Dokar Sarrafa Shara
 Dokar Sarrafa Shara | |
|---|---|
area of law (en)  |
Dokokin sarrafa sharakula da sufuri, injinan adanawa da zubar da duk wani nau'i na sharar gida, gami da sharar gida, datti mai haɗari, da sharar nukiliya, da dai sauransu. An tsara dokokin sharar gabaɗaya don ragewa ko kawar da tarwatsa abubuwan sharar cikin muhalli mara tsari ta hanyar da ka iya haifar da lahani ga muhalli ko halittu, kuma sun haɗa da dokokin da aka tsara don rage haɓakar sharar da haɓaka ko ba da umarnin sake amfani da sharar. Ƙoƙarin tsari sun haɗa da ganowa da rarraba nau'ikan sharar gida da kuma tilasta jigilar kayayyaki, injinan, da kuma ayyukan zubar da su.
Ƙaddamar da sharar gida[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Ƙadidojin sharar gida shine tsarin da aka keɓance wani takamaiman abu a matsayin "sharar gida" da ke ƙarƙashin ƙa'ida. [1] Tambayar na iya zama mai sarƙaƙƙiya, misali ƙayyadaddun ko wani abu "sharar lafiya ne" a ƙarƙashin Dokar Kare albarkatun Amurka da farfadowa . [2]
Ƙayyade ko wani abu ya ƙunshi nau'in sharar gida na iya sarrafa hanyar da dole ne a sarrafa kayan daga wannan gaba. Misali, a cikin Amurka, Ko Baro, ana iya aika dattin datti na birni marasa haɗari zuwa wurin sharar gida, [3] yayin da ake ganin man da ake amfani da shi na mota yana da haɗari kuma ba za a iya zubar da shi a wuraren shara ba, amma yana ƙarƙashin kulawa mai ƙarfi, ajiya, magani, da buƙatun zubarwa. [4] [5]
Wasu shararrakin gida da yawa na iya samun nasu ma'anar guda ɗaya da buƙatun kulawa na musamman. A kowane hali za a iya gano "rafin sharar gida" - yana haifar da sharar gida lokacin da aka watsar da wani abu mai amfani a baya ko kuma a bar shi, sannan yana iya gudana ta hanyoyi daban-daban da aka ayyana, sake amfani da su, da wuraren ajiya kafin a isa wurin da aka keɓe na ƙarshe. [6]
Matsayin zubarwa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Ma'aunin zubar da ruwa yana sarrafa halaccin, hanya, da wurin zubar da wani sharar a gida Ko hanyoyi. Ana iya tsara irin waɗannan ƙa'idodin don kare lafiyar ɗan adam da jin daɗi, da ƙimar muhalli. Akwai hanyoyi da dama don sarrafa zubar da ciki.
Ana iya taƙaita zubar da shara gaba ɗaya ta hanyar hana zubarwa. Madi yawa na kowa kuma yadu irin wannan ma'auni shine haramcin zubar da shara. Inda wani yanki ya ba da izini ga takamaiman wuri ko tsarin tattara shara, ajiyewa ko watsi da shara a wani wuri na iya fuskantar hukuncin farar hula ko na laifi. [7] Wasu ƙarin takamaiman haramcin zubar da su - daga ba da umarnin cewa ba za a zubar da fenti a cikin magudanar ruwa ba, zuwa ƙayyadaddun wuraren ajiyar ƙasa don sharar rediyo - duk sun yi aiki don gudanar da wurin hutawa na ƙarshe na sharar gida daban-daban. Har ila yau ana iya buƙatar wasu sharar gida don a raba su don sake amfani da su, maimakon zubarwa. Duk waɗannan hane-hane, a wata ma'ana, sharadi ne, ta yadda ba su hana zubar da kayan kai tsaye ba, sai dai sun taƙaita wurin zubarwa da ake dasu.
