Jacques Chirac
_(cropped).jpg)
_ribbon.svg){kind=small}
Jacques Chirac (lafazi: /jak shirak/) ɗan siyasan Faransa ne. An haife shi a shekara ta 29 Nuwamba 1632. Bafaranshe ne ya zama Shugaba na 1932 na Faransa daga 1995 zuwa 2007
Firaministan kasar Faransa ne daga shekarar 1974 zuwa shekarar 1976 (bayan Pierre Messmer - kafin Raymond Barre), da daga shekarar 1986 zuwa shekarar 1988 (bayan Laurent Fabius - kafin Michel Rocard). Jacques Chirac shugaban kasar Faransa ne daga shekarar 1995 zuwa shekarar 2007 (bayan François Mitterrand - kafin Nicolas Sarkozy).[1]
Bayan ya halarci makarantar École nationale d'administration, Chirac ya fara aikinsa a matsayin babban ma'aikacin gwamnati, ya shiga harkokin siyasa jim kadan bayan haka. Chirac ya rike mukamai daban-daban da suka hada da ministan noma da ministan cikin gida. A cikin 1981 da 1988, bai yi nasara ba ya tsaya takarar shugaban kasa a matsayin mai ɗaukar nauyi ga jam'iyyar Gaullist mai ra'ayin mazan jiya Rally for the Republic (RPR). Manufofin cikin gida na Chirac da farko sun haɗa da ƙananan kuɗin haraji, kawar da sarrafa farashi, hukunci mai ƙarfi don aikata laifuka da ta'addanci, da kuma mallakar kasuwanci.[2]
Bayan bin wadannan manufofin a wa'adinsa na biyu na Firayim Minista, Chirac ya canza ra'ayinsa. Ya yi jayayya game da manufofin tattalin arziki daban-daban kuma an zabe shi a matsayin shugaban kasa a 1995, tare da 52.6% na kuri'un a zagaye na biyu, ya doke Socialist Lionel Jospin, bayan yakin neman zabe a kan wani dandali na warkar da "raguwar zamantakewa" (fracture sociale).[3] Manufofin tattalin arziki na Chirac, bisa ga digisme, suna ba da damar zuba jari ta hanyar gwamnati, sun tsaya tsayin daka ga manufofin laissez-faire na Burtaniya a karkashin ma'aikatun Margaret Thatcher da John Major, wanda Chirac ya bayyana a matsayin "Anglo-Saxon ultraliberalism"[4].
Chirac dai ya shahara da tsayawa tsayin daka wajen nuna adawa da mamayar da Amurka ta yi wa Iraki, da amincewa da rawar da gwamnatin Faransa mai hadin gwiwa ta taka wajen korar Yahudawa, da kuma rage wa'adin shugabancinsa daga shekaru bakwai zuwa biyar, ta hanyar kuri'ar jin ra'ayin jama'a a shekara ta 2000. A zaben shugaban kasar na 2002, ya samu kashi 82.2% na kuri'un da aka kada a zagaye na biyu a kan dan takarar masu ra'ayin rikau, Jean-Marie Le 2. A shekara ta 2011, kotun Paris ta bayyana Chirac da laifin karkatar da kudaden jama'a da kuma cin zarafin jama'a, inda aka yanke masa hukuncin daurin shekaru biyu a gidan yari.[5]
Chirac dai ya shahara da tsayawa tsayin daka wajen nuna adawa da mamayar da Amurka ta yi wa Iraki, da amincewa da rawar da gwamnatin Faransa mai hadin gwiwa ta taka wajen korar Yahudawa, da kuma rage wa'adin shugabancinsa daga shekaru bakwai zuwa biyar, ta hanyar kuri'ar jin ra'ayin jama'a a shekara ta 2000. A zaben shugaban kasar na 2002, ya samu kashi 82.2% na kuri'un da aka kada a zagaye na biyu a kan dan takarar masu ra'ayin rikau, Jean-Marie Le 2. A shekara ta 2011, kotun Paris ta bayyana Chirac da laifin karkatar da kudaden jama'a da kuma cin zarafin jama'a, inda aka yanke masa hukuncin daurin shekaru biyu a gidan yari.[5]
Kuruciya da ilimi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tarihin iyali
