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'Yancin Dan Adam a Mexico

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'Yancin Dan Adam a Mexico
human rights by country or territory (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙasa Mexico
Yancin dn adam a mexico
Yanvin dan adam a mexico

Ƴancin ɗan Adam a Mexico, Kamfanin Human Rights Watch ya ba da rahoton cewa jami'an tsaro na Mexico sun tilasta bacewar mutane tun shekara ta 2006. Har ila yau, ya bayyana cewa jami'an tsaro na Mexico suna yin kisan fararen hula ba bisa ka'ida ba a cikin tsananin tsananin gaske kuma suna amfani da azabtarwa da yawa ciki har da duka, ruwa, girgizar lantarki, da cin zarafin jima'i a matsayin kayan aiki don samun bayanai daga wadanda aka tsare. Bugu da kari, ya ba da rahoton cewa tsarin shari'a na aikata laifuka ya fi kasa wadanda ke fama da laifuka masu tsanani da keta haƙƙin ɗan adam lokacin da suke neman adalci kuma cewa hare-haren da hukumomi ko aikata laifukan da aka tsara a kan 'yan jarida za su sa su tantance kansu. Rahoton ya kuma ambaci batutuwan da suka shafi yara masu ƙaura marasa ƙaura, haƙƙin mata da 'yan mata, yanayin jima'i da asalin jinsi, Kulawa mai laushi, da haƙƙin nakasassu.

Duk da yake gwamnatin Mexico ta dauki mataki don yaki da aikata laifuka a Yakin miyagun ƙwayoyi na Mexico, jami'an tsaro a Mexico sun aikata laifukan kare hakkin dan adam wanda ya hada da kashe-kashen da ba a yi hukunci ba, bacewar da aka tilasta, da azabtarwa. An yi ƙoƙari kaɗan don bincika da gurfanar da waɗannan cin zarafin. Har ila yau, haƙƙin ɗan adam a Mexico yana fuskantar wahala a cikin yaƙin neman ''Yancin haifuwa da kiwon lafiya, kuma har yanzu ba su warware matsalolin da suka shafi tashin hankali ga' yan jarida ba.

'Yancin Jama'a

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'Yanci na' yan jarida

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An kashe ɗan jaridar Mexico Rubén Espinosa a Birnin Mexico bayan ya guje wa barazanar mutuwa a Veracruz.

Mexico tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe mafi haɗari a duniya ga 'yan jarida, tana cikin ƙasashe masu matsayi mafi girma na rashin hukunci ga laifuka a kan' yan jarida. Rikicin da aka yi wa kafofin watsa labarai matsala ce mai tsanani saboda yayin da yake barazana ga rayuwar 'yan jarida, yana kuma haifar da "yancin tsoro" inda aka hana bayanai kyauta, yana shafar dimokuradiyya mai kyau, kuma yana hana' yancin faɗar albarkacin baki.[1] Kodayake ainihin adadin waɗanda aka kashe sau da yawa suna rikice-rikice, ƙungiyoyin 'yancin' yan jarida a duniya sun yarda ta hanyar yarjejeniya cewa Mexico tana daga cikin ƙasashe masu haɗari a duniya don yin aikin jarida a matsayin sana'a.[2][3][4] The Human Rights Watch ya bayyana cewa hukumomin Mexico ba su da tasiri a kokarin da suke yi na bincika ayyukan aikata laifuka a kan 'yan jarida. Sun kuma bayar da rahoton cewa tsakanin shekara ta 2000 zuwa Yuli 2016, Ofishin Babban Lauyan ya ba da rahoton shari'o'i 124 na 'yan jarida da aka kashe.

