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Columbite

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Columbite
mineral series (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na columbite mineral group (en) Fassara
Crystal system (en) Fassara orthorhombic crystal system (en) Fassara

Columbite, wanda kuma ake kira niobite, niobite-tantalite da columbate, tare da tsarin sinadarai na gabaɗaya. , wani rukuni ne na ma'adinai na baki wanda shine ma'adinan niobium. Yana da luster submetallic, babban yawa, kuma niobate ne na baƙin ƙarfe da manganese. Niobite yana da aikace-aikace da yawa a sararin samaniya, gini da masana'antar likitanci. Ma'adinan haɗin gwiwar columbite ana cika su da farko ta hanyar uranium gubar (U-Pb) dating, tsarin jinkirin.

Columbite yana da abun da ke ciki iri ɗaya da simmetry ( orthorhombic ) kamar tantalite . [1] A haƙiƙa, ana haɗa su biyun a matsayin jerin ma'adinai masu kama da juna da ake kira columbite-tantalite ko coltan a cikin jagororin ma'adinai da yawa. Koyaya, tantalite yana da takamaiman nauyi fiye da columbite, fiye da 8.0 idan aka kwatanta da 5.2 na columbite. [2] Samuwar columbite ya dogara ne akan adadin karafa da ke akwai wanda ke shafar tsarin crystalline na ma'adinai da tasirin muhalli.

Columbite shine polymorph na tapiolite ; suna da nau'in sinadarai iri ɗaya amma nau'in kristal daban-daban: orthorhombic don columbite da tetragonal don tapiolite. Mafi girman rubuce-rubucen kristal guda ɗaya na columbite ya ƙunshi faranti 6 millimetres (0.24 in) kauri mai aunawa 76 by 61 centimetres (30 in × 24 in) . [1]

Columbite ya ƙunshi nau'ikan thorium da uranium daban-daban, yana mai da shi rediyoaktif. [2] Coltan, wani tantalum ya mamaye nau'in columbite, galibi ana hako shi ta hanyar masu fasaha da ƙananan ma'adinai tare da haɗari ga muhalli da lafiyar ɗan adam saboda yanayin aiki mara tsari.

Tarihi da Etymology

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An fara samun wannan rukunin ma'adinai a Haddam, Connecticut, a Amurka. [3] An bayyana abin da ya faru na columbite a cikin Amurka daga wani samfuri mai yiwuwa ya samo asali daga John Winthrop (1606-1676), Gwamnan farko na Mallakar Connecticut kuma mai tara ma'adinai. A cikin wasu samfurori 600, an ba da shi ta hanyar sunan sa da jikansa, John Winthrop (1681-1747) ga Hans Sloane, Shugaban Royal Society of London, bayan ya zama Fellow of the Royal Society a 1737. [4]

A cikin 1801, Charles Hatchett ya gano nau'in niobium a cikin wannan samfurin, [5] wanda ya sanya wa suna Columbus don girmama mai binciken Christopher Columbus .

Columbite nau'in

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Yttrocolumbite; wani nau'in columbite

Columbite yana samar da lu'ulu'u masu banƙyama waɗanda baƙar fata zuwa launin ruwan kasa mai duhu. [6] Samuwar lu'ulu'u sun bambanta dangane da nau'in da ke akwai.

Columbite yana samar da jeri tare da tantalum -mafi rinjaye analogue ferrotantalite da manganese-mafi rinjaye analogue manganocolumbite . Manganocolumbite yana da tsarin sinadarai na (Mn, Fe) (Nb, Ta) 2 O 6, sau da yawa tare da ƙananan ƙananan tantalum da baƙin ƙarfe. Manganocolumbite ana samun sau da yawa a cikin pegmatites, duwatsu masu ƙyalli. [6]

Ferrocolumbite; wani nau'in columbite

Memba mai arzikin ƙarfe na ƙungiyar columbite shine ferrocolumbite, FeNb 2 O 6, kuma ƙananan ƙwayoyin tin da tungsten na iya kasancewa. Wannan nau'in columbite ana samunsa sau da yawa a cikin pegmatites azaman madaidaicin dutsen ƙazafi. [6]

Yttrocolumbite shine yttrium -rich columbite tare da dabara (Y,U,Fe)(Nb,Ta)O</br> (Y,U,Fe)(Nb,Ta)O, ma'adinai ne na rediyo da ake samu a Mozambique . [7] Wannan ma'adinai yana samuwa saboda pegmatites da ƙananan ƙarfe-ƙarfe. [6]

