Faransa Equatorial Afirka
Faransa Equatorial Afirka (French: Afrique équatoriale française </link> ,ko AEF )tarayyar turawan mulkin mallaka ne ta Faransa a Equatorial Africa wadda ta ƙunshi Gabon,Faransa Kongo,Ubangi-Shari, da Chadi .Ya kasance daga 1910 zuwa 1958 kuma an kafa gwamnatinsa a Brazzaville .
Tarihi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
An kafa shi a cikin 1910,Tarayyar ta ƙunshi kayan mulkin mallaka guda huɗu (daga baya biyar tare da Kamaru):Faransa Gabon,Faransa Kongo, Ubangi-Shari da Faransa Chadi .Babban Gwamna ya kasance a Brazzaville tare da wakilai a kowane yanki.
A shekara ta 1911,Faransa ta mika wasu sassan yankin ga Jamus Kamerun sakamakon rikicin Agadir . An mayar da yankin ne bayan da Jamus ta sha kashi a Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya,yayin da mafi yawan Kamarun suka zama Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙasa ta Faransa ba ta shiga cikin AEF ba.
Faransa Equatorial Africa,musamman yankin Ubangi-Shari,yana da tsarin sassaucin ra'ayi irin na Jamhuriyar Kwango da kuma irin wannan ta'asa a can.Marubuci André Gide ya yi tattaki zuwa Ubangi-Shari kuma mazauna garin sun gaya musu irin ta’asar da suka haɗa da yankan jiki,yanke jiki,kisa,kona yara,da kuma mutanen ƙauye da aka daure su da ƙarfi a kan manyan katako kuma ana sa su tafiya har sai sun faɗo daga gajiya da ƙishirwa.Littafin Gide Travels in the Congo,wanda aka buga a shekara ta 1927,ya yi kakkausar suka ga tsarin kamfanoni masu rangwame a Faransa Equatorial Africa.Littafin ya yi tasiri mai mahimmanci ga gwagwarmayar adawa da mulkin mallaka a Faransa.[1] Har yanzu dai ba a san adadin wadanda aka kashe a karkashin tsarin bayar da sassaucin ra'ayi na Faransa a Ubangi-Shari da sauran sassan Afirka Equatorial na Faransa ba.Adam Hochschild ya yi kiyasin raguwar yawan jama'a da rabi a Kongo da Gabon,kwatankwacin kiyasinsa na raguwar yawan jama'a a cikin 'Yancin Kwango .[2]
During the late 1920s and early 1930s an anti-colonial movement Société Amicale des Originaires de l'A.E.F. was established by André Matsoua, seeking French citizenship for the territory's inhabitants.
A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu,Faransa Cameroun da AEF sun hada kai da Sojojin Faransa 'Yanci a watan Agustan 1940 banda Gabon ta ci gaba da biyayya ga Vichy Faransa har zuwa 12 ga Nuwamba 1940 lokacin da gwamnatin Vichy ta mamaye bayan yakin Gabon.Tarayyar ta zama cibiyar dabarun ayyukan Faransanci a Afirka.An nada Félix Eboué a matsayin Gwamna-Janar na AEF. An kafa wani tsarin gudanarwa na daban a ƙarƙashin inuwar ƙungiyar Faransanci ta Afirka ta 'Yanci da ta haɗa duka AEF da Cameroun.
Karkashin Jamhuriyya ta Hudu (1946-58),an wakilci tarayya a majalisar dokokin Faransa.Lokacin da yankunan suka kada kuri'a a zaben raba gardama na Satumba 1958 don zama masu cin gashin kansu a cikin al'ummar Faransa,an rushe tarayyar.A shekarar 1959 sabuwar jamhuriyar ta kafa wata kungiya ta wucin gadi da ake kira Union of Central African Republic,kafin ta samu cikakken 'yancin kai a watan Agustan 1960.