Wani binciken da ya mayar da hankali kan zamantakewar 'yan jarida na gaba ya gano cewa dalibai a Mexico sun fi dalibai a wasu manyan ƙasashe su riƙe ra'ayoyin cewa aikin jarida ya kamata ya kasance mai aminci, ma'ana cewa' yan jarida ya ci gaba da kyakkyawan hoto dangane da shugabannin kasar da manufofin da gwamnati ta tsara.[5] Sau da yawa ana sarrafa bayanai da manema labarai a Mexico ta hanyar chayote, ko biyan kuɗi ɗaya, ko embute, biyan kuɗi na yau da kullun da aka ba don dawo da labarun da 'yan jarida suka fitar don su nuna duk wani bangare da jam'iyyar cin hanci ta fi so. 'Yan jarida suna son ɗaukar wannan kuɗin a matsayin kari ga ƙananan albashi da suke yi kuma ƙungiyoyin labarai da suke aiki da su sun ƙarfafa su su yi hakan don waɗannan ƙungiyoyi su adana kuɗi. Wannan kuma yana nufin cewa 'yan jarida ba su nemi labarun ba, saboda gwamnati za ta ba su. Kodayake halaye a cikin aikin jarida suna canzawa kuma 'yan jarida na zamani suna kallon waɗannan ayyukan, waɗannan ayyukan har yanzu suna shafar yadda yawan jama'a ke ganin' yan jarida.[6]

A cikin binciken da aka gudanar wanda ya mayar da hankali kan tashin hankali ta kungiyoyin masu aikata laifuka, shaidu sun nuna cewa kasancewar manyan kungiyoyin masu laifi masu fa'ida ba koyaushe ba ne ke haifar da hare-hare masu kisa, amma hare-hare da kashe-kashen suna ƙaruwa lokacin da akwai kungiyoyin adawa da ke zaune da aiki a cikin yankuna ɗaya. Rikici tsakanin kungiyoyin masu aikata laifuka yana shafar iko ko dai kungiyar masu aikata laphuka tana da shi a kan 'yan jarida da kuma bayanan da ke ɓoye musu, wanda ke haifar da barazanar har ma da tashin hankali ga' yan jarida.[1]

Kusan ma'aikatan yada labarai 100 an kashe su ko sun ɓace tun daga shekara ta 2000, kuma yawancin waɗannan laifuka sun kasance ba a warware su ba, ba a bincika su yadda ya kamata ba, kuma tare da 'yan masu aikata laifin da aka kama kuma aka yanke musu hukunci.[7]

Abubuwan da suka faru na tashin hankali na jiki da barazanar da aka yi wa 'yan jarida da ke rufe batutuwa masu mahimmanci sun kasance masu yawa a duk yankunan Mexico. Don kare kansu, dole ne 'yan jarida suyi amfani da tantance kansu.[8]

Ayyukan yara

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Dangane da sabuntawa na Ma'aikatar Ma'aikata ta Amurka ta Jerin Kayayyakin da aka samar ta hanyar Child Labor ko Forced Labor da aka bayar a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2014, aikin yara yana ba da gudummawa ga samar da jimlar kayayyaki 11 a Mexico, 10 daga cikinsu kayan aikin gona ne (ciki har da kofi, taba da sukari) kuma sauran abu shine batsa. Daga cikin kasashe 74 na jerin inda aka lura da manyan lokuta na ma'aikata, an ruwaito kasashe 7 da suka koma aikin yara a Masana'antar batsa kuma Mexico tana ɗaya daga cikinsu.

'Yanci na addini

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Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya bayyana cewa Mexico jiha ce mai zaman kanta kuma tana ba da 'yancin' yancin addini.[9]

A cikin 2023, an zira kwallaye 4 daga cikin 4 don 'yancin addini.[10]

A cikin wannan shekarar, an sanya kasar a matsayin wuri na 38 mafi wuya a duniya don zama Kirista.[11]

Hakkin LGBT

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Ayyukan jima'i na jinsi guda doka ne a Mexico, amma an gurfanar da mutanen LGBT ta hanyar amfani da ka'idojin doka waɗanda ke tsara halayyar lalata ko halayyar banƙyama (atentados a la moral y las buenas costumbres). A cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata, an sami rahotanni na tashin hankali a kan maza masu luwadi, gami da kisan gillar maza masu luƙaƙe a bayyane a Birnin Mexico da kuma masu canza launin fata a kudancin jihar Chiapas.[12]   

