Gurbataccen muhalli da ruwa a Bangladesh
 Gurbataccen muhalli da ruwa a Bangladesh | |
|---|---|
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na | Abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli |
| Ƙasa | Bangladash |
Bangladesh, mai fadin kasa 147,570 km 2, tana da kuma fasalin fili Wanda ya kawo ambaliya da tsarin kogi da yawa a cikin ƙasar. Wannan shimfidar wuri tana da kuma manyan albarkatun ruwa, ƙasa, kamun kifi, dazuzzuka, da namun daji.[1] [2] Gwamnatin kasar tayi kokari akan zartar da bayanai na wurin. A halin yanzu kasar na fuskantar matsalolin muhalli da dama wadanda ke barazana ga wadannan albarkatu, wadanda suka hada da gurbacewar ruwa a karkashin kasa, da karin gishirin ruwan karkashin kasa, guguwa da ambaliya, da gurbacewar yanayi da sauya yanayin kwararar magudanan ruwa saboda rashin sarrafa ruwan. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan, sannan kamar canjin yanayin kwararar rafi da kasancewar gubar a cikin ruwan ƙasa, ana iya danganta su kai tsaye da ayyukan ɗan adam da hanyoyin masana'antu, yayin da wasu, kamar guguwa da ambaliya al'amura ne da ke faruwa a zahiri. Yawancin waɗannan batutuwan suna ƙara ta'azzara saboda sauyin yanayi, wanda ke haifar da haɓakar guguwa da hauhawar matakan teku. Bisa kididdigar kididdigar daidaitawa ta duniya ta Notre Dame, Kuka Bangladesh ita ce kasa ta 43 da ta fi fama da matsalar sauyin yanayi, kuma kasa ta 37 mafi karancin shiri don magance wadannan illolin. Akwai wasu matakan da gwamnati ta dauka don magance wadannan batutuwa.
gurbacewar ruwan karkashin kasa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Ruwan karkashin kasa a Bangladesh, wanda ake amfani da shi azaman ruwan sha, an same shi yana gurɓata da abubuwa masu nauyi da yawa, gami da arsenic, gubar, cadmium, chromium, jan karfe, mercury, nickel, da uranium.[3][4][5][6] Daga cikin waɗannan, an ƙaddara arsenic a matsayin mafi mahimmancin batun kiwon lafiya, tare da kuma kusan kashi 49% na ruwan ana iya gurɓata shi da yawa sama da jagororin WHO, [6] yana shafar mutane miliyan 35 zuwa 77 a cikin ƙasar. Gurɓatar Arsenic na ruwan ƙasa mara zurfi matsala ce ta halitta wacce ta ƙara yin muni ta hanyar amfani da rijiyoyin bututu, waɗanda ke fitar da ruwan ƙasa. Tun a shekarun 1970 ne gwamnati ta fara kafa amfani da rijiyoyin bututu mai zurfi don gujewa shan ruwan sama, wanda galibi ke gurbata da kwayoyin cuta iri-iri. [7] Wadannan rijiyoyin bututu, duk da haka, sun kai ga gurbataccen ruwan karkashin kasa mai arsenic.[7] Sannan Kuma Wannan batu ya fi yaduwa a yankunan cikin kasa [3] da kuma yankunan karkara, inda kashi 97% na yawan jama'a ke amfani da rijiyoyin bututu. [7] Sakamakon lafiyar shan gurɓataccen ruwan arsenic ya haɗa da sauye-sauyen launin fata da raunuka, wanda zai iya zama farkon cutar kansar fata. Hakanan zai iya haifar da amfani da huhu da mafitsara, da kuma tasirin ci gaba, neurotoxicity, ciwon sukari, cututtukan huhu da cututtukan zuciya.
An gano cutar dalma ta yi yawa a yankunan da ke kusa da Dhaka. An bayyana cewa hakan ya faru ne saboda dimbin masana'antu a yankin, ciki har da na'urorin sake amfani da baturi. Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta gano wuraren masana'antu sama da 1200 wadanda suka haifar da gurbacewar yanayi. Dalilan ƙarin gurɓacewar ƙarfe sun haɗa da hakar ma'adinai da ayyukan noma. Kasancewar gubar a cikin ruwa yana shafar muhalli, da kuma lafiyar ɗan adam. Sannan Kasancewar gubar a cikin ƙasa kuma ya haifar da tattara dalma a cikin ganyen tsire-tsire da suke girma a yankin.