Hakanan ana iya taƙaita zubar da shara ta hanyar buƙatar a bi da sharar ta musamman kafin a zubar da ita a wani wuri. Ɗayan irin wannan shirin shine Ƙuntatawa na zubar da ƙasa na Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka a ƙarƙashin Dokar Kare Albarkatu da Farfaɗowa Subtitle C shirin sarrafa shara mai haɗari. [8] Waɗannan ƙa'idodin sun hana zubar da ƙasa (jeri a cikin wuraren sharar ƙasa, da farko) na sharar gida mai haɗari ba tare da shirye-shiryen da aka amince da su ba. "Haramcin zubarwa" yana ba da umarni cewa ba za a iya zubar da sharar ƙasa ba har sai an kula da ita don saduwa da ƙayyadaddun halaye (ƙarɓarar ƙonewa, lalata, sake kunnawa, da guba), ko kuma an yi maganin ta ta ƙayyadadden hanyoyin jiyya da aka yarda. "Haramcin dilution" ya haramta ƙara yawan ruwa, ƙasa, ko sharar da ba ta da haɗari don guje wa takamaiman magani. "Haramcin ajiya" yana ba da damar adana sharar gida kawai don dalilai na tarawa don magani, maimakon kawai adanawa har abada don guje wa magani. [9]
Hakanan ana iya ɗaukar ƙayyadaddun ƙa'idodi game da gini da aiki da wuraren zubar da shara. Ƙirar ƙasa, alal misali, ana iya buƙata don saduwa da ƙayyadaddun wuri don guje wa laifuffukan ƙasa ko dausayi; don shigar da tsarin layi da tsarin tarawa don rage gurɓataccen ruwan ƙasa daga leacha; don ɗaukar manufofin aiki waɗanda ke rage ƙura da sauran ɓarna; don shigar da cirewar methane ko tsarin tarawa don kawar da iskar gas ; da za a rufe da kuma in ba haka ba rufe a kan ƙa'idar; da kuma yin aiki da tsarin kula da muhalli don tabbatar da yarda. [10]
A duk duniya[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Dokokin kasa da kasa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Dokokin kasa da kasa sun hada da yarjejeniyoyin da suka shafi sufuri na kasa da kasa da zubar da shara masu hadari da Illa:
China[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- China RoHS
Tarayyar Turai[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- Umarnin baturi
- Umarnin zubar da ƙasa
- Umarnin Tsarin Sharar gida (kamar yadda aka sake dubawa, 20 Oktoba 2008) [11]
- Umarnin ƙona sharar gida
- Umarnin WEEE
- Dokokin shara masu haɗari (2005), sake dubawa 2009
Ƙasar Ingila[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Dokokin sharar gida na Burtaniya an samo su ne daga mulkin EU kuma ana jujjuya su zuwa cikin dokokin Burtaniya ta hanyar Kayayyakin Ka'idoji .
- Dokokin Samfuran Dabbobi (ABPR)
- Mafi kyawun zaɓin muhalli (BPEO)
- Takaddar Ƙwarewar Fasaha (COTC)
- Dokar Kula da Gurbacewa
- Dokar muhalli 1995
- Ƙimar Tasirin Muhalli
- Dokar Kare Muhalli 1990
- Tsarin Kasuwancin Allowance Landfill (LATS)
- Landfill a Burtaniya
- Harajin ajiyar ƙasa
- Dokokin haraji na ƙasa
- Manufofin sake amfani da doka
- Sharar gida (Ingila da Wales) Dokokin 2011, [12] kamar yadda aka gyara a cikin 2012, [13] canza Tsarin Tsarin Sharar gida zuwa dokar Burtaniya
- Dokokin Ba da Sharar Gudanar da Sharar gida
Wuraren kula da sharar Burtaniya sun yi rajista don ɗaya ko fiye na daidaitattun izini kimanin guda 28, na iya zaɓar keɓancewa daga lasisi ko kammala izinin ba da izini. Mutane ko ƙungiyoyin da ke son jigilar sharar gida (banda nasu) dole ne su sayi lasisin jigilar kaya. Ana buƙatar masu samar da shara masu haɗari (inda suke samar da fiye da kilogiram 500 a kowace shekara) don yin rajista a matsayin masu yin sharar haɗari.