Masu gwagwarmayar yankin sun yi imanin cewa waɗannan shari'o'in galibi ba a warware su ba, suna zargin 'yan sanda da rashin sha'awar binciken su da kuma zaton cewa masu luwadi suna da alhakin hare-haren da aka kai musu.[13]

Hakkin jima'i

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Yara masu jima'i a Mexico suna fuskantar manyan keta haƙƙin ɗan adam, tun daga haihuwa. Babu kariya daga shigar da likitanci ba tare da amincewa ba kuma babu kariya ta doka daga nuna bambanci. Mutanen da ke tsakanin jima'i na iya samun matsala wajen samun kulawar kiwon lafiya.[14][15]

Sauran Batutuwa

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Rikicin cikin gida

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Ranar Mata ta Duniya a Birnin Mexico

Yawan tashin hankali na gida ga mata a cikin dangantakar aure ta Mexico ya bambanta a tsakanin kashi 30 zuwa 60 cikin dari na dangantaka.[16]

Ya zuwa shekara ta 2014, Mexico tana da matsayi na 16 mafi girma na kisan kai da aka yi wa mata a duniya.[17] Wannan adadin ya kasance yana karuwa tun 2007.[17]

Rikicin jinsi ya fi yawa a yankunan da ke kan iyakar Mexico da Amurka da kuma yankunan da ake cinikin miyagun ƙwayoyi da tashin hankali.[18]

A cewar 2013 Human Rights Watch, mata da yawa ba sa neman gyara na doka bayan sun kasance wadanda aka azabtar da su a cikin gida da cin zarafin jima'i saboda "tsananin azabtarwa ga wasu laifukan jima'i ya dogara da "tsarkakewa" na wanda aka azabtar" da kuma "waɗanda suka ba da rahoton su gabaɗaya suna fuskantar tuhuma, rashin kulawa, da rashin girmamawa" [19]

A watan Satumbar 2014, kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam da yawa na Mexico da Tarayyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Duniya, sun shigar da kara tare da ofishin mai gabatar da kara na Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta duniya, suna neman ta bincika cin zarafin "tsarin da yaduwar" dubban fararen hula da sojoji da 'yan sanda suka yi a yakin da suka yi da aikata laifuka.

A ranar 26 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2022, Hukumar Kula da Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta ruwaito cewa Shugaba Andrés Manuel López Obrador ya shirya ya sauya iko da Tsaro na Kasa - babban hukumar tilasta bin doka ta tarayya da ke da alhakin ayyukan tsaro na jama'a - daga Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Jama'a zuwa Ma'a. Wannan mataki ya haifar da babbar barazana ga haƙƙin ɗan adam da nuna gaskiya. Sojojin, wadanda aka tura su ba bisa ka'ida ba don tilasta bin doka ta farar hula tun shekara ta 2006, sun aikata laifuka masu yawa na haƙƙin ɗan adam.[20]

Rikicin cikin gida da fyade a kan iyakar Amurka da Mexico

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Yawancin malaman mata suna jayayya cewa fyade da cin zarafin jima'i sun dogara ne akan ikon da rashin mutunci na mata; masanin ilimin zamantakewa Sylvanna Falcón ya yi jayayya cewa fyaɗe shine sakamakon soja na iyakar tsakanin Amurka da Mexico. Sojojin wannan iyaka galibi samfur ne na yaki da miyagun ƙwayoyi da kuma mamayewar cartels a arewacin Mexico tare da iyakar Texas, kuma yana da manyan abubuwa guda biyu: hadewar rundunonin soja a cikin yankin iyaka da kuma sanya Border Patrol yayi kama da soja ta hanyar kayan aiki, tsari, da dabaru. Dangane da fyade na kan iyaka, mata da yawa sun ba da rahoton cewa an yi musu fyade shine farashin da suke buƙatar biya don ƙetare iyaka ba tare da an kore su ba ko kama su, ko kuma su dawo da takardun su. Ayyuka kamar waɗannan na musamman ne a yankin iyaka. Mata galibi suna yanke shawarar kada su gurfanar da masu kai musu hari saboda za su gurfanan ba kawai ga mutum ba, har ma da kalubalantar tsarin iko na zamantakewa.

