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Allurar rigakafin Tetanus

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Allurar rigakafin Tetanus
essential medicine (en) Fassara da vaccine type (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na vaccine (en) Fassara
Bangare na DPT vaccine (en) Fassara
Time of discovery or invention (en) Fassara 1939
Vaccine for (en) Fassara tetanus (en) Fassara
Adadin tatenus

Allurar rigakafin tetanus, Ya kasance shine wanda aka fi sani da tetanus Toxoid (TT), allurar rigakafi ce da ake amfani da ita domin hana tetanus.[1] A lokacin ƙuruciya, ana ba da shawarar yin allurai biyar, tare da na shida da za'a ma shi a lokacin ƙuruci.[1]

Bayan allurai uku, kusan kowa da kowa amma shi rigakafi,[1] amma ana ba da shawarar ƙarin allurai a kowace shekara goma domin kula da rigakafin.[2] Ana kara ƙarfafawa wanda bayyiba gwaiwa domin ya sake sabin tawa a cikin sa'o'i 48 ga mutanen da rigakafin su ya wuce.[3]

Tabbatar da cewa mata masu juna biyu sun kasance a kan rigakafin tetanus a lokacin kowane ciki na iya hana duka tetanus na uwa da jarirai.[1][4][5] Allurar rigakafin tana da aminci sosai, gami da lokacin daukar ciki da kuma wadanda ke da cutar kanjamau / AIDS.[1]

Redness da zafi a wurin allurar suna faruwa a tsakanin 25% da 85% na mutane.[1] Zafin jiki, jin gajiya, da ƙananan ciwon tsoka suna faruwa a ƙasa da 10% na mutane.[1] Rashin jituwa mai tsanani yana faruwa a cikin ƙasa da ɗaya cikin mutane 100,000.[1]

Yawancin haɗuwa da allurar rigakafi sun haɗa da allurar cutar tetanus, kamar Tdafa DTaP da Tdap, waɗanda ke ƙunshe da allurar cututtukan diphtheria, tetanus, da pertussis, da DT da Td, waɗanda ke ɗauke da allurar maganin diphtheria da tetanus.[6] Ana ba da DTaP da DT ga yara ƙasa da shekaru bakwai, yayin da ake ba da Tdap da Td ga waɗanda ke da shekaru bakwai da haihuwa.[6][7] Ƙananan d da p suna nuna ƙananan ƙarfin rigakafin diphtheria da pertussis.[6]

An haɓaka Tetanus antiserum a cikin 1890, tare da tasirin kariya na tsawon 'yan makonni.[8][9] An kirkiro allurar rigakafin tetanus toxoid a 1924, kuma ta zama sananne ga sojoji a yakin duniya na biyu.[1][10] Amfani da shi ya haifar da raguwar kashi 95% a cikin adadin tetanus.[1] Yana cikin Jerin Magunguna Masu Muhimmanci na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya.[11]

 

Amfani da kiwon lafiya

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Tasiri

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Rage yawan mutuwar tetanus ta hanyar shekaru tsakanin 1990 da 2017 [12]

Allurar rigakafi tana ba da kariya ta kusa daga tetanus, idan mutum ya sami shawarar da aka ba da shawarar.[13] A duniya, mutuwar daga tetanus a cikin jarirai ya ragu daga 787,000 a 1988 zuwa 58,000 a 2010, da kuma mutuwar 34,000 a 2015 (ragewar kashi 96% daga 1988).[2][14] A cikin shekarun 1940, kafin allurar rigakafin, akwai kimanin mutane 550 na tetanus a kowace shekara a Amurka, wanda ya ragu zuwa kusan mutane 30 a kowace shekara.[2] Kusan dukkanin shari'o'in suna cikin wadanda ba su taba karbar allurar rigakafi ba, ko kuma manya wadanda ba su kasance ba har zuwa yau a kan shekaru 10 da suka yi.[15]