A yankunan bakin teku, gurɓataccen ƙarfe mai nauyi ya kuma yi tasiri a cikin rayuwar ruwa da muhallin gida. Kuma Wannan, bi da bi, yana shafar abubuwan da ake samu na tattalin arzikin yankin da ya dogara da wani bangare na kiwo. Misali, manyan matakan karafa na iya shafar iyawar haifuwa na ilimin halittu na asali ko kuma su gurbata kifin. Idan kifin yana da ƙananan ƙarfe da yawa, mai yiwuwa mai kamun kifi ba zai iya sayar da shi don ci ba. Idan mabukaci ya ci kifi mai yawan gurɓataccen ƙarfe, yana fuskantar haɗari ga lamuran lafiya, kamar ciwon daji, gazawar koda, ko gubar ƙarfe daban-daban. Akwai kuma yiyuwar kifayen su kara nisa daga wadannan yankuna, don gujewa wuraren da ake da guba, wanda kuma zai shafi rayuwar masunta a yankin.
Akwai wani kokari da gwamnati ta yi na samar da rijiyoyin zurfafan bututun da aka bayyana a fili cewa ba su da sinadarin arsenic, da kuma wasu kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na samar da tacewa domin kawar da gurbacewar karfe.
Salinity na karkashin kasa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
A yankunan da ke gabar tekun Bangladesh, wadanda ke da kashi 32% na kasar, ana fama da matsalar ruwan gishiri sakamakon yawan ruwa da kuma raguwar kwararar koguna a lokacin rani. An riga an sami canjin yanayi na yanayi na hauhawar matakan ruwan gishiri. Sannan kuma A lokacin rani, ruwan gishiri ya tashi zuwa 240 km. Wannan yana shafar gishirin ruwan ƙasa a cikin karkara. Ana hasashen wannan tasirin zai fi tsanani a nan gaba saboda sauyin yanayi, saboda hawan teku. Kuma A sakamakon haka, ruwan teku zai kara zubewa zuwa yankunan ruwa mai dadi, wanda zai yi tasiri mai yawa akan flora da namun daji na yankin wanda ya dogara da kasancewar ruwa mai dadi. Misali, idan matakin teku ya tashi 88 cm, ruwa 40 km cikin ƙasa za a gurɓata da gaban saline 5 ppt. Wannan zai shafi musamman yankin ruwan ruwa na Tetulia, Estuary Meghna. Matsayin salinity a cikin Meghna Estuary, mafi girman tsarin estuarine a Bangladesh, na iya zama babba don ci gaba da aikin noma da pisciculture. [1] Hakanan zai iya haifar da bacewar wasu nau'ikan Estuary da ke cikin hatsari.
Baya ga cutar da flora da namun daji na yankuna na gabar tekun Bangladesh, karin gishiri kuma zai iya shafar salin kasa, sabili da haka yawan noma na yankuna. An riga an ga wannan yanayin a yankunan bakin teku kamar Satkhira, inda yawan amfanin gonakin ya ragu da kashi 7% daga shekarata 1996 zuwa 2008. Noman shinkafa ya shafi musamman, ya ragu daga 0.3 miliyan ton zuwa 0.1 miliyan ton daga shekarar 2008 zuwa 2010. Idan matakan teku sun tashi kamar yadda aka yi hasashen a yanayin yanayi "matsakaici", ana hasashen Bangladesh zai samar da 0.2 ƙarancin amfanin gona miliyan. Ana hasashen za a ninka wannan lambar don yanayin yanayi "mai tsanani". Wannan batu ya shafi duka zaman lafiyar yankunan da suka dogara ne kan bunkasar shinkafa don samun kudin shiga da kuma salon rayuwa da yanayin cin abinci na yankin da ya dogara da tsarin abinci na shinkafa. Bugu da kari, iyalai marasa galihu suna fuskantar rashin daidaito sakamakon matsalar gishirin ruwan karkashin kasa.
