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Ƙananan tafki

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
Low marsh

Karamar marsh yanki ne mai tudu da ke ƙasa da Ma'anar Babban Ruwa (MHM). Dangane da tsayin daka, yawan nitsewa, halayen ƙasa, ciyayi, al'ummomin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, da sauran ma'auni, za a iya raba marshes ɗin gishiri zuwa wurare daban-daban: ƙananan marsh, tsakiyar marsh/high marsh, da yankin sama. [1] Ƙananan marsh yana da alaƙa da ambaliya a kowace rana tare da kowane babban tudu, yayin da ya rage a fallasa a lokacin ƙananan igiyoyin ruwa.

Flora da fauna

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Dogayen nau'in Spartina alterniflora (Smooth Cordgrass) shine mafi girman nau'in ciyayi a cikin ƙananan wuraren marsh. S. alterniflora wani nau'in marsh ne na asali wanda ya dace da wurin zama na gishiri kuma ana samun shi tare da gabar tekun gabashin Amurka ta Arewa, kusa da bakin tekun Washington, da kuma gabar Tekun Mexico. [2] Wannan ciyawa mai tsayi, na lokacin dumi tana tsirowa a cikin yawan ruwa da kuma wuraren da ke da yawan gishiri. [2] Wannan nau'in yana ba da tsari da sutura ga Fiddler crabs ( Uca pugnax ), ribbed mussels ( Geukensia demissa ), tsuntsaye na ruwa, tsuntsayen tsuntsaye, shorebirds, muskrats, da kuma kifaye masu mahimmanci na kasuwanci. [2] S. alterniflora yana ba da gudummawa ga yaƙi da zaizayar teku ta hanyar samar da kwanciyar hankali na ƙasa da haɓaka ingancin ruwa ta hanyar tace abubuwa masu guba, kamar ƙarfe mai nauyi, daga ginshiƙi na ruwa. [2]

Ayyukan muhalli

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Marshes gishiri suna da matukar amfani ga yanayin muhalli kuma suna ba da sabis na tsarin halittu da yawa ciki har da keken carbon, [3] hawan keke na nitrogen, [1] [4] da kuma kariya ta ambaliyar ruwa. [5] [6]

Kariyar ambaliya

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Kayayyakin ababen more rayuwa na bakin teku suna da rauni ga ambaliya daga hawan matakin teku, guguwa, da kwanciyar hankali. [7] Gishiri mai gishiri yana taimakawa wajen rage tasirin ambaliya ta hanyar kayyade bakin teku kai tsaye da kuma watsar da raƙuman ruwa. [7] Waɗannan su ne wasu nau'o'in nau'ikan yanayin ƙasa na bakin teku waɗanda aka fi sani da su azaman shinge ga igiyoyin ruwa da magudanar ruwa. [7] Ciwon daji yana haifar da raguwar igiyar ruwa kuma yana iya yin lissafin kashi 60 cikin ɗari na rage igiyoyin ruwa. [7] Tsire-tsire na marsh kuma suna inganta kwanciyar hankali na ƙasa, wanda ke rage zaizayar ƙasa. [7]

Sabis na muhallin halittu

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Marshes na gishiri da sauran halittu masu rairayi na bakin teku suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin zagayowar sinadarai na duniya, musamman a cikin hawan carbon da nitrogen . [1] [8] [4]

Zagayen Carbon

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Dausayin bakin teku, irin su marshes na gishiri, na iya sarrafa carbon da adadin da ya kai sau goma fiye da na dazuzzukan wurare masu zafi . [9] Ta hanyar photosynthesis, ciyayi ciyayi suna kama carbon dioxide mai yawa daga yanayi . [9] Ana adana wannan carbon a cikin kyallen takarda da ƙasa na ɗaruruwa ko dubban shekaru. [9] Gishirin gishiri na bakin teku na iya ɗaukar kimanin gram 210 na carbon a kowace murabba'in mitoci a kowace shekara, [3] wanda ya ninka sau 2-5 fiye da carbon a kowane yanki fiye da gandun daji na wurare masu zafi . [9]

Eh yuwuwar, ƙarfin ƙarfin amsawa, shine mafi ƙanƙanta a cikin ƙananan marsh. [8] Eh yuwuwar yana nuna yuwuwar asarar carbon ta hanyar iskar oxygen zuwa cikin yanayi kamar carbon dioxide. [8] Sabili da haka, ƙananan marsh na iya samun mafi ƙarancin iskar carbon dioxide idan aka kwatanta da sauran sassa na dandalin marsh.