Tsarin

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Ƙwayoyin zarra na Columbite suna samar da tsarin octahedral inda niobium ko tantalum atom ke kewaye da zarra na oxygen. Gabaɗaya, Columbite yana samar da lu'ulu'u na orthorhombic waɗanda ke ba da kusan tsayin gatura na crystal a matsayin ≈ 14.27, b ≈ 5.73, da c ≈ 5.06 Å. [8] Daban-daban nau'in columbite kamar manganocolumbite ko ferrocolumbite na iya canza tsayin gatura na crystal. [8]

Tsarin lu'ulu'u na fuska na columbite (orthorhombic)

Tunda columbite na iya samar da jinsin halittu tare da wasu ma'adanai, kayan jiki na ma'adinai na iya canzawa. Lokacin da aka gabatar da ferrocolumbite zuwa zafi, daidaitaccen faɗaɗa axis na 'a' da 'b' yana faruwa. [8] Bugu da ƙari, saboda girman ions da tsarin gaba ɗaya, ferrocolumbite ya fi matsawa fiye da manganocolumbite. [8] Lokacin da aka gabatar da manganocolumbite zuwa zafi, faɗaɗa axis na faruwa yana haifar da canji mara daidaituwa ga tsarin. [8]

Aikace-aikace

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Lokacin da aka fitar da niobite daga columbite, a cikin aikin tace tama, ana iya lura da aikace-aikace a sararin samaniya, gini, da masana'antar likitanci. [9] A cikin masana'antar sararin samaniya, ana iya ƙirƙirar manyan alloli . Super alloys daga niobite suna haifar da ƙarancin taro, kuma babban juriya sau da yawa ana amfani da su a cikin jiragen sama. [9] A cikin gine-gine, an ƙirƙiri wasu ƙananan ƙarfe mai ƙarfi (HSLA) daga niobite. [9] Bugu da ƙari, za a iya amfani da niobite da aka samo daga columbite don ƙirƙirar kayan lantarki da aka yi amfani da su a cikin kayan aikin likita irin su Magnetic Resonance Hoto (MRI) da kuma Nukiliya Magnetic Resonance (NMR). [9]

Samuwar

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Ana samun Columbite sau da yawa a cikin pegmatite da alluvial adibas, da kuma dutsen granitic . [10] Ma'adinan Columbite galibi sun ƙunshi magnesium, baƙin ƙarfe, niobium, da tantalum inda aka gano adadin tin, titanium, da scandium . [10] Gabaɗaya abun da ke ciki na columbite yana rinjayar tsarin crystalline wanda ke haifar da matakai daban-daban na samuwar. A halin yanzu, akwai manyan ra'ayoyi guda biyu don samuwar columbite. An haɓaka ka'idar ɗaya saboda ƙaƙƙarfan jan hankali na niobium da tantalum, a cikin columbite, zuwa silicate narke da aka samu a cikin ɓawon ƙasa ko alkyabbar. [11] Bugu da ƙari, kasancewar magma yana samar da columbite ta hanyar aiwatar da matakai biyu na crystallization . [6] Tsarin crystallization na farko yana haifar da niobium core kuma tsarin crystallization na biyu yana haifar da tantalum . [6] Wannan ka'idar ta shahara saboda nau'in ma'adinai a lokacin matakin ruwa, da kuma kristal na magmatic fractional crystallization wanda ke faruwa yayin samuwar. [11] Wani sanannen ka'idar samuwar niobium da tantalum, a cikin ma'adanai na Columbite, yana faruwa ne saboda ruwan zafi na hydrothermal. [11] Wannan ka'idar ta nuna cewa ruwan zafi na hydrothermal yana hulɗa tare da columbite yayin samuwar kuma sakamakon haka an samar da lu'ulu'u marasa daidaituwa. [6]

It is possible that both theories work in conjunction with one another to form columbite minerals as well as different species of columbite such as mangancolumbite, ferrocolumbite, and yttrocolumbite.

