George Stuart Graham-Smith

George Stuart Graham-Smith
Rayuwa
Haihuwa	25 Satumba 1875
ƙasa	Birtaniya United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
Mutuwa	30 ga Augusta, 1950
Karatu
Makaranta	Clifton College (en)
Harsuna	Turanci
Sana'a
Sana'a	zoologist (en) da pathologist (en)
Mamba	Royal Society (en)

George Stuart Graham-Smith wanda ya rayu (25, Satumba 1875 - 30, Agusta 1950) masanin ilimin halittu ne ɗan yankin Biritaniya kuma masanin dabbobi musamman lura da aikinsa akan kudaje, duka biyun a matsayin masu yada cututtukan , kuma a matsayin kwayoyin halitta masu sha'awar kansu.

Rayuwar farko da ilimi

Graham-Smith ɗan wani Kanar ne a cikin Sojojin Indiya. Ya halarci Kwalejin Clifton sannan ya yi karatu a Kwalejin Pembroke, Cambridge, inda ya buga wasan cricket da yawa kuma ya kammala karatun BA a 1897. Daga nan ya yi karatun likitanci a asibitin Guy, London, inda ya sami MBBChir. a shekara ta 1901. Ya koma Cambridge, zuwa Sashen Nazarin Lafiya, kuma ya ɗauki Diploma a Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a a 1902. A cikin 1904, ya zama ɗalibin John Lucas Walter, malanta da aka bayar don bincike na asali a cikin ilimin cututtuka, kuma ya sami MD ɗinsa a 1905.

Diphtheria.

Jadawalin da ke nuna cututtuka da mace-mace daga diphtheria a Colchester a cikin 1901. Ƙananan sashe yana nuna raguwar mace-mace daga 25.9 zuwa 5.8% bayan gabatarwar magani tare da antitoxin.

A cikin 1901, Graham-Smith ya shiga cikin aji na ilimin cututtuka wanda Louis Cobbett ya koyar a Cambridge. A cikin bazara na wannan shekarar an sami barkewar cutar diphtheria a cikin gida, kuma ajin ya bi ci gaban aikin Cobbett kan gano kwayoyin halitta daga swabs, allurar dabbobi, da ma'amala da marasa lafiya, likitoci da masu duba tsafta. A lokacin bazara na wannan shekarar, an sami barkewar cutar diphthera a Colchester, kuma Graham-Smith ya tafi can a matsayin mataimakin Cobbett. Ayyukansa a can sune tushen buga littafinsa na farko, wanda ya zama wani ɓangare na littafinsa na MD. Ya bayyana matakan da aka dauka don magance bullar cutar, wadanda suka hada da maganin maganin kashe kwayoyin cuta, gwajin kwayoyin cuta na majinyata da tuntubar juna, warewar marasa lafiya har sai an nuna ba su da kamuwa da cutar, da kuma rufe makarantu tare da ware daliban da suka kamu da cutar da zarar sun dawo. -bude. Barkewar ta ragu a cikin kaka na 1901.

Graham-Smith ya ci gaba da aiki akan diphtheria na wasu shekaru masu zuwa. A cikin 1903, da 1904, ya buga takardu guda biyu da ke gabatar da shaida, duka daga nazarin wallafe-wallafen da nasa da kuma aikin Cobbett, game da kamuwa da kamuwa da cuta a cikin marasa lafiya, lambobin sadarwa ba tare da bayyanar cututtuka ba, da waɗanda ba su da alamun bayyanar, da kuma abubuwan da ke tattare da waɗannan binciken. don matakan magance cututtuka. Ya jaddada mahimmancin gwada ƙwayar cutar bacilli da aka samo, da kuma ganowa dangane da ilimin halittar jiki da kaddarorin al'adu. Ya ƙarasa da cewa ba a cika samun nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin mutane masu lafiya ba tare da sanin alaƙa da marasa lafiya da aka gano suna da diphtheria ba, wani binciken da ya goyi bayan wata manufa ta keɓancewa da gwada lambobin diphtheria.

Haɗin gwiwa tare da George Nuttall.

Yawawar Piroplasma canis a cikin jajayen ƙwayoyin jini. Rabe daya ne kawai aka nuna: jan jini sau da yawa yana kunshe da kwayoyin halitta har zuwa 16, wani lokacin ma fiye, kafin tantanin halitta ya fashe yana sakin kwayoyin cutar.

A wannan lokacin, Graham-Smith ya haɓaka dangantaka ta kud da kud tare da George Nuttall, wanda aka nada shi Malamin Jami'a a Ilimin Bacteriology da Preventive Medicine a 1900. Sun haɗa haɗin gwiwar Bacteriology na Diphtheria, wanda ya bayyana a cikin 1908, babban aiki na farko akan wannan batu da aka buga a Biritaniya. Nuttall da Graham-Smith kuma sun yi aiki tare a kan jerin nazarin canine Piroplasma canis, wanda yanzu ake kira Babesia canis, protozoan parasite wanda ke mamaye jan jini na karnuka, kuma ana daukar su ta hanyar ticks . Schetters (2019), yana nazarin wallafe-wallafen kan wannan ƙwayar cuta a cikin karnuka, ya sake tsara bayanan Graham-Smith game da cututtukan ƙwayar cuta, kuma ya tabbatar da mahimmin bincikensa na tarin ƙwayoyin jajayen ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin capillaries . Wani kamuwa da cuta na jini ya fara bayyana ta Graham-Smith a cikin moles . Kwayar halitta, kwayar cutar Gram-negative, ana kiranta Grahamella a cikin girmamawarsa, amma yanzu an lasafta shi da Bartonella .