Nitrogen sake zagayowar

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Dukansu nitrification da denitrification suna faruwa a cikin marshes gishiri. A cikin nitrification, ammonium yana oxidized zuwa nitrite, sa'an nan kuma nitrite ya zama oxidized zuwa nitrate. A cikin denitrification, kwayoyin halitta suna oxidized ta amfani da nitrate a matsayin mai karɓar wutar lantarki ta ƙarshe. Denitrification shine mafi girma a cikin ƙananan marsh. [4] Sake amfani da Nitrogen shine mafi ƙasƙanci a cikin ƙananan marsh. [1]

Barazana ga low marsh

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Hawan matakin teku

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Lafiya ta gaba da dawwamar dausayin bakin teku har yanzu ba su da tabbas sosai. [6] [10] Dausayin bakin teku, irin su gishirin gishiri, tare da ƙananan ɗimbin ɗorewa sune yanayin yanayin da za a fara shafa kuma dole ne su dace da haɓakar hawan teku (SLR). [11] An yi hasashen hasarar gaske don marshes na gishiri tare da ƙarancin wadataccen ruwa da/ko raguwa. [10] Dangane da yanayin RCP na Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), kashi 60-91 cikin 100 na gishirin gishiri a cikin nazarin meta-bincike ba za su iya ci gaba da ƙimar SLR na gaba ba. [10] A cikin wannan binciken, 8 daga cikin 9 marshes tare da mafi girman ƙimar SLR na gida sun riga sun yi tafiya tare da SLR kuma suna fuskantar matsakaicin asarar milimita 3.9 a kowace shekara. [10] Haɓaka haɓakar thermal da haɓakar ruwa da ake bayarwa ga tekuna saboda yanayin yanayin duniya mafi girma da ke da alaƙa da hayaƙin carbon dioxide na anthropogenic ya haifar da ƙimar SLR tare da bakin tekun Atlantika ta Amurka zuwa jeri daga 0.6 zuwa 4 millimeters a kowace shekara kamar na shekara ta 2021. [12] Ana tsammanin ƙimar SLR zai ƙaru ne kawai a nan gaba yayin da girman iskar gas a cikin yanayin mu ke ƙaruwa. [12] [10] SLR zai haifar da ƙananan marsh zuwa "nutse" kuma a canza shi zuwa buɗaɗɗen ruwa. [4]

Damuwar mutane da tsangwama

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Ci gaban bakin teku, kamar tituna da gidaje, yana hana magudanar gishiri yin ƙaura zuwa cikin ƙasa daga bakin teku yayin da ruwan teku ya tashi. [10] A baya, kwararowar gishiri sun yi ƙaura zuwa cikin ƙasa a matsayin martani ga matakin teku daga dusar ƙanƙara. [10] Ƙasa kai tsaye a saman marshes tana canzawa sannu a hankali zuwa babban marsh saboda karuwar ruwan gishiri saboda SLR. [13] Ana maye gurbin ciyayi na sama da nau'in marsh na halophyte sakamakon karuwar salin ƙasa da danshi. [13] Wannan yana faruwa yayin da ƙananan ƙoramar da ke kusa da raƙuman ruwa ke canza zuwa buɗaɗɗen ruwa. [13] Iyakokin yankunan ciyayi na marsh suna motsawa cikin ƙasa. [13] Wannan yana ba da damar fim ɗin murabba'in ɗaya na kowane yankin marsh ya kasance iri ɗaya. Koyaya, lokacin da kayayyakin more rayuwa suka kasance sama da ƙasa kai tsaye zuwa gaɓar ruwa, wannan ɓangarorin yana toshewa ta jiki daga ƙaura. [13] Iyakar da ke tsakanin ƙananan marsh da ɗorewa mai tsayi na ci gaba da matsawa cikin ƙasa, amma yankin da ke kan tudu ba shi da wata ƙasa da za ta canza zuwa yankin marsh. Wannan yana haifar da ɓangarorin sama da ƙarshe waɗanda za a rasa su.

Baya ga ci gaban bakin teku da ke toshe ƙaura zuwa kan tudu, yana kuma ƙara kwararar ruwa zuwa cikin marsh. [14] Haɓaka wuraren da ba su da kyau a cikin ci gaban gabar tekun kusa da magudanar ruwa yana ƙara yawan ruwan sama da ruwan saman da ka iya shiga cikin mars. [14] Gudun gudu yana ɗaukar gurɓatacce, gami da amma ba'a iyakance ga takin mai magani ba, laka, sharar gida, da zuriyar dabbobi, da kuma ruwa mai daɗi zuwa cikin marshes. [14] Takamammen tasirin muhalli da girmansu ya bambanta dangane da yawa, mita, da kayan shafan sinadarai na gurɓataccen ruwa. Bugu da ƙari, za a iya zubar da ruwa, a kwashe, a cike don samar da ƙasar don ci gaban bakin teku da noma. [15] Har ila yau, ana zubar da marshashi da magudanar ruwa don sauro da sauran kwari. [15]

