Esther Farbstein

Esther Farbstein
Rayuwa
Haihuwa	Jerusalem, 1946 (79/80 shekaru)
ƙasa	Isra'ila
Ƴan uwa
Ma'aurata	Moshe Mordechai Farbstein (en)
Karatu
Makaranta	Jami'ar Ibraniyawa ta Kudus
Sana'a
Sana'a	Masanin tarihi da historian of the Holocaust (en)
Muhimman ayyuka	Hidden in thunder (en)

Esther Farbstein an haife ta a shekara ta 1946) ƴar tarihi ce ta Isra'ila, mai bincike, marubuciya, kuma malama. An yi la'akari da babban malamin Haredi (ultra-Orthodox) na Holocaust, ta mai da hankali kan karatun ruhaniya na Yahudawa ga zalunci na Nazi. Ta gabatar da sabbin hanyoyin bincike na ilimi akan Holocaust, sannan kuma ta kula da shigar da ilimin Holocaust a makarantun 'yan mata na Haredi. A cikin shekarata 1994, ta kafa kuma ta zama shugabar Cibiyar Nazarin Holocaust a Michlalah–Jerusalem College a Bayit Vegan, Jerusalem. Ita ce marubuciya litattafai da yawa, labarai, da litattafai a cikin Ibrananci da Ingilishi.

Rayuwar farko da ilimi

An haifi Esther Heine a cikin dangin Gerrer Hasidic a Urushalima a cikin shekarar 1946. 'Yar Rabbi Yehuda Leib Heine, babbar jika ce ta Rebbe na huɗu na daular Ger Hasidic, Rabbi Avraham Mordechai Alter, wanda aka fi sani da Imrei Emes. Ta girma a cikin shekaru daidai bayan yakin duniya na biyu, gidanta na ƙuruciyarta yakan ba da masauki ga waɗanda suka tsira daga Holocaust waɗanda ba su da wurin zama.

Ta kuma kammala karatun digirinta na farko a Jami'ar Bar-Ilan kuma ta sami digiri na biyu a Contemporary Jewry daga Jami'ar Hebrew ta Kudus. Ta rubuta karatun digirinta na 1984 a karkashin jagorancin masanin Holocaust na Isra'ila Yehuda Bauer, kan batun "Ceto Shugabannin Hasidic a zamanin Holocaust".

Ta kuma yi aiki na tsawon shekaru a matsayin babbar malama a makarantar ’yan mata ta Horeb da ke Urushalima. A cikin 1994, ta kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Holocaust a Kwalejin Michlalah-Jerusalem, ta zama shugabanta.

Holocaust malanta

Ana ɗaukar Farbstein a matsayin jagoran Haredi masanin Holocaust. Hanyar iliminta, wanda ya dogara da cikakkun bayanai na tarihi da takaddun shaida, ya bambanta da tsawon shekaru da yawa na dogara da duniyar Haredi akan al'adun baka, tatsuniyoyi, da hagiography. Farbstein ya ce: "Lokacin da na koyar da tarihin Holocaust a cikin al'ummata, na ce, 'Kada ku yi nazari ba tare da tushe ba, ba tare da cikakkun bayanai ba'. Babu ɗakin wasan kwaikwayo a nan. Idan na ba da lacca kuma na ga cewa masu sauraro suna kuka, ina tsammanin lacca ta ƙasa ".

Binciken Farbstein ya mayar da hankali kan martanin ruhaniya na Yahudawa ga zalunci na Nazi. Juriya ta ruhaniya-kamar ci gaba da kiyaye mitzvah a cikin ghettos da sansanonin tattarawa, ƙoƙarin riƙe ɗan adam ko da yayin da ake bi da su a matsayin ɗan adam, da kuma gabatar da tambayoyi a cikin dokar Yahudawa ( she'ilot ) kan batutuwan rayuwa da mutuwa—malaman duniya sun yi watsi da su da yawa don goyon bayan nazarin juriya ta jiki.

Farbstein ya nuna niyyar ƙalubalantar ƙarshen ƙarshen masana tarihi na duniya da na addini a cikin bincikenta. Misali na farko shine nazarinta na jawabin da Rabbi Mordechai na Bilgoray ya yi kafin ya bar Hungary tare da Belzer Rebbe . Masu bincike na duniya sun kammala cewa wannan jawabin ya tabbatar da cewa malamai sun yi watsi da al’ummarsu sa’ad da suke fuskantar barazanar Nazi, ko kuma aƙalla sun yi ƙoƙari su yaudare su game da haɗarin da ke tafe. Farbstein yana haɓaka zaɓi na uku: cewa shugabannin rabbin da kansu ba su da masaniya game da babban haɗarin da ke rataye a kan Yahudanci na Turai. Misali na karshen shi ne labarin da aka yi ta yadawa na daliban Bais Yaakov 93 a Kraków Ghetto wadanda suka kashe kansu fiye da yadda masu garkuwa da su Jamus suka lalata su, suna bayyana shawararsu a cikin wata wasika mai kwanan wata 11 ga Agusta 1942. Yayin da aka maimaita wannan labarin a cikin tarurrukan jama'a a Isra'ila kuma ana koyar da su a makarantun addini a matsayin misali na shahadar Yahudawa, Farbstein ya yi nazari akan sahihancin takardun da kuma nauyin shaida akasin haka kuma ya kammala da cewa "duk labarin da wasiƙar duka abubuwa ne na wallafe-wallafe-wallafe-wallafe maimakon tushen tarihi". Judith Kalik ta kwatanta tsarin Farbstein a matsayin "bincike na tushen tushe da ... kaifi sukar binciken da ake yi". Marubucin Haredi Jonathan Rosenblum ya kira Farbstein "masanin tarihi mai fada".