Wasu abubuwan da ke ba da damar fyade a cikin yankin iyaka na soja sune ikon da masu tilasta wa iyaka ke da shi yayin yin aikinsu, ba su da tasiri kuma ba daidai ba wanda ke haifar da ma'aikatan da ba su da inganci da masu tuhuma, rashin aiwatar da su da bin ka'idojin tilasta wa wasu jami'an iyaka ba da rahoto game da waɗannan laifuka saboda "dokar shiru, da halaye masu kama da yaƙi ana tilasta su a yankin da ke sa keta haƙƙin ɗan adam ya fi sauƙi a aikata su musamman a yankin da babban aikin soja.[21]

Kisan kiyashi

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Masu zanga-zangar a waje da ofishin Babban Lauyan a Birnin Mexico suna neman dawowar Dalibai 43 da aka tilasta musu a IgualaYa yi daidai

An yi kisan kiyashi a tarihin Mexico. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan an danganta su da Yaƙin miyagun ƙwayoyi na Mexico, amma kuma sun haɗa da tashin hankali na kurkuku, kisan kiyashi na siyasa, da rikice-rikice a yankunan yanki.

Kisan Mata

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Kisan mata - wanda aka fi sani da Kisan mata, kisan mata a cikin Mutanen Espanya - kalma ce ta aikata laifuka ta ƙiyayya ta jima'i, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin "kisan mata da gangan (mata ko 'yan mata) saboda su mata ne," ko "yawanci kamar kisan mata don kasancewa mata kawai, [22] kodayake ma'anoni sun bambanta dangane da yanayin al'adu. [23] An kirkiro kalmar kisan mata a cikin 1976 a matsayin hanyar da za a wayar da kan jama'a game da wannan abin da ya faru, kuma amfani da wannan kalmar ta musamman ya ba da damar gane waɗannan mutuwar kuma ya jaddada bambance-bambance tsakanin kisan maza da kisan mata don a iya sanya kisan mata gaba ga hankalin jama'a.[24]

A cewar Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya, akwai nau'ikan kisan mata daban-daban guda huɗu: kisan mata na kusa, kisan kai da sunan 'girma,' kisan mata da ke da alaƙa da sadaki, da kisan mata wanda ba na kusa ba. Kisan mata, ko kisan mata da abokin tarayya na yanzu ko tsohon ya aikata, an ruwaito shi ne dalilin kashi 35% na dukkan kisan mata a duniya. Kisan kai da sunan 'girmamawa' ya kunshi yarinya ko mace da wani dangi ya kashe saboda cin zarafin jima'i ko halayyar, wanda aka ɗauka ko kuma na ainihi. Kisan mata da ke da alaƙa da sadaki yana faruwa ne lokacin da surukansu suka kashe mata da suka yi aure game da muhawara da suka shafi sadaki. Kisan mata da ba na jima'i ba shine mafi yawan kisan mata da aka yi a Ciudad Juárez. Kisan mata da ba na kusa ba shine kisan mata da wani ya aikata ba tare da dangantaka ta kusa da wanda aka azabtar ba. Wani lokaci suna da bazuwar, amma sau da yawa suna da tsari.[25]

Binciken da José Manuel Aburto, wani mai bincike a Italiya, ya gudanar, ya nuna cewa duk da manyan ci gaba a cikin mutuwa da lafiya a Mexico, tasirin waɗannan ci gaba an juyar gaba ɗaya saboda karuwar yawan kisan kai a cikin 2000s. Kodayake shirin Seguro Popular de Salud ya yi aiki don samar da inshorar kiwon lafiya ta duniya ga waɗanda ba su da shi, hauhawar kisan kai ya rage yawan tsammanin rayuwa ga mata.[26]

