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Daidaitaccen zafin jiki da matsa lamba

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Matsakaicin zafin jiki da matsa lamba ( STP ) sune nau'ikan ma'auni daban-daban na yanayi don ma'aunin gwaji da za a kafa don ba da damar yin kwatance tsakanin saitin bayanai daban-daban, Mafi yawan ma'auni da aka fi amfani da su sune na Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Duniya ta Tsabtace da Aiwatar da Chemistry (IUPAC) da Cibiyar Ƙididdiga da Fasaha ta Ƙasa (NIST), ko da yake waɗannan ba ƙa'idodi ba ne a duniya. Wasu ƙungiyoyi sun kafa ma'anoni daban-daban na madadin ma'anar ma'auni don daidaitattun yanayin su.

A cikin masana'antu da kasuwanci, daidaitattun yanayi don zafin jiki da matsa lamba sau da yawa ya zama dole don ayyana daidaitattun yanayin tunani don bayyana adadin iskar gas da ruwa da yawa da ke da alaƙa kamar ƙimar yawan kwararar iska (yawan gas ɗin ya bambanta sosai tare da zafin jiki da matsa lamba). ) daidaitattun mitoci masu kubik a sakan daya (Sm 3 /s), da na al’ada mai kubik a sakan daya (Nm 3 /s).

Duk da haka, yawancin wallafe-wallafen fasaha (littattafai, mujallu, tallace-tallace na kayan aiki da injuna) kawai suna bayyana "ma'auni" ba tare da fayyace su ba; sau da yawa musanya kalmar da tsofaffi "yanayin al'ada", ko "NC". A lokuta na musamman wannan na iya haifar da rudani da kurakurai. Kyakkyawan aiki koyaushe yana haɗawa da yanayin yanayin zafi da matsa lamba. Idan ba a bayyana ba, ana tsammanin wasu yanayin yanayin ɗakin, kusa da matsa lamba 1, 293 K (20 °C), da zafi 0%.

Ma'anoni

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A cikin ilmin sunadarai, IUPAC ta canza ma'anarta na daidaitaccen zafin jiki da matsa lamba a cikin 1982:[1][2]

NIST yana amfani da zafin jiki na 20 ° C (293.15 Ku, 68 °F) da cikakken matsi na 1 atm (14.696 psi, 101.325 kPa).[3] Hakanan ana kiran wannan ma'aunin zafin jiki na al'ada da matsa lamba (wanda aka rage shi azaman NTP ). Duk da haka, yawan zafin jiki da matsa lamba da NIST ke amfani da shi don gwaje-gwajen thermodynamic shine 298.15 K (25 ° C, 77 ° F ) da 1 mashaya (14.5038 psi, 100 kPa).[4][5] NIST kuma yana amfani da "15 °C (59 °F)" don biyan diyya na yanayin zafi na samfuran mai da aka tace, duk da cewa waɗannan dabi'u biyu ba su dace da juna ba.[6]


Matsayin ma'auni na ISO 13443 don iskar gas da makamantansu sune 288.15 K (15.00 °C; 59.00 °F) da 101.325 kPa;[7] da bambanci, Cibiyar Man Fetur ta Amurka ta ɗauki 60 °F (15.56 °C; 288.71 K)[8]

Amfanin da ya gabata

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Kafin 1918, ƙwararru da masana kimiyya da yawa waɗanda ke amfani da tsarin awo na raka'a sun ayyana daidaitattun yanayin yanayin zafin jiki da matsa lamba don bayyana adadin gas a matsayin 15 °C (288.15 K; 59.00 °F) da 101.325 kilopascals (1.00000 atm; 760.00 Torr) . A cikin waɗannan shekarun guda ɗaya, mafi yawan amfani da daidaitattun yanayin magana ga mutanen da ke amfani da tsarin mulkin mallaka ko na Amurka shine 60 °F (15.56 °C; 288.71 K) . da 14.696 psi (1 atm) saboda kusan masana'antun man fetur da iskar gas ne ke amfani da shi a duk duniya. Ma'anar da ke sama ba su kasance mafi yawan amfani da su ba a kowane tsarin raka'a.[9]

