Esther Farbstein

Esther Farbstein ( Hebrew: אסתר פרבשטיין‎ , an haife ta a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in da shida) 'yar tarihi ne na Isra'ila, mai bincike, marubuciya, kuma malama. An yi la'akari da babban malamin Haredi na Holocaust, ta mai da hankali kan martanin ruhaniya na Yahudawa ga zalunci na Nazi. Ta kuma gabatar da sabbin hanyoyin bincike na ilimi akan Holocaust, sannan kuma ta kula da shigar da ilimin Holocaust a makarantun 'yan mata na Haredi. A cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da hudu, ta kafa kuma ta zama shugabar Cibiyar Nazarin Holocaust a Michlalah–Jerusalem College a Bayit Vegan, Jerusalem . Ita ce marubuciya litattafai da yawa, labarai, da litattafai a cikin Ibrananci da Ingilishi.

Rayuwa da ilimi

An haifi Esther Heine a cikin dangin Gerrer Hasidic a Urushalima a cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in da shida. 'Yar Rabbi Yehuda Leib Heine, babbar jika ce ta Rebbe na huɗu na daular Ger Hasidic, Rabbi Avraham Mordechai Alter, wanda aka fi sani da Imrei Emes . Ta girma a cikin shekaru daidai bayan yakin duniya na biyu, gidanta na ƙuruciyarta yakan ba da masauki ga waɗanda suka tsira daga Holocaust waɗanda ba su da wurin zama.

Ta kammala karatun digirinta na farko a Jami'ar Bar-Ilan kuma ta sami digiri na biyu a Contemporary Jewry daga Jami'ar Hebrew ta Kudus . Ta rubuta karatun digirinta na shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da takwas a karkashin jagorancin masanin Holocaust na Isra'ila Yehuda Bauer, kan batun "Ceto Shugabannin Hasidic a zamanin Holocaust".

Ta yi aiki na tsawon shekaru a matsayin babbar malama a makarantar ’yan mata ta Horeb da ke Urushalima. A cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da tara, ta kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Holocaust a Kwalejin Michlalah-Jerusalem, ta zama shugabanta.

Holocaust malanta

Ana daukar Farbstein a matsayin jagoran Haredi masanin Holocaust. Hanyar iliminta, wanda ta dogara da cikakkun bayanai na tarihi da takaddun shaida, ya bambanta da tsawon shekaru da yawa na dogara da duniyar Haredi akan al'adun baka, tatsuniyoyi, da hagiography . Farbstein ta ce: "Lokacin da na koyar da tarihin Holocaust a cikin al'ummata, na ce, 'Kada ku yi karatu ba tare da tushe ba, ba tare da cikakkun bayanai ba'. Babu dakin wasan kwaikwayo a nan. Idan na ba da lacca sai na ga masu sauraro suna kuka, ina ganin laccar ta kasa” .

Binciken Farbstein ta mayar da hankali kan martanin ruhaniya na Yahudawa ga zalunci na Nazi. Juriya ta ruhaniya-kamar ci gaba da kiyaye mitzvah a cikin ghettos da sansanonin tattarawa, ƙoƙarin riƙe ɗan adam koda yayin da ake bi da su a matsayin ɗan adam, da kuma gabatar da tambayoyi a cikin dokar Yahudawa ( she'ilot ) kan batutuwan rayuwa da mutuwa—an yi watsi da su da yawa ta hanyar zaman lafiya. malamai suna goyon bayan nazarin juriya na jiki.

Farbstein ta nuna niyyar ƙalubalantar ƙarshen masana tarihi na duniya da na addini a cikin bincikenta. Misali na farko shine nazarinta na jawabin da Rabbi Mordechai na Bilgoray ya yi kafin ya bar Hungary tare da Belzer Rebbe . Masu bincike na duniya sun kammala cewa wannan jawabin ya tabbatar da cewa malamai sun yi watsi da al’ummarsu sa’ad da suke fuskantar barazanar Nazi, ko kuma aƙalla sun yi ƙoƙari su yaudare su game da haɗarin da ke tafe. Farbstein yana haɓaka zaɓi na uku: cewa shugabannin rabbin da kansu ba su da masaniya game da babban haɗarin da ke rataye a kan Yahudanci na Turai. Misali na karshen shine labarin da aka yaɗa na ɗaliban Bais Yaakov 93 a Kraków Ghetto waɗanda suka kashe kashe kansa maimakon waɗanda Jamusawa suka yi garkuwa da su, suna bayyana shawararsu a cikin wata wasika mai kwanan wata ranar Sha daya ga watan ga Agusta shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in da biyu. Yayin da aka maimaita wannan labarin a cikin tarurrukan jama'a a Isra'ila kuma ana koyar da su a makarantun addini a matsayin misali na shahadar Yahudawa, Farbstein ta yi nazarin sahihancin takardun da nauyin shaida akasin haka kuma ya kammala da cewa "Labarin da wasiƙar duka adabi ne. -halitta ilimi maimakon tarihi”. Judith Kalik ta kwatanta tsarin Farbstein a matsayin "bincike na tushen tushe da ... kaifi sukar binciken da ake yi". Marubucin Haredi Jonathan Rosenblum ya kira Farbstein "masanin tarihi mai fada".