Cyclones da ambaliya[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Yankin gabar tekun Bangladesh na da saurin afkuwar guguwa. Tsakanin shekarar 1793 zuwa 1996, ana samun guguwa guda ɗaya kusan kowace shekara 4.5. Wannan yana da illa ga muhallin gida, da kuma kan iyalai da dukiyoyinsu. Misali, guguwar da ta afku a shekara ta 1970 ta yi sanadiyar mutuwar mutane 300,000 da dalar Amurka 86.4. miliyoyin asarar dukiya. [8] Cyclones na iya yin illa ga samar da abinci a yankin. A shekarar 1991, guguwa ta yi sanadin lalata kashi 60% na shanu a yankin da abin ya shafa, kashi 80% na kaji da ke yankin da abin ya shafa, sannan ya fallasa hekta 72,000 na shinkafa ga ruwan gishiri. [8]
Cyclones na iya haifar da tashin hankali, wanda ya kara shafar wadanda ke zaune a yankunan bakin teku. Bugu da ƙari kuma, yana ƙara zuwa ambaliya wanda yankin ya riga ya yi rauni. Sannan Kuma Kashi 20 zuwa 22% na ƙasar ana ambaliya tsakanin watan Yuni da Oktoba. Wani bincike da kwamitin kasa da kasa kan sauyin yanayi ( IPCC ) ya yi ya nuna cewa sauyin yanayi da karuwar matakan teku zai kara dagula lamarin. [9] Misali, 45 karuwar cm a matakin teku zai haifar da 75% na yankin dajin mangrove da ambaliya. Bugu da ƙari kuma, ƙarar daɗaɗɗen ruwa a cikin magudanar ruwa na iya haifar da ƙarin ambaliya.
An bayyana ambaliya a matsayin daya daga cikin "babban cikas ga inganta tattalin arzikin al'umma". Tana shafar tattalin arzikin noma da samar da abinci ga al’ummar kasa, tunda kusan kashi 74% na kasar noma ake nomawa. Idan wani yanki mai mahimmanci na wannan ƙasa ya zama ambaliya, ba za a iya amfani da shi don samar da kayan amfanin gona ba. Ambaliyar ruwa tana yin illa ga marasa galihu, tare da matalauta kasancewa sau 2.5 mafi kusantar zama "masu tsananin damuwa" yayin ambaliya fiye da masu arziki.
Gudanar da magudanar ruwa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Sakamakon karuwar yawan mutane da dabbobi, da kuma amfani da ƙasa a cikin tsaunukan Himalayan ya haifar da zazzagewar ƙasa, wanda zai iya haifar da ƙarin zubar da ruwa a cikin magudanar ruwa na Bangladesh. Wannan na iya yin tasiri akan tsarin ƙasa kusa da magudanar ruwa da kuma yuwuwar wurin yin ambaliya. Kuma Yayin da Eckholm da Myers suka ba da shawarar ka'idar da ta shahara a yanzu cewa akwai dangantaka ta kai tsaye tsakanin sare dazuzzuka a Nepal da ambaliyar ruwa mai yawa a cikin magudanan ruwa na Bangladesh, babu isasshen shaida don sanin ko wannan gaskiya ne ko a'a. [10] Gudanar da magudanar ruwa mara kyau yana haifar da ɓarna a cikin tafkunan ruwa da canza yanayin kwararar rafi. Sedimentation a cikin tafkunan yana tasiri turbidity na tafki, da kuma zaizayar kasa a gefen kogin. Har ila yau, yana gabatar da farashi ga gwamnati wanda dole ne ya zubar da kogunan ruwan ta. Sannan kuma A Bangladesh, dole ne gwamnati ta cire 0.8 Mitoci masu kubik miliyan na gyaran gyare-gyare da kuma mitoci masu kubik miliyan 2 a kowace shekara. Tun da masana kimiyya ba su yarda gaba ɗaya matakin da sarrafa magudanar ruwa ke shafar yanayin kwararar rafi da ambaliya ba, yana da wuya a tantance girman wannan tasirin. [10]
Martanin gwamnati game da lamuran muhalli[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
A cikin wani bincike kan shaharar martani ga sauyin yanayi, Bahauddin et al. An gano cewa 'yan ƙasa da yawa sun ji labarin sauyin yanayi, amma galibi suna tunanin hakan na nufin alamun sauyin yanayi ne kawai (watau ambaliyar ruwa, hadari, fari). Yiwuwar mai amsa ya lura da tasirin sauyin yanayi ya dogara ne akan ko rayuwar mutum ta kula da yanayin ko a'a. Yawancin waɗanda suka amsa sun yi imanin cewa "shirin safety net" na gwamnati na iya zama mafita mai yuwuwa ga sauyin yanayi.