nau'in cin zarafi

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Kamar yadda yake tare da yawancin halittun halittu daban-daban, marshes gishiri suna da sauƙi ga mamayewa ta nau'ikan da ba na asali ba. [16] Phragmites australis (Common Reed), ciyawa ce ta shekara-shekara, ciyawa ce mai tsananin ƙarfi wacce ke tsiro a tsayin tsayi sama da ƙafa 10 kuma mai mamaye marshes na gishiri. [17] Phragmites suna mamaye yankuna da sauri kuma suna iya yin gasa su maye gurbin ciyayi na ƙasa. [17] Wannan nau'in cin zarafi yana ba da ƙarancin abinci ko matsuguni ga namun daji na gishiri. [17]

Wrack, yayin da ba nau'in cin zarafi ba ne a ma'anar gargajiya, kuma yana iya lalata ciyayi na gishiri na asali.[ana buƙatar hujja]</link>[ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">adana</span> ] kayan da ya ƙunshi galibin ciyayi da suka mutu.[ana buƙatar hujja]</link>[ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">ya</span> ] a kan ciyayi na tsawon lokaci, zai toshe hasken rana kuma ya toshe tsire-tsire a ƙarƙashinsa.[ana buƙatar hujja]</link>

Sesarma reticulatum (Purple marsh crabs) nau'in marsh ne na asali, kodayake kamun kifi da kamun kifi na iya cire mafarautansu daga yanayin yanayin . [18] Lokacin da kaguwar kaguwa mai ruwan hoda ta kasance ba a bincika ba, za su “yanke ƙasa” S. alternilfora kuma su ƙara yawan burrows a cikin ƙasa. [18] Burrows suna rage zaman lafiyar ƙasa kuma suna sa ƙasar ta fi lalacewa. [18]

Kiyayewa da gudanarwa

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Akwai kungiyoyi da yawa na duniya kamar The Nature Conservancy, Muhalli Kariya Agency, Buzzards Bay Coalition, Ƙungiyar don Tsare Cape Cod, da Sashen Kula da Muhalli da ke shiga cikin gyaran gishiri, kariya, da gudanarwa.

Dabarun sabuntawa na yau da kullun sun haɗa da dawo da musanyar ruwa, dawo da halayen ɓarkewa, sake gina matakin ƙasa, jujjuyawar ɓarke zuwa ruwan gishiri, sarrafa nau'ikan ɓarna, da hana kwale-kwale da sauran motocin ruwa. [19] Hanyar(s) da ake amfani da ita a cikin marsh gishiri ta dogara ne da ƙayyadaddun marsh kanta da yanki na gida. [19] Alal misali, za a iya dawo da gishirin gishiri a cikin Bay of Fundy, Kanada ta hanyar faɗaɗa tashar ruwa ta hanyar gina magudanar ruwa, yayin da za a iya maido da gishirin gishiri a Arewa maso yammacin Turai ta hanyar cire diks. [19]

Don kare marshes na gishiri, gwamnatoci suna ƙirƙirar tanadi kamar Shifting Lots Preserve a Plymouth, MA, Estero Marsh Preserve, da Clive Runnells Family Mad Island Marsh . Waɗannan su ne wuraren da ake sarrafa albarkatun da filaye da ƙuntatawa.