Tasirin muhalli

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Ma'adinan Columbite suna da yuwuwar su zama rediyoaktif saboda gano adadin uranium da thorium . Ma'adinan rediyoaktif ba su da ƙarfi saboda fitar da radiation wanda ke haifar da mummunan tasiri ga muhalli da lafiyar ɗan adam. Kowace ƙasa tana da dokoki daban-daban game da jigilar kayan aikin rediyo. [12]

Lokacin haƙar ma'adinan columbite, gurɓatar ƙasa da ruwan sama suna damuwa saboda kasancewar manyan karafa a cikin dutsen sharar gida. Bugu da ƙari, dutsen sharar gida zai iya haifar da magudanar ruwa na acid wanda zai iya shafar ƙasa da ruwa. [12] Don samun columbite mai tsabta, ana samar da adadi mai yawa na dutsen sharar gida, wanda ke haifar da mummunan tasiri ga yanayin da ke kewaye. [12]

A lokacin da ake fitar da niobite ko tantalum daga columbite, ana amfani da acid mai ƙarfi a yanayin zafi mai zafi wanda ke da mummunan tasiri ga muhalli. Ana amfani da acid hydrofluoric da sulfuric acid a cikin matakan gyaran ma'adinai tsakanin yanayin zafi na 250-300 o C. [13] Wadannan acid na iya haifar da acidification na ƙasa, gurɓataccen iska, da kuma gurɓataccen ruwa wanda, bi da bi, yana rinjayar yanayin muhalli. Fasahar zamani, a cikin gyaran ma'adinai na columbite, ba zaɓaɓɓu ba ne wanda ke haifar da ƙazanta da ke cikin samfuran samfuran Columbite mai ladabi. [13] Don cire ƙazanta, ana buƙatar babban taro na acid, wanda zai haifar da babban haɗari na haɗarin muhalli. [14]

Dating

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Akwai aikace-aikace guda uku don saduwa da ma'adinan ƙungiyar columbite kowanne tare da fa'ida da rashin amfani. Waɗannan hanyoyin su ne uranium gubar (U-Pb) dating, Laser ablation inductively hade da plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), da sakandare ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). Hanyar U-Pb, na iya ƙayyade wuri, da shekarun ƙungiyar ma'adinai ta hanyar U/Pb rabo. [15] [16] Ana haɗa wannan hanyar sau da yawa tare da isotope dilution- thermal ionization mass spectrometry (ID-TIMS) don ƙara daidaito. [15] [16] Ana amfani da hanyar LA-ICP-MS a cikin ma'adanai na columbite-tantalite tare da kuskuren kasa da kashi biyar akan isotopic rabo na uranium da gubar. [16] Hanyar SIMS tana da babban ƙuduri na sararin samaniya kuma yana da babban daidaito wajen auna isotopes na gubar a cikin ma'adanai na columbite. [16] Hanyar LA-ICP-MS da SIMS ba a saba amfani da su ba saboda rashin ingantaccen kayan bincike. [16]

Aikin fasaha da ƙananan ma'adinai

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Aikin fasaha da ƙananan ma'adinai na samar da ayyukan yi ga miliyoyin mutane amma yawanci yana da mummunan tasiri ga lafiyar ɗan adam da muhalli. [17] Wannan nau'in hakar ma'adinan ana aiwatar da shi ta hanyar ƙananan ƙungiyoyin mutane, yawanci ƙarƙashin babban haɗin gwiwar hakar ma'adinai, tare da kayan hako mai sauƙi. [18] Wannan kayan aikin hako mai sauƙi na iya haɗawa da pickaxes, sheburs, basins, da ƙananan injuna masu nauyi . [18] Coltan, babban nau'in tantalum na columbite, galibi ana hako shi na fasaha saboda yawan aikace-aikacen sa a cikin na'urorin lantarki. Aikin fasaha da ƙananan kayan hakar ma'adinai sun zama ruwan dare a yankuna kamar Afirka, Asiya, Oceania, Amurka ta Tsakiya, da Kudancin Amurka. [18] Duk da yake wannan nau'in ma'adinai yana da mahimmanci ga tattalin arzikin gida da rayuwa, sau da yawa ba a kayyade shi ba wanda ke haifar da hakar ma'adinai ba bisa ka'ida ba da kuma yanayin aiki mara kyau. Saboda rashin ka'ida, zaluntar masu aikin hakar ma'adinai, tashin hankali, ciniki ba bisa ka'ida ba, da kuma aikin yara kan iya faruwa. [18] Bugu da kari, tasirin lafiya na dogon lokaci yana zama ruwan dare yayin hakar coltan saboda kasancewar kayan aikin rediyo a cikin ma'adinan. [17] A kasashe irin su Saliyo, Laberiya, da Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Kongo ana samun riba mai yawa na cinikin ma'adanai irin su Coltan, saboda rashin kula da ayyukan kere-kere da kananan ma'adanai a yankin. [18]

