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Gas a Rasha

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Gas a Rasha
aspect in a geographic region (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na gas industry (en) Fassara
Ƙasa Rasha
Samar da iskar gas ta Rasha (ja) da fitarwa (baƙar fata), 1993-2011

Tun daga 2013, Rasha ita ce kasa ta biyu mafi girma a duniya da ke samar da iskar gas, tana samar da iskar gas sama da biliyan cubic biliyan 669 a shekara, kuma babbar mai fitar da iskar gas a duniya, tana jigilar kimanin 196 bcm a shekara.[1][2]

Bisa kididdigar The World Factbook, kasar kuma tana da mafi girma da aka tabbatar da tanadi (48 trillion cubic meters (tcm)). Alkaluman OPEC kuma sun sanya Rasha a gaba, inda aka kiyasta kimanin 49 tcm, 24% na asusun ajiyar duniya; sai dai alkaluman BP ya nuna cewa Rasha ta biyo bayan Iran da girman tcm 33.[3] Bugu da kari Rasha na iya samun mafi girman adadin iskar gas da ba a gano ba, karin 6.7 tcm, bisa kididdigar binciken yanayin kasa na Amurka.[4] Rasha tana cinye kusan BC 457 a shekara, na biyu kawai ga Amurka.[5]

Flaring matsala ce.

Takaddama da Ukraine

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Tun a shekara ta 2005, kamfanin Gazprom na Rasha mai samar da iskar gas da na Naftogaz na Ukrainian mai da iskar gas sun shiga cikin takaddama da dama. Wadannan rigingimu sun zarce rigingimun kasuwanci masu sauki zuwa wasu batutuwan siyasa da ke yin barazana ga iskar gas a kasashen Turai da dama wadanda suka dogara da iskar gas da ake shigo da su daga Rasha, wadanda ake jigilar su ta Ukraine.[6]

A shekarar 2005, Rasha ta yi iƙirarin cewa Ukraine ba ta biyan kuɗin iskar gas, amma tana karkatar da abin da aka yi niyyar fitarwa zuwa EU daga bututun mai. Da farko dai jami'an Ukraine sun musanta zargin, amma daga baya Naftogaz ya yarda cewa iskar gas da aka tanada ga sauran kasashen Turai ana ajiye da kuma amfani da shi wajen bukatun cikin gida.[7][8] Rikicin ya kai kololuwa a ranar 1 ga watan Janairun 2006, lokacin da Rasha ta katse dukkan iskar gas da ke ratsawa cikin yankin Ukraine. A ranar 4 ga Janairu, 2006, an cimma yarjejeniya ta farko tsakanin Rasha da Ukraine, kuma an dawo da wadatar. Lamarin dai ya lafa har zuwa watan Oktoba na shekarar 2007 lokacin da sabbin takaddama suka fara kan basussukan iskar gas na Ukraine. Wannan ya haifar da rage yawan iskar gas a cikin Maris 2008. A cikin watanni na ƙarshe na 2008, dangantakar ta sake yin tsami yayin da Ukraine da Rasha suka kasa cimma matsaya kan basussukan da Ukraine ke bi.[ana buƙatar hujja]

A cikin watan Janairun 2009, wannan rashin jituwa ya haifar da cikas ga samar da kayayyaki a yawancin kasashen Turai, inda kasashen Turai goma sha takwas suka bayar da rahoton raguwar yawan iskar gas da suke jigilar su ta Ukraine daga Rasha.[9] A cikin watan Satumba na 2009 jami'ai daga kasashen biyu sun bayyana cewa suna jin halin da ake ciki yana karkashin kulawa kuma ba za a sake samun sabani kan batun ba,[10][11] a kalla har sai zaben shugaban kasa na Ukraine na 2010.[12][13] Sai dai a watan Oktoban 2009, an sake samun rashin jituwa game da adadin iskar gas da Ukraine za ta shigo da su daga Rasha a shekarar 2010. Ukraine ta yi niyyar shigo da iskar gas kaɗan ne a cikin 2010 sakamakon raguwar buƙatun masana'antu saboda koma bayan tattalin arzikinta ; duk da haka, Gazprom ya dage cewa Ukraine ta cika alkawuran kwangilar ta kuma ta sayi iskar gas da aka amince da ita a baya.[14]

A ranar 8 ga Yuni, 2010, wata kotu ta Stockholm ta yanke hukuncin cewa Naftogaz na Ukraine dole ne ya dawo 12.1 billion cubic metres (430×10^9 cu ft) na gas zuwa RosUkrEnergo, wani kamfani na Swiss wanda Gazprom ke sarrafa kashi 50% na hannun jari. Rasha ta zargi bangaren Ukraine da fitar da iskar gas daga bututun da ke ratsa Ukraine a shekarar 2009.[15][16]