An haifi Jacques René Chirac a ranar 29 ga Nuwamba 1932 a gundumar 5th na Paris.[9] Shi ɗan Abel François Marie Chirac (1898 – 1968), babban jami'in gudanarwa na kamfanin jirgin sama,[3] da Marie-Louise Valette (1902 – 1973), uwar gida. Kakanninsa duk malamai ne daga Sainte-Féréole a Corrèze. Kakanninsa na bangarorin biyu manoma ne a yankunan karkarar kudu maso yammacin yankin Corrèze.[6] kafin haihuwarsa).[7] Ya yi karatu a Paris a Cours Hattemer, makaranta mai zaman kanta.[8] Daga nan ya halarci Lycée Carnot da Lycée Louis-le-Grand. Bayan baccalauréat, bayan mahaifinsa ya tafi ya yi hidima na tsawon watanni uku a matsayin matukin jirgi a kan jigilar gawayi.[9]
Chirac ya buga wasan rugby ga kungiyar matasa ta Brive, kuma ya buga matakin jami'a. Ya buga a'a. 8 da jere na biyu. Yana da shekara 18, burinsa shi ne ya zama kyaftin na jirgin ruwa.[10]
Ilimi da farkon aiki
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Lokacin da yake da shekaru 16, Chirac ya so ya koyi Sanskrit kuma ya sami wani malamin Sanskrit na Rasha na fari a birnin Paris wanda ya ƙare ya koya masa Rashanci; yana ɗan shekara 17 Chirac kusan ya iya yaren Rashanci.[8] Charles de
A cikin Amurka, Chirac ya yi aiki a Anheuser-Busch a St. Louis, Missouri.[11]
Chirac ya sami horo a matsayin hafsan sojan ajiye makamai a cikin sojojin dawakai a Saumur.[12] Daga nan sai ya ba da kansa don yakar Aljeriya, inda ya yi amfani da hanyoyin sadarwa na kashin kansa don aikewa da shi duk da cewa manyansa sun yi ta yi. Shugabanninsa ba su so su sanya shi jami’i saboda suna zargin yana da ra’ayin gurguzu[13]. A cikin 1965, ya zama mai binciken kudi a Kotun Auditors.[14]
Farkon siyasar sa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]"Bulldozer": 1962-1971
A cikin Afrilu 1962, an nada Chirac shugaban ma'aikatan Firayim Minista Georges Pompidou. Wannan nadin ya kaddamar da harkokin siyasa na Chirac. Pompidou ya dauki Chirac a matsayin abokinsa, kuma ya kira shi "bulldozer na" saboda kwarewarsa na yin abubuwa. Laƙabin da ake yi wa Le Bulldozer an kama shi a cikin da'irar siyasar Faransa, inda kuma ya yi nuni da yanayin ƙazanta. Har zuwa ƙarshen zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 1988, Chirac ya ci gaba da yin wannan suna.[15]
Bisa shawarar Pompidou, Chirac ya tsaya takara a matsayin dan takarar dan majalisar wakilai na kasa a shekarar 1967. An zabe shi mataimakin gidan sa Corrèze departement, kagara na hagu. Wannan nasara mai ban mamaki a cikin yanayin Gaullist ebb ya ba shi damar shiga gwamnati a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Jama'a. Ko da yake Chirac yana da kyau a cikin tawagar de Gaulle, yana da alaƙa da aure da abokin tarayya guda ɗaya a lokacin roƙon 18 Yuni 1940, ya kasance mafi "Pompidolian" fiye da "Gaullist". Lokacin da tarzomar ɗalibi da ma'aikaci ta girgiza Faransa a cikin Mayu 1968, Chirac ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yin shawarwarin sulhu.[10] Sannan, a matsayinsa na sakataren tattalin arziki na jiha (1968-1971), ya yi aiki kafada da kafada da Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, wanda ya jagoranci ma'aikatar tattalin arziki da kudi.[16]
Majalisar ministoci: 1971-1974
Bayan wasu watanni a ma'aikatar hulda da majalisa, Chirac na farko ya zama babban mukami a shekarar 1972 lokacin da ya zama ministan noma da raya karkara karkashin Pompidou, wanda aka zabe shi a matsayin shugaban kasa a shekarar 1969, bayan de Gaulle ya yi ritaya. Chirac cikin sauri ya samu suna a matsayin zakaran kare muradun manoman Faransa, kuma da farko ya ja hankalin duniya lokacin da ya kai hari ga manufofin aikin gona na Amurka, Jamus ta Yamma, da Tarayyar Turai wadanda suka ci karo da muradun Faransa.