Ciki

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Jagororin kan kulawar haihuwa a Amurka sun ƙayyade cewa ya kamata mata su karɓi Allurar rigakafin Tdap a lokacin kowane ciki, mafi kyau tsakanin makonni 27 da 36, don ba da damar canja wurin maganin rigakafi ga tayin.[4][5] Dukkanin mata bayan haihuwa waɗanda ba su riga sun karɓi allurar rigakafin Tdap ba ana ba da shawarar samun ta kafin a sallame su bayan haihuwa.[16] An ba da shawarar ga mata masu juna biyu waɗanda ba su taɓa karɓar allurar rigakafin tetanus ba (watau, ba DTP ko DTaP ba, ko DT a matsayin yaro ko Td ko TT a matsayin babba) don karɓar jerin allurar rigakawa ta Td guda uku da ke farawa a lokacin daukar ciki don tabbatar da kariya daga tetanus na uwa da jariri. A irin waɗannan lokuta, ana ba da shawarar maye gurbin Tdap don kashi ɗaya na Td, kuma mafi kyau tsakanin makonni 27 zuwa 36 na ciki, sannan kuma an kammala jerin tare da Td.[4][5]

Takamaiman nau'ikan

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Ana ba da allurar rigakafi ta farko tun daga jariri. Ana yin allurar jaririn tare da allurar rigakafin DTaP, wanda shine guba guda uku da ba sa aiki a cikin allurar daya. DTaP yana karewa daga diphtheria, pertussis, da tetanus. Wannan allurar rigakafin acellular ta fi aminci fiye da DTP da aka yi amfani da ita a baya tare da duka ba a kunna ba (yanzu ana lura da DTwP[17]).[6] Wani zaɓi shine DT, wanda shine haɗuwa da allurar rigakafin diphtheria da tetanus. An ba da wannan a matsayin madadin jarirai waɗanda ke da rikice-rikice tare da allurar rigakafin DTaP.[13] Quadrivalent, pentavalent, da hexavalent formulations sun ƙunshi DTaP tare da ɗaya ko fiye daga cikin ƙarin allurar rigakafi: inactivated Polio virus allurar rigar rigakafi (IPV), Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate, Hepatitis B, tare da kasancewar ya bambanta a ƙasashe daban-daban.[18][19][20]

Ga kowane mai haɓaka shekaru goma ana iya amfani da Td ko Tdap, kodayake Tdap ya fi tsada.[5]

Shirin

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Saboda ana ba da DTaP da DT ga yara ƙasa da shekara guda, wurin da aka ba da shawarar don allurar shine tsokoki na cinya.   Koyaya, ana iya yin allurar rigakafin a cikin tsokoki idan ya cancanta. [ana buƙatar bayanin likita] 

Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta ba da shawarar allurai shida a lokacin yaro tun daga makonni shida.[1] Za a ba da allurai huɗu na DTaP a farkon ƙuruciya.[13] Ya kamata kashi na farko ya kasance a kusa da watanni biyu, na biyu a watanni huɗu, na uku a shida, kuma na huɗu daga watanni goma sha biyar zuwa goma sha takwas. Akwai maganin da aka ba da shawarar na biyar da za a ba da shi ga yara masu shekaru hudu zuwa shida.[13]

Td da Tdap na yara ne masu girma, matasa, da manya kuma ana iya yin allurar rigakafi a cikin tsokoki na deltoid.[13] Wadannan masu haɓaka ne kuma ana ba da shawarar kowane shekaru goma. Yana da aminci a sami ɗan gajeren lokaci tsakanin kashi ɗaya na Tdap da kashi ɗaya na mai haɓaka Td.[21]

Ƙarin allurai

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Harkokin haɓaka suna da mahimmanci saboda samar da Lymphocyte (antibodies) ba a cikin babban aiki ba. Wannan shi ne saboda bayan gabatar da allurar rigakafin lokacin da samar da lymphocyte ya yi yawa, aikin samar da fararen ƙwayoyin jini zai fara raguwa. Ragewa a cikin aikin ƙwayoyin T-helper yana nufin cewa dole ne a sami mai haɓaka don taimakawa wajen kiyaye fararen ƙwayoyin jini masu aiki.[22]

Td da Tdap sune harbe-harbe da ake bayarwa kowane shekaru goma don kula da rigakafi ga manya masu shekaru goma sha tara zuwa shekaru sittin da biyar.[5]

An ba da Tdap a matsayin sau ɗaya, sau na farko kawai wanda ya haɗa da allurar rigakafin tetanus, diphtheria, da acellular pertussis.[6] Bai kamata a gudanar da wannan ga waɗanda ba su kai shekara goma sha ɗaya ba ko sama da shekaru sittin da biyar.   [<span title="Material near this tag needs references to reliable medical sources. (January 2020)">medical citation needed</span>]