An gyara ƙa'idodin Shekarun 2011 a cikin 2012 bayan da'awar doka ta Kamfen don sake amfani da Real recycling, waɗanda suka bayar da hujjar cewa ba su daidaita umarnin daidai ba cikin dokar Ingila da Wales. A ranar 6 ga Maris 2013, Mista Justice Hickinbottom ya yanke hukuncin cewa 2012 da aka yi wa kwaskwarima a yanzu sun cika buƙatun Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta sake fasalin Tsarin Tsarin Sharar gida. [14]
Yarjejeniyar ciniki da hadin gwiwa ta EU da Burtaniya ta shekarar 2020 ta hada da "alƙawuran juna" na kowane bangare "ba za a rage matakin kare muhalli ko yanayin ba ko kuma kasa aiwatar da dokokinta ta hanyar da ke da tasiri kan kasuwanci", wanda zai hada da dokoki. dangane da sarrafa shara. [15]
Amurka[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- Dokar Kare Albarkatu da Farfaɗowa (RCRA) - Ɗaya daga cikin manyan dokoki game da ƙaƙƙarfan sharar gida, sharar gida mai haɗari, da al'amurran zubar da ciki.
- Cikakken Martanin Muhalli, Ramuwa, da Dokar Lamuni (CERCLA) "Superfund"
- Dokar Bibiyar Sharar Kiwon Lafiya
- Dokar Kare Muhalli ta Kasa (NEPA) - An kafa Hukumar Kare Muhalli, ta tsara abubuwan da ake bukata don Rahoton Tasirin Muhalli don nau'ikan ci gaba daban-daban.
Hukumomin Amurka sun haɗa da:
- Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA) - tana tsara tsarawa da zubar da datti mai haɗari.
- Ma'aikatar Sufuri ta Amurka (DOT) - tana tsara jigilar datti mai haɗari
- Hukumar Kula da Nukiliya (NRC) - tana daidaita sharar nukiliya
Baya ga dokokin aiwatarwa ko ciyar da wasu sassa na dokokin Amurka, wasu jihohin Amurka sun samar da fitattun dokoki kan wasu abubuwan sharar gida da muhalli da hanyoyi.
- Shawarar California 65 "Dokar tabbatar da ruwan sha mai aminci da mai guba na 1986" - yunƙurin California na 1986 wanda ya hana fitar da abubuwa masu guba cikin tushen ruwan sha.
- Dokar sake amfani da Sharar Lantarki - Dokar California ta 2003 game da zubar da sharar lantarki na mabukaci
Manazarta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- ↑ E.g., U.S. EPA OSWER 5305W, Introduction to Hazardous Waste Identification ("'Is my waste a hazardous waste regulated under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)?' This is one of the most common and basic RCRA questions and is the key to the RCRA hazardous waste program.
- ↑ U.S. EPA OSWER 5305W, Introduction to Hazardous Waste Identification (Section 2, describing regulatory evaluation of whether a material is "solid waste," if so whether it is specifically excluded from RCRA regulations, whether the waste is "listed" as hazardous, and whether the waste otherwise exhibits characteristics of hazardous waste). See also U.S. EPA, Definition of Solid Waste (DSW) Decision Tool v2.
- ↑ U.S. EPA, Landfills
- ↑ RJS Management, Waste Disposal & Collection Solutions
- ↑ U.S. EPA, Used Oil Management Program Laws & Regulations
- ↑ U.S. EPA Terms of Environment, Waste Stream.
- ↑ See, e.g., NCSL, List of States with Littering Penalties.
- ↑ See 40 C.F.R. Part 268.
- ↑ U.S. EPA, Land Disposal Restrictions for Hazardous Wastes: A Snapshot of the Program
- ↑ See, e.g., U.S. EPA, Landfills.
- ↑ Council of the European Union, A new framework for waste management in the EU, Luxembourg, 20 October 2008, accessed 28 December 2020
- ↑ UK Legislation, Waste (England and Wales) Regulations 2011, accessed 28 December 2020
- ↑ UK Legislation, Waste (England and Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2012, accessed 28 December 2020
- ↑ Sanderson, P., Campaign for Real Recycling drops legal bid on commingled recycling, REB Market Intelligence, published 27 March 2013, accessed 5 February 2021
- ↑ UK Government, UK-EU Trade and Cooperation Agreement: Summary, paragraph 92, published 24 December 2020, accessed 28 December 2020