Dangane da matsalolin muhalli da kasar ke fuskanta, gwamnatin Bangladesh ta kafa ma'aikatar muhalli da gandun daji ( MoEF ) a shekarar 1989, wacce ke magance wadannan batutuwa tare da yin la'akari da rawar da sauyin yanayi ke takawa wajen ci gaban kasar. MoEF tana kula da Sashen Muhalli da dazuzzuka, sannan Kuma wanda ke aiwatar da dokar muhalli da kuma kare nau'in halittu na halitta a cikin ƙasa bi da bi. A cikin binciken Bahauddin, sun zagaye da yawa daga cikin ’yan kasa ba su san wani shiri na gwamnati ko na gwamnati ba, na magance illolin sauyin yanayi.
Akwai kuma kokarin da kananan hukumomi ke yi na magance matsalolin da suka shafi sauyin yanayi . Misali, wasu kananan hukumomi sun saka hannun jari a matsuguni don rage yawan mace-macen da guguwa ta shafa. Ra'ayin mutane game da tasirin gishiri a kan bishiyoyi da amfanin gona a yankin gabar tekun Bangladesh ya nuna rashin jin daɗi yana yin mummunan tasiri ga ci gaban nau'in shuka sosai.
Dazuzzuka[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Bangladesh tana da ma'anar daidaiton yanayin gandun daji na shekarata 2018 yana da maki 5.45/10, wanda ya yi mata matsayi na 101 a duniya cikin kasashe 172.
Manazarta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Viju Ipe, C. (1 December 1995). "Issues in the Management of the Environment and Natural Resources in Bangladesh". Journal of Environmental Management. 45 (4): 319–332. doi:10.1006/jema.1995.0079.
- ↑ "Bangladesh | ND-GAIN Index". index.gain.org. Archived from the original on 5 November 2017. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Edmunds, W. M.; Ahmed, K. M.; Whitehead, P. G. (10 June 2015). "A review of arsenic and its impacts in groundwater of the Ganges–Brahmaputra–Meghna delta, Bangladesh". Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts (in Turanci). 17 (6): 1032–1046. doi:10.1039/C4EM00673A. ISSN 2050-7895. PMID 25683650.
- ↑ Rikta, Sharmin Yousuf; Rahaman, Md. Shiblur; Rahman, Md. Mostafizur; Tareq, Shafi Mohammad (1 June 2016). "Lead Polluted Hotspot: Environmental Implication of Unplanned Industrial Development". Present Environment and Sustainable Development. 10 (1): 51–60. doi:10.1515/pesd-2016-0005. ISSN 2284-7820.
- ↑ Kibria, Golam; Hossain, Md Maruf; Mallick, Debbrota; Lau, T. C.; Wu, Rudolf (15 April 2016). "Trace/heavy metal pollution monitoring in estuary and coastal area of Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh and implicated impacts". Marine Pollution Bulletin. 105 (1): 393–402. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.02.021. PMID 26917093.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Frisbie, Seth H; Ortega, Richard; Maynard, Donald M; Sarkar, Bibudhendra (14 November 2016). "The concentrations of arsenic and other toxic elements in Bangladesh's drinking water". Environmental Health Perspectives. 110 (11): 1147–1153. doi:10.1289/ehp.021101147. ISSN 0091-6765. PMC 1241072. PMID 12417487.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 "WHO | Arsenic in tube well water in Bangladesh: health and economic impacts and implications for arsenic mitigation". World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 27 March 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Cite error: Invalid
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