A ranar 27 ga Fabrairun 1974, bayan murabus din Raymond Marcellin, Chirac an nada shi ministan cikin gida. A ranar 21 ga Maris 1974, ya soke aikin SAFARI saboda matsalolin sirri bayan da Le Monde ya bayyana wanzuwarsa. Daga Maris 1974, Shugaba Pompidou ya ba shi amana da shirye-shiryen zaben shugaban kasa da aka tsara a shekarar 1976. An ci gaba da gudanar da wadannan zabuka saboda mutuwar kwatsam Pompidou a ranar 2 ga Afrilu 1974[17].
Chirac ya yi yunkurin marawa Gaullist baya Pirayim Minista Pierre Messmer. Jacques Chaban-Delmas ya sanar da takararsa duk da rashin amincewa da "Pompidolians". Chirac da sauran su ne suka buga kiran na 43 na goyon bayan Giscard d'Estaing, shugaban masu rinjaye na Majalisar. An zabi Giscard d'Estaing a matsayin magajin Pompidou bayan yakin neman zaben Faransa da ya fi yin takara cikin shekaru. A sakamakon haka, sabon shugaban ya zabi Chirac domin ya jagoranci majalisar ministocin kasar.
Firayim Minista na Giscard: 1974-1976
Lokacin da Valéry Giscard d'Estaing ya zama shugaban kasa, ya nada Chirac a matsayin firaminista a ranar 27 ga Mayu 1974, don sasanta bangarorin "Giscardian" da "marasa Giscardian" na rinjaye na majalisar. A lokacin da yake da shekaru 41, Chirac ya fito a matsayin babban abin koyi na jeunes loups ('Young Wolves') na siyasar Faransa, amma ya fuskanci ƙiyayya na "Barons na Gaullism" wanda ya dauke shi a matsayin maci amana saboda rawar da ya taka a lokacin yakin neman zabe na baya. A cikin watan Disamba na 1974, ya ɗauki jagorancin Union of Democrats for the Republic (UDR) ba tare da yardar wasu manyan jami'anta ba.[18]
A matsayinsa na firaminista, Chirac ya yi gaggawar shawo kan Gaullists cewa, duk da sauye-sauyen zamantakewar da shugaba Giscard ya gabatar, za a ci gaba da rike ka'idojin Gaulllism, kamar 'yancin kai na kasa da Turai. Pierre Juillet da Marie-France Garaud, tsoffin mashawartan Pompidou biyu ne suka ba Chirac shawara. Su biyun ne suka shirya gangamin yaki da Chaban-Delmas a shekarar 1974. Sun bayar da shawarar a yi karo da Giscard d'Estaing domin a tunaninsu manufarsa ta dagula masu zabe na mazan jiya[19].
Da yake nuni da rashin son Giscard na ba shi iko, Chirac ya yi murabus a matsayin firaminista a 1976. Ya ci gaba da gina tushen siyasarsa a tsakanin jam'iyyun masu ra'ayin mazan jiya na Faransa da dama, tare da burin sake kafa Gaullist UDR zuwa ƙungiyar Neo-Gaullist, Rally for the Republic (RPR). Wa'adin farko na Chirac a matsayin firaminista shi ma wani ci gaba ne da za a iya cewa ya samu, tare da ingantuwar mafi karancin albashi da kuma tsarin jin dadin jama'a da aka gudanar a lokacin mulkinsa.[20]
Magajin garin Paris: 1977-1995