Farbstein ta kuma gano sabbin hanyoyin bincike na ilimi akan Holocaust. Wata sabuwar hanya ita ce ayyukan rabbin da marubucin ya rubuta game da nasa gogewar Holocaust a gabatarwa. Tun da sefer kanta ba ta da alaƙa da Holocaust, masu binciken Holocaust na baya sun yi watsi da shi. Tare da Dr. Nathan Cohen na Jami'ar Bar-Ilan, Farbstein ya samo fiye da ayyukan rabbin 100 waɗanda suka haɗa da asusun Holocaust na sirri a cikin gabatarwar, kuma ya shigar da su a cikin bayanan da ake kira Rabbis' Memoirs Project. An fitar da wannan bayanan ga jama'a akan CD a cikin Janairu a shekarar 2007.

A cikin rashin takardun, Farbstein ya bi sababbin kafofin don tabbatar da labarin da Rabbi Zvi Hirsch Meisels ya buga game da shi yana busa shofar a kan Rosh Hashana a Auschwitz don gungun yara maza da matasa 1,400 da aka yanke wa hukuncin kisa da gas a washegari. Ta tambayi kowane ɗayan masu sauraron karatunta na tsawon shekaru ko sun san wani wanda ya ji wannan busa. A haka ta gano wasu shaidu goma da suka tabbatar da faruwar lamarin.

Tasiri kan ilimin Holocaust a makarantun Haredi

.Farbstein ya kasance mai ƙwazo a bayan haɗa karatun Holocaust cikin tsarin karatun makarantun 'yan mata na addini. Tana gudanar da tarurrukan horar da malamai a tsarin makarantar Bais Yaakov, da wasu tsarin makarantun Hasidic kamar Vizhnitz da Belz, da kuma makarantar Yad Vashem na malaman Holocaust. Ta samar da nau'ikan karatu da gajerun fina-finai na gaskiya don taimakawa a cikin ilimin Holocaust

Shekaru da dama, ba a koyar da wannan batu a makarantun Haredi, a babban bangare saboda adawar al'umma ga ra'ayin yahudawan sahyoniya cewa "su kadaici takardun", sun soki malaman Turai don ƙarfafa garken su su kasance a Turai maimakon ƙaura zuwa Falasdinu, kuma sun yi iƙirarin cewa wadanda abin ya shafa sun tafi ga mutuwarsu " kamar tumaki zuwa yanka ". "Ba tare da shakka ba, a farkon shekarun da suka gabata, akwai fargabar cewa idan suka yi maganin Holocaust, tambayoyi da yawa za su taso," in ji Farbstein. Ta yi imanin tsarinta na ilimi yana ɗaukar nazarin Holocaust daga fagen "hankali", kuma zuwa "ilimin tarihi cikin tsari".

A cikin shekara ta 2012, Farbstein ya ƙirƙiri gasa ta kan layi don gwada ɗaliban makarantar sakandare na Isra'ila kan iliminsu na abubuwan da suka faru na Holocaust. Gasar farko ta dogara ne akan tarihin Warsaw Ghetto .

Farbstein akai-akai yana gabatar da laccoci akan batutuwan Holocaust a cikin taron ƙasa da ƙasa da tarukan karawa juna sani ga jama'a.

Rayuwa ta sirri

Ta auri Rabbi Moshe Mordechai Farbstein, rosh yeshiva (dean) na Hebron Yeshiva . Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya bakwai.

Littafi Mai Tsarki

Littattafai

Ibrananci

• (co-authored with Asaf Yedidya and Nathan Cohen)

Turanci

• Hidden in Thunder; (2 vol.)
• (2 vol.)

Labarun da aka zaɓa a cikin Turanci

• "Diaries and Memoirs as a Historical Source – The Diary and Memoir of a Rabbi at the 'Konin House of Bondage'" (PDF). Yad Vashem Studies. XXVI: 87–128. 1998.
• "Rabbis in the Holocaust: Captains of a Sinking Ship". Nativ. 16 (3–4). June 2004. Archived from the original on 2024-01-30. Retrieved 2025-06-23.
• Farbstein, Ester (2005). "A Close-Up View of a Judenrat: The memoirs of Pnina Weiss—wife of a member of the first Judenrat in Warsaw". Yad Vashem Studies: 61–99.
• Farbstein, Ester (2007). "'Steady Until Sunset': Sermons in a French Internment Camp during the Holocaust". Modern Judaism: 1–28.
• Farbstein, Esther (May 2007). "Sermons Speak History: Rabbinic Dilemmas in Internment between Metz and Auschwitz". Modern Judaism. 27 (2): 146–172. doi:10.1093/mj/kjm007. JSTOR 30130924.

Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

• Shafin Esther Farbstein a Kwalejin Michlalah-Jerusalem