Td shine harbi mai haɓaka da aka ba wa mutanen da suka wuce shekaru bakwai kuma ya haɗa da tetanus da diphtheria Toxoids. Koyaya, Td yana da ƙasa da diphtheria toxoid, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa "d" ya zama ƙarami kuma "T" ya zama babban.[6]

A cikin 2020, Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka da Rigakafin Cututtuka na Amurka (CDC) Kwamitin Ba da Shawara kan Ayyukan Rigakafi (ACIP) sun ba da shawarar cewa ko dai allurar rigakafin tetanus da diphtheria toxoids (Td) ko Tdap za a yi amfani da su don Td booster, rigakafin cututtukan tetanus na shekaru goma yayin kula da rauni, da kuma ƙarin allurai da ake buƙata a cikin jadawalin rigakafin rigakafin idan mutum ya sami akalla kashi ɗaya na Tdap.[5]

Sakamakon sakamako

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Rashin jinin da ya haifar da allurar rigakafin tetanus

Sakamakon cututtukan rigakafin tetanus na yau da kullun sun haɗa da zazzabi, ja, da kumburi tare da ciwo ko tausayi a kusa da shafin allurar (ɗaya cikin mutane biyar suna da ja ko kumburi). An bayar da rahoton ciwon jiki da gajiya bayan Tdap. Td / Tdap na iya haifar da kumburi mai raɗaɗi na dukan hannu a cikin ɗaya daga cikin mutane 500.[13][23]Tetanus toxoid dauke da allurar rigakafi (DTaP, DTP, Tdap, Td, DT) na iya haifar da Neuritis na brachial a cikin kashi ɗaya daga cikin 100,000 zuwa 200,000 allurai.[2][24]

Hanyar aiki

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Irin allurar rigakafin wannan cuta ana kiranta rigakafin rigakafi na wucin gadi. Wannan nau'in rigakafi yana samuwa ne lokacin da matattu ko rauni na cutar ya shiga jiki, yana haifar da amsawar rigakafi wanda ya haɗa da samar da Magungunan rigakafi. Wannan yana da fa'ida saboda yana nufin cewa idan an gabatar da cutar a cikin jiki, Tsarin rigakafi zai gane antigen kuma ya samar da magungunan rigakafi da sauri.[25]

Tarihi

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Wani rukuni na masana kimiyya na Jamus ne ya gano allurar rigakafi ta farko don rigakafin rigakafi a karkashin jagorancin Emil von Behring a cikin 1890.An gano maganin tetanus na farko da ba ya aiki kuma an samar da shi a 1924. Wani nau'in allurar rigakafin da ya fi tasiri, wanda aka kirkira a 1938, an tabbatar da cewa ya ci nasara lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi don hana tetanus a cikin soja a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu.[13] DTP / DTwP (wanda shine allurar rigakafin da aka haɗu don diphtheria, tetanus, da pertussis) an fara amfani da shi a cikin 1948, kuma an ci gaba har zuwa 1991, lokacin da aka maye gurbinsa da nau'in allurar rigakawa ta pertussis saboda damuwa game da aminci.[26] Rabin wadanda suka karbi allurar rigakafin DT (w) P suna da ja, kumburi, da ciwo a kusa da shafin allurar, wanda ya shawo kan masu bincike su sami maye gurbin allurar rigakawa.[13]

An ƙaddamar da sabbin allurar rigakafi guda biyu a cikin shekara ta 1992. Wadannan sun haɗu da tetanus da diphtheria tare da acellular pertussis (TDaP ko DTaP), wanda za'a iya ba matasa da manya (kamar yadda ya saba da baya lokacin da aka ba da allurar rigakafin ga yara kawai).[13]