Kisan mata ya kasance abin mamaki a Ciudad Juárez tun 1993. Ya zuwa ranar 27 ga Fabrairu, 2005, an kiyasta yawan matan da aka kashe a Ciudad Juárez tun 1993 sun kai sama da 370. [27] Littattafai sun lura cewa wadanda abin ya shafa yawanci matasa ne ma'aikatan masana'antu waɗanda suka zo daga yankuna masu talauci don neman aiki a maquiladoras. Saboda wadannan mata sun fito ne daga matalauta, ba su da albarkatun kudi don kauce wa sufuri na jama'a da tafiya kadai da daddare a wurare masu haɗari. Yawancin wadanda abin ya shafa suna fuskantar cin zarafin jima'i da rashin mutunci.[22] Iyalai na wadanda aka kashe mata da sauran kungiyoyin masu fafutuka suna aiki don bayar da shawarwari da kuma jawo hankali ga batun. Majalisar Tarayyar Mexico ta yi aiki tare da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don kafa Hukumar Musamman don Biye da Kisan Mata (CESF) wanda ya ba da cikakken rahoto game da kisan mata da tashin hankali na jinsi tunda Ciudad Juárez ba ta da tarin bayanai na hukuma game da kiran mata. Wannan kwamishinan ya gano cewa a cikin 1995, 2000, da 2005 Ciudad Juárez tana da rikodin na uku mafi girma na kisan mata a Mexico, kuma a cikin 2010 yawan kisan mata na jihar Chihuahua ya kasance 32.8 daga cikin mata 100,000, wanda shine mafi girman adadin kisan mata.[28] Masanin kimiyya Marcela Lagarde y de los Ríos ya tabbatar da cewa hukumomin tsaro na jihohi da na ƙasa sun kasa cika ayyukansu na rantsuwa don hanawa da azabtar da kisan mata, kuma wannan ya haifar da yanayin rashin hukunci game da kisan gillar mata.[24] Dokta Howard Campbell, farfesa a fannin ilimin ɗan adam a Jami'ar Texas a El Paso, ya yi jayayya cewa mata a saman tsarin zamantakewa na iya samun iko da kuma 'yantar da su ta hanyar shiga kasuwancin miyagun ƙwayoyi, amma ya lura cewa mata a ƙasa suna fuskantar mummunan tashin hankali, damuwa, da damuwa yayin da suke jin daɗin fa'idodin shiga kasuwancin miyagu ƙwayoyi. Ya kuma nuna cewa safarar miyagun ƙwayoyi tana kara tsananta cin zarafin mata, kuma cinikin miyagun ƙ ƙwayoyi shine mai haifar da tashin hankali wanda ya kamata a ba shi babban la'akari yayin tattaunawar kisan mata na Ciudad Juárez.[29]

Cin hanci da rashawa

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Cin hanci da rashawa yana addabi ga matakai daban-daban na 'yan sanda da cibiyoyin gwamnati, kuma sau da yawa yana da wuyar bin diddigin da gurfanar da shi tunda jami'an 'yan sanda na gwamnati na iya kare su da lauyoyin gundumar, wasu mambobin shari'a, ko ma' yan kasuwa. Matsalar ta bayyana musamman a yankunan iyaka na arewa kamar Tijuana, inda 'yan sanda ke aiki da masu fataucin miyagun ƙwayoyi don karewa da aiwatar da bukatunsu na haramtacciya.[30]

Yawancin take hakkin dan adam da aka tattauna a cikin wannan labarin Sojojin Mexico ne suka aikata su. Gwamnatin Mexico ta ba da izinin Sojojin su taka muhimmiyar rawa a yakin miyagun ƙwayoyi, duk da gaskiyar cewa Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Mexico ya ƙuntata Sojojin don aiki kawai da ke da alaƙa da horo na soja a lokutan zaman lafiya. Sojojin sau da yawa suna amsawa ga fararen hula tare da kamawa, ajanda na mutum da cin hanci da rashawa, kisan gillar da ba na shari'a ba, amfani da azabtarwa da karfi mai yawa. Saboda za a gwada waɗannan shari'o'in a kotunan soja, akwai iyakantaccen lissafin shari'a da zamantakewa ga waɗannan keta doka da ƙarancin gurfanar da shi.[31] Kodayake gwamnatin Mexico ta yi jayayya cewa kasancewar Sojoji a yankunan da yaƙin miyagun ƙwayoyi ya fi aiki zai kara tsaro a kasar, ba a tabbatar da cewa dogaro da gwamnati ga sojoji ya sauya wannan yanayin rashin tsaro ba. Cibiyar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta ba da rahoton ci gaba da karuwa a cikin kashe-kashen da suka shafi miyagun ƙwayoyi a yankuna da yawa na Mexico.[32]