Farbstein ta kuma gano sabbin hanyoyin bincike na ilimi akan Holocaust. Wata sabuwar hanya ita ce ayyukan rabbin da marubucin ya rubuta game da nasa gogewar Holocaust a gabatarwa. Tun da sefer kanta ba ta da alaƙa da Holocaust, masu binciken Holocaust na baya sun yi watsi da shi. Tare da Dr. Nathan Cohen na Jami'ar Bar-Ilan, Farbstein ta samo fiye da ayyukan rabbin 100 waɗanda suka haɗa da asusun Holocaust na sirri a cikin gabatarwar, kuma ya shigar da su a cikin bayanan da ake kira Rabbis' Memoirs Project. An fitar da wannan bayanan ga jama'a akan CD a cikin Janairu 2007.

A cikin rashin takardun, Farbstein ta bi sababbin kafofin don tabbatar da labarin da Rabbi Zvi Hirsch Meisels ya buga game da shi yana busa shofar a kan Rosh Hashana a Auschwitz don gungun yara maza da matasa 1,400 da aka yanke wa hukuncin da za a yi musu gas a washegari. Ta tambayi kowane ɗayan masu sauraron karatunta na tsawon shekaru ko sun san wani wanda ya ji wannan busa. A haka ta gano wasu shaidu goma da suka tabbatar da faruwar lamarin.

Tasiri kan ilimin makarantun Haredi

I felt that the way to open the study of the Holocaust was to find sources that would be acceptable to the Haredi public, but also reliable from a research standpoint; to choose and classify them; and, of course, to teach them against the background of the orderly study of history.

–Esther Farbstein

Farbstein ta kasance mai ƙwazo a bayan haɗa karatun Holocaust cikin tsarin karatun makarantun 'yan mata na addini. Tana gudanar da tarurrukan horar da malamai a tsarin makarantar Bais Yaakov, da wasu tsarin makarantun Hasidic kamar Vizhnitz da Belz, da kuma makarantar Yad Vashem na malamai na Holocaust. Ta samar da nau'ikan karatu da gajerun fina-finai na gaskiya don taimakawa a cikin ilimin Holocaust.

Shekaru da dama, ba a koyar da wannan batu a makarantun Haredi, a babban bangare saboda adawar al'umma ga ra'ayin yahudawan sahyoniya da suka yi watsi da rubuce-rubucen, sun soki malaman Turai don ƙarfafa garken tumakinsu su ci gaba da zama a Turai maimakon ƙaura zuwa Falasdinu, kuma suna da'awar. wadanda abin ya shafa sun tafi ajalinsu " kamar tumakin yanka ". "Ba tare da shakka ba, a farkon shekarun da suka gabata, akwai fargabar cewa idan suka yi maganin Holocaust, tambayoyi da yawa za su taso," in ji Farbstein. Ta yi imanin tsarinta na ilimi yana ɗaukar nazarin Holocaust daga fagen "hankali", kuma zuwa "ilimin tarihi cikin tsari".

A cikin shekara ta dubu biyu da goma Sha biyu, Farbstein ta ƙirƙiri gasa ta kan layi don gwada ɗaliban makarantar sakandare na Isra'ila kan iliminsu na abubuwan da suka faru na Holocaust. Gasar farko ta dogara ne akan tarihin Warsaw Ghetto .

Farbstein akai-akai tana gabatar da laccoci akan batutuwan Holocaust a cikin taron kasa da kasa da karawa juna sani ga jama'a.

Ta sirin rayuwa

Ta auri Rabbi Moshe Mordechai Farbstein, a halin yanzu rosh yeshiva na Hebron Yeshiva . Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya bakwai.