Wasu manyan jami'an Ukraine da dama sun ce komawar "ba zai yi sauri ba".[17]

A shekarar 2022, bayan mamayar da Rasha ta yi wa Ukraine a ranar 24 ga Fabrairu, 2022, Tarayyar Turai ta kaddamar da wasu jerin takunkuman tattalin arziki a kan ɓangaren makamashi na Rasha, ciki har da masana'antar iskar gas.[18]

Yarjejeniyar da China

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A ranar 21 ga watan Mayun shekarar 2014, Rasha da Sin sun ba da sanarwar yarjejeniya tsakanin kamfanonin iskar gas na Gazprom da na kasar Sin, bayan shafe shekaru goma ana tattaunawa. A karkashin yarjejeniyar, Rasha za ta samar wa kasar Sin iskar gas mai kubik biliyan 38 a kowace shekara har tsawon shekaru 30, wanda zai fara a shekarar 2018. Dukkan kasashen biyu za su dauki nauyin gina sabbin ababen more rayuwa don ba da damar sufuri. Rasha za ta kashe kusan dalar Amurka biliyan 55 don gina bututun mai daga Siberiya zuwa Vladivostok, yayin da China za ta kashe dala biliyan 20 wajen samar da ababen more rayuwa a cikin iyakokinta. Filayen iskar gas na Kovykta da Chayanda wadanda za su samar da mafi yawan iskar gas a halin yanzu ba a bunkasa su ba.

An cim ma yarjejeniya sau da yawa tun daga shekara ta 2005, amma duk lokacin da tattaunawar karshe ta lalace kan farashin.[19] Ba a bayyana farashin da aka amince da shi ba, amma wadanda suka san halin da ake ciki sun ce samun rahusa fiye da masu saye na Turai wata babbar bukata ce ta kasar Sin a tattaunawar.[20] Duk da haka, wakilan Rasha sun ce farashin zai canza bisa ga farashin kasuwa na man fetur, wanda zai sa yarjejeniyar ta kusa da abin da Rasha ta so fiye da abin da China ta nema. An kiyasta jimillar darajar yarjejeniyar a kan dalar Amurka biliyan 400. Za ta kara yawan kayayyakin da Rasha ke fitarwa zuwa ƙasashen da ba na tsohuwar Tarayyar Soviet da kashi 25% ba, kuma za ta sa kasar Sin ta kasance kasa ta 2 mafi yawan abokan cinikin kasar, bayan Jamus.

An dai cimma wannan yarjejeniya ne a daidai lokacin da shugabannin kasashen Sin da Rasha suka gana domin tattaunawa kan yadda za a kara yin hadin gwiwa a nahiyar Asiya ba tare da shiga cikin kasashen yammacin duniya ba. An dai yi mata kallon wata muhimmiyar nasara ta siyasa da tattalin arziki ga shugaban kasar Rasha Vladimir Putin . Yana ba wa Rasha damar haɓaka kasuwancinta na zahiri a wajen Turai tare da raunana ƙarfin takunkumin tattalin arzikin da ƙasashen Yamma suka sanya bayan rikicin Crimea na 2014 . Gabaɗaya, ta bai wa Rasha damar rage warewar da take yi saboda rikicin da take yi a Ukraine. Ga kasar Sin, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wajen rage dogaro da kwal wajen samar da wutar lantarki, ta hanyar yin amfani da hanyar samar da wutar lantarki da ba ta da kyau sosai ta hanyar iskar gas. Haka kuma yana taimakawa wajen biyan bukatar iskar gas a kasar.

Fitowa

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Rasha tana da zafi fiye da kowace ƙasa.[21]

Tallafi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Akwai dogon tarihi na tallafin iskar gas a Rasha. Tallafin iskar gas ya kasance daya daga cikin dalilan da suka haifar da karancin ci gaban makamashin da ake iya sabuntawa a kasar.[22] Duk da haka, yana da wuya a ƙididdige yawan tallafin, saboda babu farashin ma'auni.[23] Sau da yawa ana amfani da lissafin netback, amma akwai gardama kan ingancinsu wajen tantance girman tallafin gida. "Netback" shine farashin da ake siyar da iskar gas na Rasha a kan iyaka, ban da farashin sufuri da harajin da aka sanya wa fitarwa. Duk da haka, ba tabbas cewa farashin gida ya kamata ya zama daidai da farashin da aka samu a kan iyaka. Madadin zai kasance duba sarkar samar da iskar gas, gano duk wata asara da aka yi sannan a sanya wadannan a matsayin tallafin kai tsaye. Koyaya, saboda sarkar da ke tattare da iskar gas (ciki har da ayyukan sama, bututun gangar jikin, grid na rarrabawa da kayan aikin gida - wani lokaci na kamfanoni na kasuwanci, wani lokacin na gundumomi ko wasu hukumomi), yana da wahala a gano girman asarar kudi.[24]