Kara karantawa

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  • Isah, Mohammed Engha; Abdulmumin, Nuhu Abdulkadir; Elaoyi, Paul D.; Audu, Ephraim (2019-12-09). "Effects of columbite/tantalite (COLTAN) mining activities on water quality in Edege-Mbeki mining district of Nasarawa state, North Central Nigeria". Bulletin of the National Research Centre. 43 (1): 179. doi:10.1186/s42269-019-0237-0. ISSN 2522-8307.
  • Zuo, Yushan; Gao, Zhengxi; Zuo, Lei; Zhang, Peng; Liu, Rui; Zhang, Qing; Zhang, Tingting (2022-12-03). "Ultrastructure of a Columbite-Tantalite Mineral from the Zhaojinggou Ta-Nb Deposit in the North China Craton: Direct Evidence of the Formation Mechanism of the Columbite-Group Minerals". Geofluids (in Turanci). 2022: e8125419. doi:10.1155/2022/8125419. ISSN 1468-8115.

Duba kuma

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  • Coltan
  • Jerin ma'adanai

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ P. C. Rickwood (1981). "The largest crystals" (PDF). American Mineralogist. 66: 885–907.
  2. ↑ "Simultaneous determination of tantalum, niobium, thorium and uranium in placer columbite-tantalite deposits from the Akim Oda District of Ghana by epithermal instrumental neutron activation analysis". Retrieved 2021-02-02.
  3. ↑ Smith, Edgar F. (1905). "Observations on Columbium and Tantalum". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 44 (180): 151–158. ISSN 0003-049X. JSTOR 983511.
  4. ↑ Winthrop, John (1844). Silliman, Benjamin (ed.). "Art. V. Selections from an Ancient Catalogue of objects of Natural History, formed in New England more than one hundred years ago". The Amer. J. Science and Arts 47. Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy. p. 282. Retrieved 12 February 2015. ... (p.282:) Mr. Winthrop was grandson of the first governor of Connecticut, great grandson of the first governor of Massachusetts ... (p.290:) A black mineral ... Is this the Columbite? ... it appeared that it had been sent ... to Sir Hans Sloane, by Mr. Winthrop of Massachusetts. ...'
  5. ↑ Griffith, William P.; Morris, Peter J.T. (22 September 2003). "Charles Hatchett FRS (1765–1847), Chemist and Discoverer of Niobium" (PDF). Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London. London: The Royal Society Publishing. 57 (3): 359. doi:10.1098/rsnr.2003.0216. S2CID 144857368. Retrieved 12 February 2015. ... In 1800–01, while he was arranging some minerals at the British Museum in Bloomsbury, he became particularly interested in a specimen which was described in Sir Hans Sloane’s catalogue of the ‘Metalls’, no. 2029 from his collection, as ‘a very heavy black stone with golden streaks ... from Nautneague. From Mr. Winthrop’ ... The donor was probably John Winthrop (1681–1747), a great-grandson of the founder of Massachusetts Bay colony. When Winthrop was elected FRS in 1734 he gave Sir Hans Sloane, then President of the Society, a collection of about 600 minerals. ...'
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 Siachoque, Astrid; Garcia, Rodolfo; Vlach, Silvio R.F. (2020-05-04). "Occurrence and Composition of Columbite-(Fe) In the Reduced A-Type Desemborque Pluton, Graciosa Province (S-SE Brazil)". Minerals (in Turanci). 10 (5): 411. Bibcode:2020Mine...10..411S. doi:10.3390/min10050411. ISSN 2075-163X. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":1" defined multiple times with different content
  7. ↑ Abdel Gawad, Ahmed E.; Ali, Khaled; Eliwa, Hassan; Sayyed, M. I.; Khandaker, Mayeen Uddin; Bradley, David A.; Osman, Hamid; Elesawy, Basem H.; Hanfi, Mohamed Y. (2021-12-07). "Radiological Investigation on Sediments: A Case Study of Wadi Rod Elsayalla the Southeastern Desert of Egypt". Applied Sciences (in Turanci). 11 (24): 11884. doi:10.3390/app112411884. ISSN 2076-3417.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 Balassone, Giuseppina; Danisi, Rosa Micaela; Armbruster, Thomas; Altomare, Angela; Moliterni, Anna Grazia; Petti, Carmela; Mondillo, Nicola; Ghiara, Maria Rosaria; Saviano, Michele (2015-07-01). "An insight into crystal chemistry and cation order of columbite-(Fe) and columbite-(Mn) from worldwide occurrences". Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie - Abhandlungen (in Turanci). 192 (3): 275–287. doi:10.1127/njma/2015/0285. ISSN 0077-7757. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":2" defined multiple times with different content
