologique..., Libération, 19 March 2002, accessed 25 January 2023 (in French)
- ↑ Thomas Gschwend, Thomas, Dirk Leuffen, Cohabitation and regime voting in the 2002 French elections", British Journal of Political Science 35.4 (2005): 691-712
- ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 CHARTER FOR THE ENVIRONMENT, English text, conseil-constitutionnel.fr, accessed 25 January 2023
Ƙarin karantawa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Yves Jegouzo, Jean-Pierre Dupuy, Olivier Godard, Pierre-Henri Gouyon, Christine Noiville, Maurice Tubiana, Paul Zagame, Round Table na 1: Hadarin muhalli, tsammanin, gyare-gyare da farashi: Me ka'idar muhalli za ta iya kawo? Tebur mai zagaye na 1: Hadarin muhalli, tsammanin, gyare-gyare da farashi: Me ka'idar muhalli za ta kawo? Archived 2021-12-30 at the Wayback MachineAn adana shi 2021-12-30 a Wayback Machine (2003) (a Faransanci)
- Yves Coppens, Rahoton Hukumar Coppens na Shirye-shiryen Yarjejeniyar Muhalli, 1 ga Afrilu 2005 (a Faransanci)
- Yarjejeniyar kundin tsarin mulki na muhalli - Taron kan Yarjejeniyar da aka gudanar a ranar 20 da 21 ga Yuni 2005 a Kotun Kashewa Archived 2007-11-18 a (2005) (a Faransanci)