Amfani da mota

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NefAZ bas mai injin methane gas a Belgorod

Amfani da motocin iskar gas a Rasha yana da kwarin gwiwa daga gwamnati.[25] Kamfanoni kamar Italgas suna siyar da kayan aikin bayan kasuwa, yayin da ana siyar da wasu motocin GAZ Group tare da tsarin iskar gas.[26] Ya zuwa ƙarshen 2016, Gazprom yana da hanyar sadarwa na tashoshin mai 254 a cikin ƙasar,[27] tare da shirye-shiryen isa tashoshi 500 nan da 2020.[28] Kamfanin kera bas na NEFAZ yana yin bas masu amfani da iskar gas ta hanyar amfani da injunan Daimler.[29] An gabatar da bambancin iskar gas na Lada Vesta a cikin 2017.

Tasiri kan iskar gas na Rasha yayin yakin da Ukraine

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Yunkurin mamayar da Rasha ta yi a shekarar 2022, a matsayin na baya-bayan nan na yakin Russo-Ukrain, ya haifar da makamin iskar gas, wanda Rasha ta yi kokarin amfani da shi wajen hana kasashen yammacin Turai bayar da tallafi ga Ukraine. Barazana sannan kuma a zahiri ƙuntata iskar gas zuwa ƙasashen yammacin Turai ya haifar da Nord Stream 2 bai fara aiki ba, ya biyo bayan wasu bututun iskar gas daga Rasha a yankin Baltic da aka lalata a ranar 26 ga Satumba 2022. Takunkumin da aka kakaba wa bankunan kasar Rasha ya sa Gazprom ke da wuyar samun kudi daga tallace-tallacen kasa da kasa wanda a shekarar 2022 ya fadi da kashi 45.5% zuwa 100.9bcm.[30] Jamus, wacce a baya ita ce babbar mai siyan iskar gas ta Rasha ta daina shigo da iskar gas nan da Disamba 2022, kamar yadda akasarin kasashen EU suka yi. Samar da iskar gas na Rasha a cikin 2022 ya ragu da kashi 20 cikin 100 idan aka kwatanta da na 2021 kuma ana iya yin shekaru kafin Rasha ta sami madadin masu siya don kasuwar EU da ta ɓace.[31]

Duba kuma

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  • 2021–2022 global energy crisis – Worldwide crisis affected by shortage of energy suppliesPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
  • 2022 Russia–European Union gas dispute – Fossil fuel financing-related conflictsPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
  • Arctic methane emissions – Release of methane from seas and soils in permafrost regions of the Arctic
  • Coal in Russia – Coal mining and consumption in RussiaPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
  • Energy in Russia – Overview of the production, consumption, import and export of energy and electricity in Russia
  • Energy policy of China – Energy sources used and produced by China
  • Energy policy of Russia – Overview of the energy policy of Russia
  • Energy Triangle – Natural gas extraction plan between Cyprus, Israel, and Greece
  • Environmental racism in Europe
  • List of countries by natural gas consumption
  • List of countries by natural gas exports
  • List of countries by natural gas production
  • List of countries by natural gas proven reserves
  • List of natural gas pipelines
  • Natural gas prices – Wholesale prices in the market of natural gas
  • Natural gas transmission system of Ukraine
  • Petroleum industry in Russia – One of the largest in the world
  • Renewable energy in Russia – Russia's renewable energy sources
  • Russia in the European energy sector
  • Russia–Ukraine gas disputes – Disputes between Naftogaz Ukrayiny and Gazprom