manazarta

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Thomas, CR; Christian, RR (2001). "Comparison of nitrogen cycling in salt marsh zones related to sea-level rise". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 221: 1–16. Bibcode:2001MEPS..221....1T. doi:10.3354/meps221001. ISSN 0171-8630. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":52" defined multiple times with different content
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 "Spartina alterniflora". www.fs.usda.gov. Retrieved 2022-12-04.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Nahrawi, H.; Leclerc, M.Y.; Pennings, S.; Zhang, G.; Singh, N.; Pahari, R. (November 2020). "Impact of tidal inundation on the net ecosystem exchange in daytime conditions in a salt marsh". Agricultural and Forest Meteorology. 294: 108133. Bibcode:2020AgFM..29408133N. doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2020.108133. ISSN 0168-1923. S2CID 224889885. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":022" defined multiple times with different content
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Ooi, Sean Khan; Barry, Aidan; Lawrence, Beth A.; Elphick, Chris S.; Helton, Ashley M. (September 2022). "Vegetation zones as indicators of denitrification potential in salt marshes". Ecological Applications (in Turanci). 32 (6): e2630. doi:10.1002/eap.2630. ISSN 1051-0761. PMC 9539531 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 35403778 Check |pmid= value (help). Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content
  5. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :12
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Chambers, Lisa G.; Guevara, Rafael; Boyer, Joseph N.; Troxler, Tiffany G.; Davis, Stephen E. (2016-02-09). "Effects of Salinity and Inundation on Microbial Community Structure and Function in a Mangrove Peat Soil". Wetlands. 36 (2): 361–371. doi:10.1007/s13157-016-0745-8. ISSN 0277-5212. S2CID 14591398. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":22" defined multiple times with different content
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 Möller, Iris; Kudella, Matthias; Rupprecht, Franziska; Spencer, Tom; Paul, Maike; van Wesenbeeck, Bregje K.; Wolters, Guido; Jensen, Kai; Bouma, Tjeerd J.; Miranda-Lange, Martin; Schimmels, Stefan (2014-09-29). "Wave attenuation over coastal salt marshes under storm surge conditions". Nature Geoscience. 7 (10): 727–731. Bibcode:2014NatGe...7..727M. doi:10.1038/ngeo2251. ISSN 1752-0894.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Grande, Emilio; Arora, Bhavna; Visser, Ate; Montalvo, Maya; Braswell, Anna; Seybold, Erin; Tatariw, Corianne; Beheshti, Kathryn; Zimmer, Margaret (May 2022). "Tidal frequencies and quasiperiodic subsurface water level variations dominate redox dynamics in a salt marsh system". Hydrological Processes (in Turanci). 36 (5). doi:10.1002/hyp.14587. ISSN 0885-6087. S2CID 244813750 Check |s2cid= value (help). Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":02" defined multiple times with different content
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 "Coastal Blue Carbon". oceanservice.noaa.gov (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-12-05.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 Crosby, Sarah C.; Sax, Dov F.; Palmer, Megan E.; Booth, Harriet S.; Deegan, Linda A.; Bertness, Mark D.; Leslie, Heather M. (November 2016). "Salt marsh persistence is threatened by predicted sea-level rise". Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 181: 93–99. Bibcode:2016ECSS..181...93C. doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2016.08.018. ISSN 0272-7714. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":32" defined multiple times with different content
  11. ↑ Andersen, T.J.; Svinth, S.; Pejrup, M. (January 2011). "Temporal variation of accumulation rates on a natural salt marsh in the 20th century — The impact of sea level rise and increased inundation frequency". Marine Geology. 279 (1–4): 178–187. Bibcode:2011MGeol.279..178A. doi:10.1016/j.margeo.2010.10.025. ISSN 0025-3227.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Miller, W. D.; Neubauer, S. C.; Anderson, I. C. (June 2001). "Effects of Sea Level Induced Disturbances on High Salt Marsh Metabolism". Estuaries. 24 (3): 357. doi:10.2307/1353238. ISSN 0160-8347. JSTOR 1353238. S2CID 84794265.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 Fagherazzi, Sergio; Anisfeld, Shimon C.; Blum, Linda K.; Long, Emily V.; Feagin, Rusty A.; Fernandes, Arnold; Kearney, William S.; Williams, Kimberlyn (2019-02-27). "Sea Level Rise and the Dynamics of the Marsh-Upland Boundary". Frontiers in Environmental Science. 7. doi:10.3389/fenvs.2019.00025. ISSN 2296-665X.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 "Life Along the Salt Marsh: Troubleshooting Salt Marsh Decline". Home & Garden Information Center | Clemson University, South Carolina (in Turanci). January 20, 2021. Retrieved 2022-12-04.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 "Low Salt Marsh Guide - New York Natural Heritage Program". guides.nynhp.org. Retrieved 2022-12-04.
  16. ↑ "Low Salt Marsh Guide - New York Natural Heritage Program". guides.nynhp.org. Retrieved 2022-12-04.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 "Phragmites". Friends of Scarborough Marsh (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-12-04.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 "Hated Invasive Species Helps Restore an Ecosystem". www.science.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-12-04.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 Billah, Md Masum; Bhuiyan, Md Khurshid Alam; Islam, Mohammad Ahsanul; Das, Jewel; Hoque, ATM Rafiqul (2022-03-01). "Salt marsh restoration: an overview of techniques and success indicators". Environmental Science and Pollution Research (in Turanci). 29 (11): 15347–15363. doi:10.1007/s11356-021-18305-5. ISSN 1614-7499. PMID 34989993 Check |pmid= value (help). S2CID 245710173 Check |s2cid= value (help).
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