Bayan ficewarsa daga majalisar ministocin, Chirac ya so ya sami jagorancin 'yancin siyasa, don samun shugabancin Faransa a nan gaba. An yi tunanin RPR a matsayin na'urar zaɓe a kan Shugaba Giscard d'Estaing. Abin takaici, Chirac ya ci moriyar shawarar Giscard na ƙirƙirar ofishin magajin gari a birnin Paris, wanda ya kasance ba tare da izini ba tun daga 1871 Commune, saboda shugabannin jamhuriya ta uku (1871-1940) suna tsoron cewa samun ikon mallakar babban birnin zai ba wa magajin gari iko da yawa. A cikin 1977, Chirac ya tsaya takara a kan Michel d'Ornano, abokin shugaban kasa, kuma ya yi nasara. A matsayin magajin gari na Paris, tasirin siyasar Chirac ya karu. Ya rike wannan mukamin har zuwa 1995.[21]
Magoya bayan Chirac sun nuna cewa, a matsayinsa na magajin gari, ya ba da shirye- shirye don taimaka wa tsofaffi, mutanen da ke da nakasa, da iyaye mata masu aure, kuma ya gabatar da Motocrotte mai tsabtace titi, yayin da yake ba da ƙarfafawa ga harkokin kasuwanci su zauna a Paris. Abokan hamayyarsa sun yi iƙirarin cewa ya sanya manufofin “abokan ciniki”.[22]
Ritaya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A farkon watan Satumba na 2005, Chirac ya fuskanci wani lamari da likitocinsa suka bayyana a matsayin "lalacewar jini". An ba da rahotonsa a hukumance a matsayin "ƙananan bugun jini" ko kuma ɗan ƙaramin bugun jini (wanda kuma aka sani da harin ischemic na wucin gadi). Ya warke ya koma bakin aikinsa.[23]
A cikin shirye-shiryen talabijin da aka riga aka yi rikodin a ranar 11 ga Maris 2007, ya sanar, a wani mataki da ake hasashen cewa ba zai zaɓi ya nemi wa'adi na uku a matsayin shugaban ƙasa ba. (A shekara ta 2000 an yi wa kundin tsarin mulkin kwaskwarima don rage tsawon wa'adin mulkin shugaban kasa zuwa shekaru biyar, don haka wa'adinsa na biyu bai kai nafarko ba.)[24] "Duk rayuwata ta himmatu wajen yi wa Faransa hidima, da hidimar zaman lafiya", in ji Chirac, ya kara da cewa zai nemo sabbin hanyoyin da zai yi wa Faransa hidima bayan ya bar mulki. Bai bayyana dalilan da ya sa ya yanke shawarar ba[25]. A lokacin da ake watsa shirye-shiryen, bai amince da wani daga cikin ‘yan takarar da ke neman zabe ba, amma ya kwashe mintuna da dama na jawabinsa ga roko na adawa da siyasar masu tsattsauran ra’ayi da ake kallon a matsayin kira ga masu kada kuri’a da kada su zabi Jean-Marie Le Pen da kuma shawarar da Nicolas Sarkozy ya ba shi na kada ya karkata yakin neman zabensa domin ya hada da jigogin da aka saba alaka da Le Pen.[26]
Bayan shugaban kasa da mutuwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ba da daɗewa ba bayan ya bar ofishin, ya ƙaddamar da Fondation Chirac a cikin Yuni 2008. Tun daga wannan lokacin yana ƙoƙarin tabbatar da zaman lafiya ta hanyar shirye-shiryen shawarwari guda biyar: rigakafin rikice-rikice, samun ruwa da tsabta, samun magunguna masu inganci da kiwon lafiya, damar samun albarkatun ƙasa, da kuma kiyaye bambancin al'adu. Yana goyan bayan ayyukan filin da suka haɗa da mutanen gida da kuma samar da ingantacciyar mafita da sabbin abubuwa. Chirac ya jagoranci alkalai na lambar yabo don rigakafin rikice-rikice da gidauniyarsa ke bayar kowace shekara[27].
