Yarjejeniyar Stockholm akan Abubuwan gurɓataccen Halittu na dindindin

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Iri yarjejeniya
Kwanan watan 22 Mayu 2001
Coming into force (en) Fassara 17 Mayu 2004
Wuri Stockholm
Depositary (en) Fassara United Nations Secretary-General (en) Fassara
Yanar gizo chm.pops.int
Ƙasashen ɓangaren taron Stockholm a 2022

Yarjejeniya ta Stockholm akan masu gurɓacewar ƙwayoyin halitta yarjejeniya ce ta ƙasa da ƙasa, wacce aka rattaɓa hannu akan 22 ga Mayu 2001 a Stockholm kuma tana aiki daga 17 ga Mayu 2004, wanda ke da nufin kawar da ko ƙuntata samarwa da amfani da abubuwan gurɓataccen ƙwayoyin halitta (POPs).

Tarihi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cikin 1995, Majalisar Gudanar da Muhalli ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (UNEP) ta yi kira da a ɗauki matakin duniya kan POPs, wanda ta ayyana a matsayin "kayan sinadarai da ke dawwama a cikin muhalli, suna tarawa ta hanyar yanar gizon abinci, kuma suna haifar da haɗari. na haifar da illa ga lafiyar dan adam da muhalli”.

Bayan wannan, Ƙungiyar Ƙididdiga ta Ƙasashen Duniya (IFCS) da Shirye-shiryen Ƙasa da Ƙasa akan Kare Sinadarai (IPCS) sun shirya kima na masu laifi 12 mafi muni, da aka sani da dozin dozin .

INC ta sadu da sau biyar tsakanin Yuni 1998 da Disamba 2000 don fayyace babban taron, kuma wakilai sun amince da Yarjejeniyar Stockholm akan POPs a taron masu ikon mallaka da aka kira daga 22 zuwa 23 ga Mayu 2001 a Stockholm, Sweden. An kammala shawarwarin taron gunduma a ranar 23 ga Mayu 2001 a Stockholm. Yarjejeniyar ta fara aiki ne a ranar 17 ga Mayu, 2004 tare da amincewa da wasu jam'iyyu 128 na farko da masu sanya hannu 151. Masu rattaɓa hannu kan yarjejeniyar sun amince da haramta tara daga cikin goma sha biyu na dattin sinadarai, da iyakance amfani da DDT wajen magance zazzabin cizon sauro, da kuma daƙile samar da dioxins da furans ba da gangan ba.

Bangarorin da ke cikin yarjejeniyar sun amince da wani tsari da za a iya bitar abubuwan da suka dawwama masu guba da kuma ƙara su cikin yarjejeniyar, idan sun cika wasu sharuɗɗa na dagewa da barazanar wuce gona da iri. An amince da sabin sabbin sinadarai na farko da za a ƙara a cikin yarjejeniyar a wani taro a Geneva ranar 8 ga Mayu 2009.

Tun daga Satumba 2022, akwai ƙungiyoyi 186 a taron (jihohi 185 da Tarayyar Turai ).[1] Sanannen ƙasashen da ba su amince da su ba sun haɗa da Amurka, Isra'ila, da Malesiya.

An amince da Yarjejeniyar Stockholm zuwa ga dokokin EU a cikin Ƙa'ida (EC) No 850/2004. A cikin 2019, an maye gurbin na ƙarshe da Regulation (EU) 2019/1021.[2]

Taƙaitaccen tanadi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Muhimman abubuwan da ke cikin yarjejeniyar sun haɗa da buƙatar ƙasashen da suka ci gaba su samar da sabbin hanyoyin kuɗi da kuma matakan kawar da samarwa da amfani da POPs da aka samar da gangan, kawar da POPs da aka samar ba tare da gangan ba, da sarrafa da zubar da sharar POPs ta hanyar da ta dace. Ana yin taka-tsantsan a ko'ina cikin Yarjejeniyar Stockholm, tare da takamaiman nassoshi a cikin gabatarwa, manufa, da tanadin gano sabbin POPs.

Kwamitin Nazari na Gurɓatattun Halitta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Lokacin ɗaukar ƙa'idar, an yi tanadi don hanya don gano ƙarin POPs da ƙa'idojin da za a yi la'akari da su wajen yin hakan. A taron farko na taron jam'iyyun (COP1), wanda aka gudanar a Punta del Este, Uruguay, daga 2-6 Mayu 2005, an kafa POPRC don yin la'akari da ƙarin ƴan takarar da aka zaɓa don jeri a ƙarƙashin babban taron.