Amfani na yanzu

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Yawancin ma'anoni daban-daban na daidaitattun yanayi a halin yanzu ƙungiyoyi suna amfani da su a duk faɗin duniya. Teburin da ke ƙasa ya lissafa kaɗan daga cikinsu, amma akwai ƙari. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan ƙungiyoyi sun yi amfani da wasu ma'auni a baya. Misali, IUPAC tana da, tun 1982, ta ayyana ma'auni na ma'ana kamar 0 °C da 100 kPa (1 bar), sabanin tsohon mizaninsa na 0 °C da 101.325 kPa (1 atm).[2] Sabuwar darajar ita ce ma'anar matsa lamba na yanayi a tsayin kusan mita 112, wanda ya fi kusa da matsakaicin matsakaicin duniya na mazaunin ɗan adam (194 m).[10]

Kamfanonin iskar gas a Turai, Australia, da Kudancin Amurka sun karɓi 15 °C (59 °F) da 101.325 kPa (14.696 psi.[11][12][13] Har ila yau, Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Duniya don Daidaitawa (ISO), Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA) da Cibiyar Ƙididdiga da Fasaha ta Ƙasa (NIST) kowanne yana da ma'anar ma'anar ma'auni fiye da ɗaya a cikin ma'auni da ka'idoji daban-daban.

Matsayin Duniya

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A cikin motsin jiragen sama da na ruwa " International Standard Atmosphere " (ISA) shine ƙayyadaddun matsi, zafin jiki, yawa, da saurin sauti a kowane tsayi. Matsayin Matsayi na Duniya shine wakilcin yanayin yanayi a tsakiyar latitudes. A cikin Amurka wannan bayanin an ƙayyadadden yanayin yanayin US Standard Atmosphere wanda yayi daidai da "International Standard Atmosphere" a kowane tsayi har zuwa ƙafa 65,000 sama da matakin teku.

Daidaitaccen yanayin dakin gwaje

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Saboda yawancin ma'anoni na daidaitaccen zafin jiki da matsa lamba sun bambanta da zafin jiki sosai daga daidaitaccen yanayin dakin gwaje-gwaje (misali 0 °C da ~ 25 °C), sau da yawa ana yin la'akari da "misali yanayin dakin gwaje-gwaje" (waɗanda aka zaɓa da gangan don bambanta da kalmar "misali yanayin zafin jiki da matsa lamba", duk da ma'anarsa kusa da ainihi idan aka fassara shi a zahiri). Duk da haka, abin da yake "misali" zafin dakin gwaje-gwaje da matsin lamba babu makawa yana da nasaba da yanayin ƙasa, ganin cewa sassa daban-daban na duniya sun bambanta ta yanayi, tsayi da kuma yanayin amfani da zafi / sanyaya a wuraren aiki. Misali, makarantu a New South Wales, Ostiraliya suna amfani da 25 °C da 100 kPa don daidaitattun yanayin dakin gwaje.[14] ASTM International ta buga Standard ASTM E41-Terminology da ke da alaƙa da kwandishan da ɗaruruwan yanayi na musamman don takamaiman kayan da hanyoyin gwaji . Sauran ƙungiyoyin ma'auni kuma suna da ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodin gwaji na musamman.

Molar ƙarar gas

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Yana da mahimmanci a nuna yanayin yanayin zafi da matsa lamba lokacin da ake bayyana ƙarar molar iskar gas [15] kamar yadda yake da lokacin bayyana ƙarar iskar gas ko ƙimar kwararar juzu'i. Bayyana ƙarar molar gas ba tare da nuna yanayin yanayin zafi da matsa lamba ba yana da ma'ana kaɗan kuma yana iya haifar da rudani.