Nassoshi

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  1. ↑ "Table 3.2 Natural gas proven reserves by country". Opec.org. Archived from the original on 2018-02-27. Retrieved 2014-05-22.
  2. ↑ BP Statistical Review of World Energy Archived 2013-12-06 at the Wayback Machine.
  3. ↑ Christopher J. Schenk (2012). "An Estimate of Undiscovered Conventional Oil and Gas Resources of the World". US Geological Survey.
  4. ↑ "The World Factbook: Russia". CIA. Retrieved 21 May 2014.
  5. ↑ Global Gas Flaring Tracker Report (PDF) (Report). March 2023.
  6. ↑ "EU reaches gas deal with Ukraine". BBC News. 1 August 2009. Retrieved 1 August 2009.
  7. ↑ "Ukraine gas row hits EU supplies". BBC. 1 January 2006. Retrieved 16 December 2008.
  8. ↑ "Ukraine 'stealing Europe's gas'". BBC. 2 January 2006. Retrieved 16 December 2008.
  9. ↑ "Ukraine takes extra Russian gas". BBC. 24 January 2006. Retrieved 16 December 2008.
  10. ↑ "18 countries affected by Russia-Ukraine gas row". Reuters. 7 January 2009. Retrieved 7 January 2009.
  11. ↑ Cendrowicz, Leo (9 January 2009). "Russia-Europe Gas Spat Ends—For Now". Time. Archived from the original on January 17, 2009. Retrieved 9 January 2009.
  12. ↑ "Ukraine says has good winter gas stocks for Europe". Reuters. 7 September 2009. Retrieved 7 September 2009.[permanent dead link]
  13. ↑ "There are no controversies on gas issues between Ukraine and Russia". UNIAN. 8 September 2009. Retrieved 8 September 2009.
  14. ↑ "Gazprom sees political risk to Ukraine gas payments". Reuters. 12 September 2009. Retrieved 12 September 2009.
  15. ↑ "Ukraine to remain without gas because of RosUkrEnergo? | Events". Mignews.com.ua. Archived from the original on 2014-02-02. Retrieved 2014-05-22.
  16. ↑ "Бойко обещает как-то удовлетворить Фирташа". Minprom.ua. 12 June 2010. Retrieved 2014-05-22.
  17. ↑ "Бойко объяснил Фирташу, что газ он быстро не получит | Украинская правда". Pravda.com.ua. 2010-06-13. Retrieved 2014-05-22.
  18. ↑ Lambert, Laurent; Tayah, Jad; Lee-Schmidt, Caroline; Abdalla, Monged (September 2022). "The EU's natural gas Cold War and diversification challenges". Energy Strategy Reviews (in Turanci). 43: 100934. doi:10.1016/j.esr.2022.100934. S2CID 251715432 Check |s2cid= value (help).
  19. ↑ Jane Perlez (21 May 2014). "China and Russia Reach 30-Year Gas Deal". New York Times. Retrieved 21 May 2014.
  20. ↑ Brain Speglee; Wayne Ma; Gregory L. White (May 21, 2014). "Russia and China Agree on Long-Sought Natural Gas Supply Contract". Retrieved May 21, 2014.
  21. ↑ Global Gas Flaring Tracker Report (PDF) (Report). March 2023.
  22. ↑ Overland, Indra; Kjaernet, Heidi (2009). Russian Renewable Energy: The Potential for International Cooperation. Ashgate.
  23. ↑ Overland, Indra; Kutschera, Hilde (2011). "Pricing Pain: Social Discontent and Political Willpower in Russia's Gas Sector". Europe-Asia Studies. 63 (2): 311–331. doi:10.1080/09668136.2011.547700. hdl:11250/2442561 – via ResearchGate.
  24. ↑ Lunden, Lars Petter; Fjaertoft, Daniel; Overland, Indra; Prachakova, Alesia (2012). "Gazprom vs. other Russian gas producers: The evolution of the Russian gas sector". Energy Policy. 61: 663–670. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2013.06.055 – via ResearchGate.
  25. ↑ Kramer, Andrew E. (11 April 2013). "Russia Skips Hybrids in Push for Natural Gas Cars". The New York Times. Retrieved 25 June 2017.
  26. ↑ "NGV fuel". Gazprom.com (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 21 January 2022. Retrieved 25 June 2017.
  27. ↑ "О сети". gazprom-agnks.ru (in Rashanci). Archived from the original on 21 December 2017. Retrieved 25 June 2017.
  28. ↑ "Газовые автобусы НЕФАЗ будут обслуживать Чемпионат мира по футболу в Екатеринбурге". Национальная Газомоторная Ассоциация. Archived from the original on 30 September 2018. Retrieved 25 June 2017.
  29. ↑ "Метановая Лада Веста стала мелкосерийной". autoreview.ru. Retrieved 25 June 2017.
  30. ↑ "Russian Gas Exports Outside Ex-Soviet States Fell 46 Percent In 2022, Gazprom Figures Show". 2 January 2023.
  31. ↑ "Gazprom in Search of New Natural Gas Markets After Exports to Europe Plummeted in 2022". Retrieved 11 January 2022.
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