Kwamitin dai ya ƙunshi ƙwararru 31 ne da ɓangarorin ƙungiyoyin shiyya 5 na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya suka gabatar da sunayensu tare da duba wasu sinadarai da aka zaba a matakai uku. Kwamitin ya fara tantance ko abun ya cika sharuddan tantance POP daki-daki a cikin Annex D na taron, dangane da dagewar sa, da sarrafa halittu, yuwuwar jigilar muhalli mai tsayi (LRET), da kuma guba. Idan an yi la'akari da wani abu don cika waɗannan buƙatun, kwamitin ya tsara bayanan haɗari bisa ga Annex E don kimanta ko yuwuwar abu, sakamakon LRET, don haifar da mummunan tasirin lafiyar ɗan adam da / ko muhalli don haka yana ba da garantin aikin duniya. A ƙarshe, idan POPRC ta gano cewa aikin duniya yana da garantin, yana haɓaka ƙimar sarrafa haɗari, a cewar Annex F, yana nuna la'akari da la'akari da tattalin arzikin zamantakewar da ke da alaƙa da yuwuwar matakan sarrafawa. Bisa ga wannan, POPRC ta yanke shawarar bayar da shawarar cewa COP ya lissafa abubuwan da ke ƙarƙashin ɗaya ko fiye na abubuwan da ke tattare da yarjejeniyar. POPRC tana taro kowace shekara a Geneva, Switzerland, tun lokacin da aka kafa ta.

Taron na bakwai na kwamitin nazarin gurbatar muhalli na dindindin (POPRC-7) na Yarjejeniyar Stockholm kan gurɓataccen yanayi (POPs) ya gudana ne daga ranar 10 zuwa 14 ga Oktoba 2011 a Geneva. An gudanar da POPRC-8 daga 15 zuwa 19 Oktoba 2012 a Geneva, POPRC-9 zuwa POPRC-15 an gudanar da su a Roma, yayin da POPRC-16 ya buƙaci a gudanar da shi akan layi.

Abubuwan da aka jera[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Da farko akwai wasu sinadarai guda goma sha biyu ("datti dozin") da aka jera a rukuni uku. Sinadarai guda biyu, hexachlorobenzene da polychlorinated biphenyls, an jera su a duka nau'ikan A da C. A halin yanzu, ana jera sinadarai guda biyar a cikin rukunan biyun.[3]

Annex Chemical CAS number Year of listing decision Specific exemptions or acceptable purposes
Production Use
A: Elimination Aldrin 309-00-2 2001[4] none none
A: Elimination α-Hexachlorocyclohexane 319-84-6 2009[5] none none
A: Elimination β-Hexachlorocyclohexane 319-85-7 2009[5] none none
A: Elimination Chlordane 57-74-9 2001[4] none none
A: Elimination Chlordecone 143-50-0 2009[5] none none
A: Elimination Decabromodiphenyl ether 1163-19-5 2017[6] As allowed for the parties listed in the Register Vehicles, aircraft, textile, additives in plastic housings etc., polyurethane foam for building insulation
B: Restriction DDT 50-29-3 2001[4] Production for the specified uses Disease vector control
A: Elimination Dicofol 115-32-2 2019[7] none none
A: Elimination Dieldrin 60-57-1 2001[4] none none
A: Elimination Endosulfan 115-29-7, 959-98-8, 33213-65-9 2011[8] As allowed for the parties listed in the Register of specific exemptions Crop-pest complexes
A: Elimination Endrin 72-20-8 2001[4] none none
A: Elimination Heptachlor 76-44-8 2001[4] none none
A: Elimination Hexabromobiphenyl 36355-01-8 2009[5] none none
A: Elimination Hexabromocyclododecane 25637-99-4, 3194-55-6, 134237-50-6, 134237-51-7, 134237-52-8 2013[9] As allowed by the parties listed in the Register of specific exemptions Expanded polystyrene and extruded polystyrene in buildings
A: Elimination Hexabromodiphenyl ether and heptabromodiphenyl ether various 2009[5] none Recycling under certain conditions
A: Elimination

C: Unintentional production 		Hexachlorobenzene 118-74-1 2001[4] none none
A: Elimination

C: Unintentional production 		Hexachlorobutadiene 87-68-3 2015[10] none none
A: Elimination Lindane 58-89-9 2009[5] none Human health pharmaceutical for control of head lice and scabies as second line treatment
A: Elimination Mirex 2385-85-5 2001[4] none none
A: Elimination

C: Unintentional production 		Pentachlorobenzene 608-93-5 2009[5] none none
A: Elimination Pentachlorophenol and its salts and esters various 2015[10] Production for the specified uses Utility poles and cross-arms