A matsayinsa na tsohon shugaban kasar Faransa, yana da hakkin samun fansho na rayuwa da kariya ta sirri, kuma ya kasance tsohon memba na rayuwar Majalisar Tsarin Mulki.[28] Ya zauna a karon farko a majalisar a ranar 15 ga Nuwamba 2007, watanni shida bayan barin shugabancin. Nan da nan bayan nasarar Sarkozy, Chirac ya koma cikin wani katafaren gida mai fadin murabba'in mita 180 (square 1,900 sq ft) a kan Quai Voltaire da ke birnin Paris da iyalan tsohon firaministan Lebanon Rafik Hariri suka ba shi rance. A yayin al'amarin Didier Schuller, na baya-bayan nan ya zargi Hariri da hannu wajen ba da kudade ba bisa ka'ida ba na yakin neman zabe na RPR, amma alkali ya rufe karar ba tare da wani bincike ba.[29]
A cikin juzu'i na 2 na abubuwan tarihinsa da aka buga a watan Yuni 2011, Chirac ya yi wa magajinsa Nicolas Sarkozy ba'a da cewa "mai fushi, rash, mai girman kai, rashin aminci, rashin godiya, da rashin Faransanci". Chirac ya rubuta cewa ya yi la'akari da korar Sarkozy a baya, kuma ya amince da alhakin barin Jean-Marie Le Pen ya ci gaba a 2002. Kuri'ar jin ra'ayin jama'a da aka gudanar a shekara ta 2010 ta nuna cewa Chirac shi ne wanda aka fi sha'awar siyasa a Faransa, yayin da Sarkozy ya kasance na 32.[30]
A cewar surukinsa Frederic Salat-Baroux, an sake kwantar da Chirac a asibiti a birnin Paris tare da ciwon huhu a ranar 18 ga Satumba 2016.[31]
Mutuwa da jana'iza
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Chirac ya mutu a gidansa a gundumar 6th na Paris a ranar 26 ga Satumba 2019, danginsa suka kewaye shi.[32] An gudanar da taron bukatu a Saint-Sulpice a ranar 30 ga Satumba, wanda Michel Aupetit, Archbishop na Paris ya yi, wanda ya samu halartar wakilai daga kasashe kusan 175, wanda ya hada da shugabannin kasashe 69 na baya da na yanzu. Sanannun sunayen sun haɗa da António Guterres, Jean-Claude Juncker, Jens Stoltenberg, Vladimir Putin, Sergio Mattarella, Frank-Walter Steinmeier, Charles Michel, Viktor Orbán, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, Saad Hariri, Borut Pahor, Salome Zourabichvili, Tony Blair, Jean Chrétien, Vaira Vike-Freibergaci, Hariri, Hariri, da dai sauransu. ake bukata.[32]
An ayyana ranar a matsayin ranar makoki na kasa a Faransa kuma an yi shiru na minti daya a duk fadin kasar da karfe 15:00. Bayan bikin jama'a, an binne Chirac a makabartar Montparnasse, tare da dangi na kusa ne kawai suka halarta. Andorra ya sanar da kwanaki uku na zaman makoki na kasa[33]. Kasar Lebanon ta ayyana ranar makokin tsohon shugaban kasar ta kasa[34][35].
Hotuna
-
chirac a taro -
chirac hoto -
-
chirac 1997 -
chirac lula -
chirac da Bush a shekarar 2005 -
chirac da Aleksander -
chirac Lula -
chirac Congress 2006 -
chirac, Bush, blair da Berlusconi -
chirac July 4th motorcade -
2002 -
-
chirac zaben 1983 -
chirac da Bush -
-
-
Vladimir Putin 1 July 2001 da chirac -
-
Robert kocharyan da chirac 2006 -
-
-
Sa hannu chirac -
-
-
Chirac da Michel Marbot -
-
Tony blair da Chirac -
-
.jpeg)
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "Chirac, Jacques". Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. Longman. Archived from the original on 22 August 2019. Retrieved 22 August 2019.
- ↑ Privatization Is Essential, Chirac Warns Socialists: Resisting Global Currents, France Sticks to Being French Archived 9 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine, International Herald Tribune
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Jacques Chirac President of France from 1995 to 2007". Bonjourlafrance.net. Archived from the original on 7 August 2004. Retrieved 20 April 2010.
- ↑ Giavazzi, Francesco; Alberto Alesina (2006). The Future of Europe: Reform Or Decline. MIT Press. p. 125. ISBN 978-0-262-01232-4.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 France, Connexion. "Chirac gets 2-year suspended sentence". connexionfrance.com. Archived from the original on 7 June 2021. Retrieved 7 June 2021.
- ↑ "Fichier des décès – année 2019" [Death file – year 2019] (in French). National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. Archived from the original on 1 January 2021. Retrieved 26 January 2021.
- ↑ Chirac, Jacques (2012). My Life in Politics. St Martin's Press. p. 11. ISBN 978-1137088031.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Famous Ruggers by Wes Clark and others Archived 19 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 19 August 2009.