Ƙarin karantawa

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Haɗin waje

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Samfuri:Vaccines

nazarta

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  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 World Health Organization (February 2017). "Tetanus vaccines: WHO position paper – February 2017" (PDF). Weekly Epidemiological Record. 92 (6): 53–76. hdl:10665/254583. PMID 28185446.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Hamborsky J, Kroger A, Wolfe S, eds. (2015). "Chapter 21: Tetanus". Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases (13th ed.). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Archived from the original on 13 April 2017.
  3. ↑ "Puncture wounds: First aid". Mayo Clinic. 4 February 2015. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 6 December 2015.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Centers for Disease Control Prevention (CDC) (February 2013). "Updated recommendations for use of tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis vaccine (Tdap) in pregnant women--Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2012" (PDF). MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 62 (7): 131–5. PMC 4604886. PMID 23425962.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 Havers FP, Moro PL, Hunter P, Hariri S, Bernstein H (January 2020). "Use of Tetanus Toxoid, Reduced Diphtheria Toxoid, and Acellular Pertussis Vaccines: Updated Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices - United States, 2019" (PDF). MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 69 (3): 77–83. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6903a5. PMC 7367039. PMID 31971933.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 "Vaccines: VPD-VAC/Tetanus/main page". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Archived from the original on 12 February 2015. Retrieved 10 February 2015.
  7. ↑ "Recommended Child and Adolescent Immunization Schedule for ages 18 years or younger, United States, 2020". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 3 February 2020. Retrieved 6 February 2020.
  8. ↑ Gradmann C, Simon J (2010). Evaluating and Standardizing Therapeutic Agents, 1890-1950. Springer. p. 53. ISBN 9780230285590.
  9. ↑ Jones BR (2016). Pharmacology for Student and Pupil Nurses and Students in Associated Professions. Elsevier. p. 162. ISBN 9781483141312.
  10. ↑ Macera C (2012). Introduction to Epidemiology: Distribution and Determinants of Disease. Nelson Education. p. 251. ISBN 9781285687148. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016.
  11. ↑ World Health Organization (2023). The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023). Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/371090. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02.
  12. ↑ "Deaths from tetanus, by age". Our World in Data. Retrieved 13 January 2020.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 13.7 13.8 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2011). "Tetanus". Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases (CDC, Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases) (PDF). Washington, D.C: Public Health Foundation. ISBN 978-0-01-706609-1. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 March 2008. Retrieved 4 January 2016.
  14. ↑ World Health Organization (9 May 2018). "Tetanus". World Health Organization (WHO). Retrieved 12 January 2020.
  15. ↑ "About Tetanus". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Archived from the original on 11 November 2014. Retrieved 11 December 2014.
  16. ↑ "Pregnancy Guidelines and Recommendations by Vaccine - Tetanus, Diphtheria, and Pertussis (Tdap); & Tetanus and Diphtheria (Td)". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). August 2016. Retrieved 15 January 2020.
  17. ↑ Syed MA (February 2017). "Choosing from Whole Cell and Acellular Pertussis Vaccines-Dilemma for the Developing Countries". Iranian Journal of Public Health. 46 (2): 272–273. PMC 5402791. PMID 28451568.
  18. ↑ "2016 Binational Immunization Resource Tool for Children from Birth Through 18 Years" (PDF). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 February 2017. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
  19. ↑ Centers for Disease Control Prevention (CDC) (October 2008). "Licensure of a diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis adsorbed, inactivated poliovirus, and haemophilus B conjugate vaccine and guidance for use in infants and children". MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 57 (39): 1079–80. PMID 18830213. Archived from the original on 7 November 2016. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
  20. ↑ Baldo V, Bonanni P, Castro M, Gabutti G, Franco E, Marchetti F, Prato R, Vitale F (2014). "Combined hexavalent diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis-hepatitis B-inactivated poliovirus-Haemophilus influenzae type B vaccine; Infanrix™ hexa: twelve years of experience in Italy". Hum Vaccin Immunother. 10 (1): 129–37. doi:10.4161/hv.26269. PMC 4181021. PMID 24004825.
  21. ↑ Talbot EA (2010). The Safety of Immunizing with Tetanus–diphtheria–acellular Pertussis Vaccine (Tdap) Less than 2 Years following Previous Tetanus Vaccination: Experience during a Mass Vaccination Campaign of Healthcare Personnel during a Respiratory Illness Outbreak. pp. 8001–7.
  22. ↑ Veronesi R (1981). Tetanus: Important New Concepts. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica.
  23. ↑ "Tdap (Tetanus, Diphtheria, Pertussis) Vaccine Information Statement". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). August 2021. Archived from the original on 28 December 2019. Retrieved 28 December 2019.
  24. ↑ "Update: vaccine side effects, adverse reactions, contraindications, and precautions. Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)" (PDF). MMWR Recomm Rep. 45 (RR-12): 1–35. September 1996. PMID 8801442.
  25. ↑ "Vaccines & Immunizations". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Archived from the original on 22 December 2011. Retrieved 27 November 2011.
  26. ↑ "Whooping Cough: Vaccine Combined with Tetanus, Diphtheria". Archived from the original on 6 June 2017. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
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