Rundunar 'yan sanda ta Mexico sau da yawa ba sa binciken laifuka, kuma za su yi wa wadanda abin ya shafa rauni rauni kuma su tsananta musu don kada su bi doka, ko kuma su zaɓi wani ya zama mai laifi (chivo expiatorio, scapegoat) sannan su ƙirƙiri shaidar. Wannan batun babban matsala ne a ko'ina cikin Mexico kamar yadda yawancin 'yan sanda na ainihi sune wadanda ke da hannu a cikin laifukan ko kuma suna ƙoƙarin rufe aikin' yan sanda mara kyau.[33]

Gudanar da 'yancin dan adam

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  • Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Kasa (Mexico) , hukuma ta gwamnatin Mexico.
  • Lydia Cacho, mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam.

Hare-hare kan masu kare hakkin dan adam

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  • Digna Ochoa lauya ce ta kare hakkin dan adam wacce aka kashe a shekara ta 2001.
  • A ranar 26 ga Afrilu 2010, 'yan gwagwarmayar kare hakkin dan adam da yawa a kan hanyarsu ta zuwa San Juan Copala, wanda ke ƙarƙashin toshewar sojoji da aka kafa tun watan Janairu, 'yan bindiga na Ubisort sun yi musu kwanton bauna. Biyu sun mutu, kuma goma sha biyu sun ɓace.[34]

Duba kuma

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  • Rikicin farar hula na 2006 a San Salvador Atenco
  • Rashin satar yara na kasa da kasa a Mexico
  • Lissafin labaran da suka shafi Mexico
  • Intanet a Mexico #Censorship na Intanet
  • Laifi a Mexico
  • Dokar Mexico
  • Dokar tilasta aiki a Mexico
  • Jerin 'yan jarida da ma'aikatan watsa labarai da aka kashe a Mexico