Ana iya ƙididdige ƙarar molar iskar gas a kusa da STP kuma a matsa lamba na yanayi tare da daidaito wanda yawanci ya isa ta amfani da ingantacciyar dokar iskar gas . Za'a iya ƙididdige ƙarar molar kowane iskar gas a daidaitattun daidaitattun yanayi kamar yadda aka nuna a ƙasa:

  • Vm = 8.3145 × 273.15 / 101.325 = 22.414 dm3/mol at 0 °C and 101.325 kPa
  • Vm = 8.3145 × 273.15 / 100.000 = 22.711 dm3/mol at 0 °C and 100 kPa
  • Vm = 8.3145 × 288.15 / 101.325 = 23.645 dm3/mol at 15 °C and 101.325 kPa
  • Vm = 8.3145 × 298.15 / 101.325 = 24.466 dm3/mol at 25 °C and 101.325 kPa
  • Vm = 8.3145 × 298.15 / 100.000 = 24.790 dm3/mol at 25 °C and 100 kPa
  • Vm = 10.7316 × 519.67 / 14.696 = 379.48 ft3/lbmol at 60 °F and 14.696 psi (or about 0.8366 ft3/gram mole)
  • Vm = 10.7316 × 519.67 / 14.730 = 378.61 ft3/lbmol at 60 °F and 14.73 psi


Littattafan fasaha na iya zama da ruɗani saboda yawancin marubuta sun kasa yin bayani ko suna amfani da daidaitaccen iskar gas ɗin R, ko takamaiman madaidaicin iskar gas . Dangantakar da ke tsakanin madaukai biyu shine R s = R / m, inda m shine yawan kwayoyin kwayoyin gas.

Ƙididdiga na US Standard Atmosphere (USSA) yana amfani da 8.31432 m 3 ·Pa/(mol·K) a matsayin darajar R . Duk da haka, USSA, 1976 ta gane cewa wannan darajar ba ta dace da ƙimar Avogadro akai-akai da kuma Boltzmann akai-akai . [16]

Duba kuma

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  • Environmental chamber
  • ISO 1 – standard reference temperature for geometric product specifications
  • Reference atmospheric model
  • Room temperature
  • Standard sea-level conditions
  • Standard state

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ A. D. McNaught and A. Wilkinson (1997). Nič, Miloslav; Jirát, Jiří; Košata, Bedřich; Jenkins, Aubrey; McNaught, Alan (eds.). IUPAC. Compendium of Chemical Terminology (PDF) (2nd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications. p. 54. doi:10.1351/goldbook. ISBN 0-632-03583-8. Standard conditions for gases: ... and pressure of 105 pascals. The previous standard absolute pressure of 1 atm (equivalent to 101.325 kPa) was changed to 100 kPa in 1982. IUPAC recommends that the former pressure should be discontinued.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/S05921
  3. ↑ https://www.nist.gov/publications/20-degrees-celsius-short-history-standard-reference-temperature-industrial-dimensional
  4. ↑ https://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/guide/index.html.en-us.en
  5. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=oU5DICYlDEAC&q=Modern+Thermodynamics+with+Statistical+Mechanics&pg=PA1
  6. ↑ https://www.nist.gov/system/files/documents/2021/05/05/00-20-hb44-web-final_0.pdf
  7. ↑ http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=20461
  8. ↑ API Petroleum Measurement
  9. ↑ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4654601
  10. ↑ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC24316
  11. ↑ Gassco. "Concepts – Standard cubic meter (scm)". Archived from the original on October 18, 2007. Retrieved 2008-07-25. Scm: The usual abbreviation for standard cubic metre – a cubic metre of gas under a standard condition, defined as an atmospheric pressure of 1.01325 bar and a temperature of 15°C. This unit provides a measure for gas volume
  12. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20080216043432/http://www.nord-stream.com/uploads/media/Nord_Stream_Route_Status_ENGLISH.pdf
  13. ↑ http://www.secinfo.com/dsD7y.1a.7.htm
  14. ↑ Peter Gribbon (2001). Excel HSC Chemistry Pocket Book Years 11–12. Pascal Press. ISBN 978-1-74020-303-6.
  15. ↑ http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Results?search_for=volume+molar
  16. ↑ U.S. Standard Atmosphere, 1976, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1976.
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