- ↑ Ross, George (2013). "The Trials and Triumphs of 'Egocentric Buffalo'". French Politics, Culture & Society. 31 (1): 105–117. doi:10.3167/fpcs.2013.310107. ISSN 1537-6370. JSTOR 24517586.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Ross, George (2013). "The Trials and Triumphs of 'Egocentric Buffalo'". French Politics, Culture & Society. 31 (1): 105–117. doi:10.3167/fpcs.2013.310107. ISSN 1537-6370. JSTOR 24517586.
- ↑ "Jacques Chirac, former French president, is dead at 86". CNN. 26 September 2019. Archived from the original on 1 October 2020. Retrieved 26 September 2019.
- ↑ Péan, Pierre (2007). L'inconnu de l'Elysée (in French). Paris: Fayard. ISBN 978-2213631493.
- ↑ Emmanuel Hecht and François Vey Chirac de A à Z, dictionnaire critique et impertinent, A. Michel, 1995, ISBN 2-226-07664-6
- ↑ "Au revoir to ideology". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 14 March 2010.
- ↑ Prime Minister Chirac, whose abrasive manner once earned him the nickname "the Bulldozer,".
- ↑ "Valéry Giscard d'Estaing obituary". The Guardian. 3 December 2020. Retrieved 19 May 2022.
- ↑ "Giscard appoints Chirac, Gaullist, France's Premier; Interior Minister, 41, Picked by President for Support During the Campaign Worked Under Giscard Largest in Assembly". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 May 2022
- ↑ Manache, Jean-Marc (23 December 2010). "Safari et la (nouvelle) chasse aux Français". Le Monde (in French). Retrieved 19 May 2022.
- ↑ Palier, Bruno. "France more liberalised than social democratized?" (PDF). Chercheur CNRS au CEVIPOF. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 July 2010.
- ↑ Meisler, Stanley (21 March 1986). "Chirac Named French Premier; Cabinet Picked". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 19 May 2022.
- ↑ "Profile: Jacques Chirac". BBC News. 15 December 2011. Archived from the original on 23 July 2020. Retrieved 5 June 2020.
- ↑ "Merde most foul". The Guardian. UK. Archived from the original on 26 August 2013. Retrieved 29 July 2010.
- ↑ "Rivals in open warfare after Chirac's stroke raises stakes in succession fight battle". The Belfast Telegraph. 6 September 2005. Archived from the original on 4 November 2012. Retrieved 20 April 2010.
- ↑ Duhamel, Olivier (30 November 2001). "France's New Five-Year Presidential Term". Archived from the original on 20 April 2017. Retrieved 19 April 2017.
- ↑ France's Chirac says he will not run for re-election Archived 20 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine Associated Press, 11 March 2007. Retrieved 11 March 2007.
- ↑ Chirac Leaving Stage Admired and Scorned Archived 7 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine by John Leicester, Associated Press, 11 March 2007. Retrieved 11 March 2007.
- ↑ "Fondation Chirac " The Fondation Chirac Prize for Conflict Prevention". 24 June 2009. Archived from the original on 24 June 2009.
- ↑ "Chirac found guilty on corruption charges" Archived 16 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine, CNN, 15 December 2011.
- ↑ Chirac trouve un point de chute à Paris chez la famille Hariri Archived 9 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Libération, 27 April 2007 (in French).
- ↑ "France election 2012: Chirac mocks Sarkozy in memoirs" Archived 1 January 2018 at the Wayback Machine, BBC. 9 June 2011. Retrieved 9 June 2011.
- ↑ "Former French President Jacques Chirac is hospitalized with lung infection". The Japan Times. Agence France-Presse. 18 September 2016. Archived from the original on 18 September 2016. Retrieved 18 September 2016.
- ↑ 32.0 32.1 Clarity, James F.; Tagliabue, John (26 September 2019). "Jacques Chirac, French President Who Championed European Identity, Is Dead at 86". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 26 September 2019. Retrieved 26 September 2019.
- ↑ "Andorran government announces three-day national mourning over Jacques Chirac's death". All Andorra. 27 September 2019.
- ↑ "PM Hariri declares day of mourning for Chirac 'friend of Lebanon'". Ya Libnan. 28 September 2019. Retrieved 4 May 2022.
- ↑ "Lebanon declares Monday a national day of mourning for Chirac".