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Holland, Bradley E., and Viridiana Rios. "Informally governing information: How criminal rivalry leads to violence against the press in Mexico." Journal of Conflict Resolution 61, no. 5 (2017): 1095-1119.
  2. ↑ "Deadly Trends for Journalists in 2011; 103 Killed". International Press Institute. 4 January 2012. Archived from the original on 29 January 2013. Retrieved 24 July 2013.
  3. ↑ "Mexico". Reporters Without Borders. Archived from the original on 28 January 2013. Retrieved 24 July 2013.
  4. ↑ "UN human rights office concerned about killing of journalists in Mexico". United Nations. Archived from the original on 24 July 2013. Retrieved 24 July 2013.
  5. ↑ Mellado, Claudia, Folker Hanusch, Maria Luisa Humanes, Sergio Roses, Fábio Pereira, Lyuba Yez, Salvador De León, Mireya Márquez, Federico Subervi, and Vinzenz Wyss. "The Pre-Socialization of Future Journalists: An examination of journalism students' professional views in seven countries." Journalism Studies 14, no. 6 (2013): 857-874.
  6. ↑ Ramírez, Mireya Márquez. "Professionalism and journalism ethics in post-authoritarian Mexico: Perceptions of news for cash, gifts, and perks." The ethics of journalism: individual, institutional and cultural influences (2014): 55-63.
  7. ↑ "Freedom of Expression in Mexico". PEN American Center. Archived from the original on 23 July 2013. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
  8. ↑ Rodelo, Frida V. (2009). "Journalism in violent environments: the case of journalists in Culiacan, Sinaloa". Comunicación y Sociedad (12): 101–118.
  9. ↑ US State Dept 2022 report
  10. ↑ Freedom House website, retrieved 2023-08-08
  11. ↑ "Open Doors website, retrieved 2023-08-08". Archived from the original on 2024-01-16. Retrieved 2024-07-07.
  12. ↑ "Violence motivated by perception of sexual orientation and gender identity: a systematic review" (PDF). Retrieved 2021-01-21.
  13. ↑ Herrick and Stuart, p. 144.
  14. ↑ Inter, Laura (2015). "Finding My Compass". Narrative Inquiry in Bioethics. 5: 95–98. doi:10.1353/nib.2015.0039. PMID 26300133. S2CID 20101103.
  15. ↑ Inter, Laura (October 3, 2016). "The situation of the intersex community in Mexico". Intersex Day. Retrieved 2017-05-19.
  16. ↑ Finkler, Kaja (1997). "Gender, domestic violence and sickness in Mexico". Social Science & Medicine. 45 (8): 1147–1160. doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(97)00023-3. PMID 9381229.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 "Femicide and Impunity in Mexico: A context of structural and generalized violence" (PDF). Retrieved 12 March 2014.
  18. ↑ Wright, Melissa W. (March 2011). "Necropolitics, Narcopolitics, and Femicide: Gendered Violence on the Mexico-U.S. Border". Signs. 36 (3): 707–731. doi:10.1086/657496. JSTOR 10.1086/657496. PMID 21919274. S2CID 23461864.
  19. ↑ Human Rights Watch. "World Report 2013: Mexico". Retrieved 6 April 2014.
  20. ↑ "Mexico: Extending Military Policing Threatens Rights". Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 26 August 2022.
  21. ↑ Falcon, Sylvanna. "Rape as a weapon of war: Advancing human rights for women at the US-Mexico border." Social Justice 28, no. 2 (84 (2001): 31-50.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Agnew, Heather Robin. "Reframing ‘Femicide’: Making Room for the Balloon Effect of Drug War Violence in Studying Female Homicides in Mexico and Central America." Territory, Politics, Governance 3, no. 4 (2015): 428-445.
  23. ↑ "COST Action 1206 - Femicide". Archived from the original on 2019-05-09. Retrieved 2018-04-06.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Carey Jr, David, and M. Gabriela Torres. "Precursors to femicide: Guatemalan women in a vortex of violence." Latin American Research Review 45, no. 3 (2010): 142-164.
  25. ↑ World Health Organization. "Understanding and addressing violence against women: Sexual violence." (2012).
  26. ↑ Aburto, José Manuel, Hiram Beltrán-Sánchez, Victor Manuel García-Guerrero, and Vladimir Canudas-Romo. "Homicides in Mexico reversed life expectancy gains for men and slowed them for women, 2000–10." Health Affairs 35, no. 1 (2016): 88-95.
  27. ↑ "Mexico: Justice fails in Ciudad Juárez and the city of Chihuahua". Amnesty International. Archived from the original on 3 March 2012. Retrieved 19 March 2012.
  28. ↑ Corradi, Consuelo, Chaime Marcuello-Servos, Santiago Boira, and Shalva Weil. "Theories of femicide and their significance for social research." Current sociology 64, no. 7 (2016): 975-995.
  29. ↑ Campbell, Howard. "Female drug smugglers on the US-Mexico border: Gender, crime, and empowerment." Anthropological Quarterly 81, no. 1 (2008): 233-267.
  30. ↑ "Police Drug Corruption". Drugwar.com. Archived from the original on 2013-10-30. Retrieved 2014-06-01.
  31. ↑ Carlsen, Laura. "Mexico's False Dilemma: Human Rights or Security." Nw. UJ Int'l Hum. Rts. 10 (2011): 146-153.
  32. ↑ Meyer, Maureen, Stephanie Brewer, and Carlos Cepeda. "Abused and afraid in Ciudad Juarez: an analysis of human rights violations by the military in Mexico." Ciudad Juarez: Centro de Derechos Humanos (2010).
  33. ↑ "Mexico Police Torture persists". Reuters News Alerts. Archived from the original on 2015-10-03. Retrieved 2014-06-01.
  34. ↑ "Breaking News, World News and Video from Al Jazeera". www.aljazeera.com (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-01-21.

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