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Sanchez-Segado, Sergio; Monti, Tamara; Katrib, Juliano; Kingman, Samuel; Dodds, Chris; Jha, Animesh (2017-12-21). "Towards sustainable processing of columbite group minerals: elucidating the relation between dielectric properties and physico-chemical transformations in the mineral phase". Scientific Reports (in Turanci). 7 (1): 18016. Bibcode:2017NatSR...718016S. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-18272-3. ISSN 2045-2322.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Wise, Michael A.; Brown, Cathleen D. (2011-12-01). "Chemical composition of coexisting columbite-group minerals and cassiterite from the Black Mountain pegmatite, Maine". European Journal of Mineralogy (in Turanci). 23 (5): 817–828. Bibcode:2011EJMin..23..817W. doi:10.1127/0935-1221/2011/0023-2102. ISSN 0935-1221.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Zuo, Yushan; Gao, Zhengxi; Zuo, Lei; Zhang, Peng; Liu, Rui; Zhang, Qing; Zhang, Tingting (2022-12-03). Yang, Fan (ed.). "Ultrastructure of a Columbite-Tantalite Mineral from the Zhaojinggou Ta-Nb Deposit in the North China Craton: Direct Evidence of the Formation Mechanism of the Columbite-Group Minerals". Geofluids (in Turanci). 2022: 1–9. doi:10.1155/2022/8125419. ISSN 1468-8123.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Isah, Mohammed Engha; Abdulmumin, Nuhu Abdulkadir; Elaoyi, Paul D.; Audu, Ephraim (December 2019). "Effects of columbite/tantalite (COLTAN) mining activities on water quality in Edege-Mbeki mining district of Nasarawa state, North Central Nigeria". Bulletin of the National Research Centre (in Turanci). 43 (1). doi:10.1186/s42269-019-0237-0. ISSN 2522-8307. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":7" defined multiple times with different content
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Sanchez-Segado, Sergio; Monti, Tamara; Katrib, Juliano; Kingman, Samuel; Dodds, Chris; Jha, Animesh (2017-12-21). "Towards sustainable processing of columbite group minerals: elucidating the relation between dielectric properties and physico-chemical transformations in the mineral phase". Scientific Reports (in Turanci). 7 (1): 18016. Bibcode:2017NatSR...718016S. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-18272-3. ISSN 2045-2322.
  14. ↑ Baba, Alafara Abdullahi; Jacob, Sunday O.; Olaoluwa, Daud T.; Abubakar, Abdulrahman; Womiloju, Adeola O.; Olasinde, Fausat T.; Abdulkareem, Aishat Y. (2018-04-23). "Processing of a Nigerian columbite-rich ilmenite ore for improved industrial application by sulphuric acid solution". Indonesian Mining Journal. 21 (1): 9–19. doi:10.30556/imj.Vol21.No1.2018.674. ISSN 2527-8797.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Tapster, Simon; Bright, Joshua W. G. (2020-12-18). "High-precision ID-TIMS cassiterite U–Pb systematics using a low-contamination hydrothermal decomposition: implications for LA-ICP-MS and ore deposit geochronology". Geochronology (in English). 2 (2): 425–441. Bibcode:2020GeChr...2..425T. doi:10.5194/gchron-2-425-2020. ISSN 2628-3697.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 Feng, Yonggang; Liang, Ting; Zhang, Ze; Wang, Yiqian; Zhou, Yi; Yang, Xiuqing; Gao, Jinggang; Wang, Hui; Ding, Kun (August 2019). "Columbite U-Pb Geochronology of Kalu'an Lithium Pegmatites in Northern Xinjiang, China: Implications for Genesis and Emplacement History of Rare-Element Pegmatites". Minerals (in Turanci). 9 (8): 456. Bibcode:2019Mine....9..456F. doi:10.3390/min9080456. ISSN 2075-163X.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Akiwumi, Fenda A.; Hollist, Arthur O. (April 2016). "The new kid on the old block: Coltan, conflict-prone minerals, and post-war reconstruction in Sierra Leone". The Extractive Industries and Society (in Turanci). 3 (2): 316–319. doi:10.1016/j.exis.2015.06.002.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 Rodríguez-Novoa, Felipe; Holley, Elizabeth (January 2023). "Coexistence between large-scale mining (LSM) and artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) in Perú and Colombia". Resources Policy. 80: 103162. Bibcode:2023RePol..8003162R. doi:10.1016/j.resourpol.2022.103162. ISSN 0301-4207.

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