A: Elimination Perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS), its salts and PFHxS-related compounds various 2022[11] none none
A: Elimination Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), its salts and PFOA-related compounds various 2019[7] Production for the specified uses, with the exception of fire-fighting foams various
B: Restriction Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), its salts and perfluorooctane sulfonyl fluoride various 2009[5] Production for the specified uses Hard metal plating, insect baits for control of leaf-cutting ants, fire-fighting foams
A: Elimination

C: Unintentional production 		Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) various 2001[4] none none
C: Unintentional production Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/PCDF) various 2001[4] – –
A: Elimination

C: Unintentional production 		Polychlorinated naphthalenes various 2015[10] Production for the specified uses Production of polyfluorinated naphthalenes, including octafluoronaphthalene
A: Elimination Tetrabromodiphenyl ether and pentabromodiphenyl ether various 2009[5] none Recycling under certain conditions
A: Elimination Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (C10–13; chlorine content > 48%) 85535-84-8, 68920-70-7, 71011-12-6, 85536-22-7, 85681-73-8, 108171-26-2 2017[6] Production for the specified uses Additives in transmission belts, rubber conveyor belts, leather, lubricant additives, tubes for outdoor decoration bulbs, paints, adhesives, metal processing, plasticizers
A: Elimination Toxaphene 8001-35-2 2001[4] none none

Sabbin sinadarai da aka gabatar don haɗawa cikin Annexes A, B, C[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

POPRC-7 yayi la'akari da shawarwari guda uku don jeri a cikin Annexes A, B da/ko C na yarjejeniyar: chlorinated naphthalenes (CNs), hexachlorobutadiene (HCBD) da pentachlorophenol (PCP), salts da esters. Shawarar ita ce matakin farko na aikin POPRC wajen tantance wani abu, kuma yana buƙatar POPRC ta tantance ko sinadarin da ake samarwa ya cika ma'auni a cikin Annex D na yarjejeniyar. Ma'auni don isar da sinadarai da aka tsara zuwa matakin shirye-shiryen bayanin haɗarin haɗari sune nacewa, haɓakar halittu, yuwuwar jigilar muhalli mai tsayi (LRET), da kuma illa.

POPRC-8 ya ba da shawarar hexabromocyclododecane don jeri a cikin Annex A, tare da keɓancewar keɓancewa don samarwa da amfani a cikin faɗaɗa polystyrene da extruded polystyrene a cikin gine-gine. An amince da wannan shawara a taron ƙungiyoyi na shida a ranar 28 ga Afrilu-10 ga Mayu 2013.[12][13]

POPRC-9 ya ba da shawarar di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, hexa-, hepta- da octa-chlorinated napthalenes, da hexachlorobutadiene don jeri a cikin Annexes A da C. Hakanan ya kafa ƙarin aiki akan pentachlorophenol, gishiri da esters., da decabromodiphenyl ether, perfluorooctanesulfonic acid, salts da perfluorooctane sulfonyl chloride.[14]

POPRC-15 ya ba da shawarar PFHxS don jeri a cikin Annex A ba tare da keɓancewar keɓancewa ba.

A halin yanzu, methoxychlor, dechlorane da, UV-328, chlorpyrifos, perfluorocarboxylic acid mai tsayi mai tsayi da matsakaicin sarkar chlorinated paraffins ana duba su.

Rigingimu[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ko da yake wasu masu sukar sun yi zargin cewa yarjejeniyar ce ke da alhakin ci gaba da yawan mace-mace daga zazzaɓin cizon sauro, amma a zahiri yarjejeniyar ta ba da izinin amfani da lafiyar jama'a na DDT don sarrafa sauro ( maganin zazzaɓin cizon sauro). Akwai kuma hanyoyin hana yawan DDT da ake sha ta hanyar amfani da sauran hanyoyin magance zazzabin cizon sauro kamar fuskar taga. Muddin akwai takamaiman matakan da aka ɗauka, kamar amfani da DDT a cikin gida, to ana iya amfani da ƙayyadaddun adadin DDT ta hanyar da aka tsara. Daga hangen nesa na ƙasa masu tasowa, rashin bayanai da bayanai game da tushe, sakewa, da matakan muhalli na POPs suna hana tattaunawa akan takamaiman mahadi, kuma yana nuna buƙatar bincike mai karfi. [15]