Gudanarwa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Faransa Equatorial Afirka ta fara ne da manufar haɗin gwiwa,wacce aka aiwatar ta hanyar yarjejeniyoyin da suka yi alkawarin ba da kariya ga Faransa daga mai binciken Italiya-Faransa Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza a tsakiyar shekarun 1800,wanda ya shawo kan al'ummomin ƴan asalin ƙasar don ba da haɗin kai tare da Faransanci don musanya manyan damar kasuwanci.Wannan ƙungiya daga ƙarshe ta haifar da mulkin kai tsaye na Faransa a yankin.[3]Sai dai yunkurin Faransa na neman mulkin kai tsaye ya fuskanci turjiya daga shugabannin yankin.[4]
Faransa ta ɗauki AEF a matsayin mulkin mallaka mara tsayayye.Don haka,Faransa ta baiwa kamfanoni masu zaman kansu kwangiloli don cin moriyar albarkatun kasa kamar hauren giwa da roba,maimakon zuba jari mai dorewa. Kamfanoni masu zaman kansu sun aiwatar da haraji mai yawa ba tare da biyan kuɗi kaɗan ba da kuma musgunawa ma'aikata da al'ummomin yankin.[4]
A cikin 1908 Faransa Equatorial Afirka ta rabu gida hudu da fatan karfafa ikon Faransa a yankin.[5] Har zuwa 1934,Faransa Equatorial Afirka ta kasance tarayya ce ta mulkin mallaka na Faransa kamar Faransanci yammacin Afirka .A waccan shekarar,duk da haka,AEF ta zama ƙungiya ta haɗin kai, yankunan da ke cikinta sun zama sanannun yankuna,kuma daga baya sun zama yanki a cikin 1937.[6]Akwai kasafin kuɗi guda ɗaya don haɗin kan mulkin mallaka;kafin haɗewar,kowane memba yana da kuɗin kansa.[7]
Tun daga 1942,wani gwamna-Janar ne ke gudanar da AEF,wanda ke da "mafi koli na dukkan ayyuka, na farar hula da na soja." [8] Koyaya, bambancin lambobi tsakanin masu gudanarwa da jama'ar yankin ya sa Faransawa da wahala su iya yin amfani da iko a wajen hedkwatarsu ba tare da haɗin kai na son rai ko na 'yan asalin ƙasar ba.[9]Bugu da kari,an iyakance ikon gwamna-janar a aikace ta hanyar mayar da mulkin mallaka na Faransa."An kafa doka mafi mahimmanci a birnin Paris," in ji marubutan littafin leken asirin sojojin ruwa na Burtaniya na 1942 don mulkin mallaka,"yayin da babban gwamna ya cika cikakkun bayanai da hukunci."[8]Majalisar tuntuba (Conseil d'Administration )ce ta taimaka wa gwamnan-janar din wanda ya kunshi muhimman jami'an cikin gida da wasu mambobi na kasashen Afirka da na Turai,wadanda aka zaba a fakaice.[8]Gwamnatin Faransa ce ta nada dukkan manyan mukamai na gwamnati kuma ba su da alhaki ga jami'an da al'ummar Afirka suka zaba.Bugu da ƙari,Faransa ta kasance mai cikakken iko akan diflomasiyya,tsaro,da siyasa.[10]
- ↑ Voyage au Congo suivi du Retour du Tchad Archived 16 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine, in Lire, July–August 1995 (in French)
- ↑ Hochschild, Adam (1998).
- ↑ Colonial Policies and Practices (2008).
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 T. Benjamin (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Western Colonialism since 1450 (Vol. 3, pp. 963-966).
- ↑ French Equatorial Africa (2002).
- ↑ Naval Intelligence Division, 258-260.
- ↑ Naval Intelligence Division, 445.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Naval Intelligence Division, 258.
- ↑ Lawrance, B., & Roberts, R. (2005).
- ↑ Gardinier, D. (1958).