Wani gardama kuma zai kasance wasu POPs (waɗanda ke ci gaba da aiki, musamman a cikin Arctic Biota) waɗanda aka ambata a cikin Yarjejeniyar Stockholm, amma ba sa cikin Dirty Dozen kamar perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS). [16] PFOS suna da amfani da yawa na gabaɗaya kamar masu cire tabo amma suna da ƙaddarorin da yawa waɗanda zasu iya sa ta zama haɗari saboda gaskiyar cewa PFOS na iya zama mai juriya ga rushewar muhalli. PFOS na iya zama mai guba dangane da karuwar mutuwar zuriya, raguwar nauyin jiki, da rushewar tsarin jijiyoyin jini. Abin da ya sa wannan fili ya jawo cece-kuce shi ne tasirin tattalin arziki da siyasa da zai iya yi a tsakanin ƙasashe da kasuwanci daban-daban. [17]

Yarjejeniyar da ke da alaƙa da sauran shawarwarin da ke gudana game da gurɓatawa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  • Yarjejeniyar Rotterdam akan Tsarin Yarjejeniyar Farko na Farko don Wasu Sinadarai masu haɗari da magungunan kashe qwari a cikin Kasuwancin Ƙasashen Duniya
  • Yarjejeniyar Kan Gubawar Iska Mai Tsawon Iyakoki (CLRTAP)
  • Yarjejeniyar Basel akan Sarrafa Matsalolin Matsala na Tsararru masu haɗari da zubar da su
  • Yarjejeniyar Minamata akan Mercury

Manazarta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  1. ↑ "REGULATION (EC) No 850/2004 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 29 April 2004 on persistent organic pollutants and amending Directive 79/117/EEC". Europa (web portal). Retrieved 12 April 2018.
  2. ↑ "REGULATION (EU) 2019/1021 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 20 June 2019 on persistent organic pollutants (recast)". Europa (web portal). 25 June 2019. Retrieved 27 September 2019.
  3. ↑ Secretariat of the Stockholm Convention. "Measures to reduce or eliminate POPs" (PDF). Geneva. Retrieved 12 June 2009.
  4. ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 The 12 initial POPs under the Stockholm Convention
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 Governments unite to step-up reduction on global DDT reliance and add nine new chemicals under international treaty, Pressecommuniqué, 8 May 2009.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Reference: C.N.766.2017.TREATIES-XXVII.15 (Depositary Notification)
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 2019 Meetings of the Conferences of the Parties to the Basel, Rotterdam and Stockholm Conventions, 13 May 2019.
  8. ↑ United Nations targets widely-used pesticide endosulfan for phase out, Pressecommuniqué, 3 May 2011.
  9. ↑ "HBCD". chm.pops.int. Retrieved 2019-06-26.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Secretariat of the Basel, Rotterdam and Stockholm Conventions: Countries move forward on important issues for sustainable management of chemicals and waste, press release, 16 May 2015.
  11. ↑ "Report of main proceedings for 9 June 2022".
  12. ↑ Convention, Stockholm. "HBCD Recommendation". chm.pops.int. Retrieved 12 April 2018.
  13. ↑ Decision SC-6/13 – C.N.934.2013.TREATIES-XXVII.15 (Depositary Notification), 2013
  14. ↑ Convention, Stockholm. "Stockholm Convention > The Convention > POPs Review Committee > Meetings > POPRC 9 > Documents". chm.pops.int. Retrieved 12 April 2018.
  15. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  16. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  17. ↑ Empty citation (help)

Kara karantawa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  • Chasek, Pam, David L. Downie, da JW Brown (2013). Siyasar Muhalli ta Duniya, Bugu na shida, Boulder: Westview Press.
  • Downie, D., Krueger, J. da Selin, H. (2005). "Manufar Duniya don Sinadarai masu guba", a cikin R. Axelrod, D. Downie da N. Vig (eds. ) Muhalli na Duniya: Cibiyoyi, Doka & Manufofi, Bugu na 2, Washington: CQ Press.
  • Downie, David da Jessica Templeton (2013). "Masu Gurbacewar Halittu Masu Dorewa." Littafin Jagora na Siyasar Muhalli na Duniya . New York: Routledge.
  • Porta, M., Gasull, M., López, T., Pumarega, J. Rarraba yawan jinin jini na gurɓataccen ƙwayar cuta a cikin wakilan samfurori na yawan jama'a. Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya – Cibiyar Ayyukan Yanki don Samar da Tsabtace (CP/RAC) Buga Fasaha na Shekara-shekara 2010, vol. 9, ku. 24-31 ( PDF ).
  • Selin, H. (2010). Mulkin Duniya na Sinadarai masu Hatsari: Kalubale na Gudanar da matakai da yawa, Cambridge: The MIT Press.
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