Harshen Nandi–Markweta
| Elgeyo | |
|---|---|
| Kalenjin | |
| Ethnicity | Kalenjin people, some Dorobo |
| Geographic distribution | East African Rift |
| Linguistic classification | Niluṣeḥrawit? |
| ISO 639-3 | kln |
| Glottolog |
cent2293 (Central Kalenjin)[1] mark1255 (Markweeta)[2] mosi1247 (Akie)[3] |
Harshen Elgeyo, ko Kalenjin dai, yare ne na reshen Kalenjin na dangin yaren Nilotic.
A Kenya, inda masu magana suka kai kashi 18% na yawan jama'a, sunan Kalenjin, kalmar Elgeyo da ke nufin "Ina ce (ku) ", ta sami shahara a ƙarshen 1940s da farkon 1950s, lokacin da mutane da yawa masu magana da Kalenjin suka haɗu a ƙarƙashinsa. Wannan karfafa kabilanci ya haifar da babbar kabilanci a Kenya, kuma ya haɗa da daidaita yarukan Kalenjin na Kenya. Koyaya, tun lokacin da a waje da Kenya sunan Kalenjin an faɗaɗa shi zuwa harsuna masu alaƙa kamar Okiek na Tanzania da Harsunan Elgon na Uganda, ya zama ruwan dare a cikin wallafe-wallafen harshe don komawa ga harsunan mutanen Kalenjin na Kenya kamar Elgeyo, bayan babban iri-iri.
Iri-iri[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Tunanin Kenya na Kalenjin kalma ce mai haɗa kai ga yaruka daban-daban da ake magana a yankin arewacin Rift na Kenya.
Fasahar sauti[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Sautin sautin[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Kalenjin yana da kayan aiki guda biyar masu sauƙi {a, e, i, o, u}, wanda aka faɗaɗa ta wurin kasancewar fasalin [+/-ATR], da kuma bambancin Tsawon wasula. A cikin (akalla) Kipsigis (Toweett 1979) da Nandi (Creider 1989), duk wasula biyar suna da takwarorinsu [+ATR], da [-ATR], amma bambancin ya zama na wasali [a] a cikin Tugen (Jerono 2012). daidaituwa [+/-ATR] bambancin wannan takamaiman wasali ya zama ruwan dare a wasu yarukan Nilotic na yankin, kamar Maasai na Kenya da Didinga na Sudan ta Kudu. Kalenjin, kamar sauran harsunan Afirka da yawa, suna nuna jituwa ta Tushen Harshe. A sakamakon haka, duk wasula a cikin kalma suna da darajar [ATR] iri ɗaya. A cikin sauran labarin, kalmomin Kalenjin tare da [-ATR] za a rubuta su a cikin italics.
Ya zama ruwan dare a cikin harshe don amfani da bambance-bambance [ATR] don nuna alamun ayyukan nahawu. Misali, a cikin Kipsigis, kalmar don 'tsuntsu' tàríit tare da fasalin [-ATR] a kan wasula ya zama jam'i ta hanyar canza darajar fasalin [ATR] zuwa [+ATR] ga dukkan wasula.
Hakazalika, tsawon wasula yana da mahimmanci ga wasu bambance-bambance na nahawu. Misali, cikakkiyar al'amari a baya ana nuna ta hanyar tsawo na wasali na prefix na yarjejeniyar batun. Sabili da haka, bambanci kawai tsakanin al'amari mai sauƙi da cikakke a baya shine cewa prefix ɗin yarjejeniyar batun gajere ne a cikin na farko, amma dogon lokaci a cikin na ƙarshe.
Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Tebur mai zuwa yana nuna alamun ma'anar harshe:
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | Template:IPAlink | Template:IPAlink | Template:IPAlink | Template:IPAlink |
| Stop | Template:IPAlink | Template:IPAlink | Template:IPAlink | Template:IPAlink |
| Sibilant | Template:IPAlink | |||
| Rhotic | Template:IPAlink | |||
| Lateral | Template:IPAlink | |||
| Glide | Template:IPAlink | Template:IPAlink |
Murya ba sautin sauti ba ne ga consonants, amma velar da bilabial tsayawa [k] da [p] ana furta su ta hanyar intervocalically, kuma a cikin Magana mai sauri akwai wani lokacin lenition na waɗannan consonants. Tsayar da alveolar [t], duk da haka, ba shi da allophone mai murya.
Dukkanin hanci ban da [m] suna daidaitawa don wuri zuwa ga mai zuwa.
Sauti[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Kalenjin yare ne na sauti. Ana amfani da sautin duka don bambance-bambance na ƙamus da kuma nuna alamun ayyukan nahawu. Misali, ana nuna alamar shari'a ta musamman a kan sunan, yayin da wasu bambance-bambance na mutane da yawa a cikin sunaye da adjectives ana nuna su ne kawai ta hanyar sautin.
Yanayin Yanayi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Sunaye[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Sunayen suna canzawa don shari'a (mai suna vs. wanda ba mai suna ba) da kuma lamba (mai yawa-da yawa). Shari'ar tana da sautin kuma tana da kyau sosai, yayin da tsarin lamba ba daidai ba ne, tare da nuna jam'i a hanyoyi daban-daban, gami da ƙididdigar jam'i daban-daban.
Bugu da ƙari, kowane suna a cikin harshe yana da nau'o'i daban-daban guda biyu, waɗanda ake kira "na farko" da "na biyu" a cikin wallafe-wallafen. Misali, ainihin nau'in kalmar 'tsuntsu' a cikin Kipsigis shine tàríit, yayin da nau'in sa na biyu shine Tàrityét . Sunaye suna da siffofi na farko da na biyu a cikin adadi ɗaya da na jam'i. Bambancin ma'ana tsakanin waɗannan siffofi biyu a halin yanzu ba a fahimta sosai ba. Hollis (1909) ya nuna siffofin farko da na biyu a matsayin siffofin da ba a bayyana ba da kuma ainihin sunayen bi da bi, amma wannan ba daidai ba ne game da waɗannan siffofin bisa ga Toweett (1979) da Creider (1989). Tsohon marubucin yana nufin nau'in farko a matsayin nau'in 'haɗe-haɗe', kuma na biyu a matsayin nauʼin 'na musamman', yayin da marubucin na ƙarshe kawai ya bayyana cewa ba a bayyana abin da ainihin halayyar waɗannan siffofin ba. Harshen ba shi da cikakkun labarai kuma yana da alama cewa waɗannan siffofi biyu suna da alaƙa da ƙayyadaddun da / ko ƙayyadadden ta wata hanya.
Abubuwan da ke tattare da su da kuma juyawa da ke da alaƙa da sunaye koyaushe su ne ƙayyadaddun, ban da prefixes kip - da che:p -, waɗanda ke nuna jinsi na namiji da na mace bi da bi. Ba a bayyana jinsi a cikin dukkan sunaye ba, kuma ba ya shiga cikin yarjejeniya.
Kalmomin[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Halin magana na Kalenjin yana da wadata sosai. Bugu da ƙari, sunaye da adjectives suna bin tsarin jujjuyawar magana lokacin da suke maganganu.
Kalenjin verbs suna nuna bambanci tsakanin abubuwan da suka gabata da waɗanda ba na baya ba, tare da digiri uku na baya da aka rarrabe (bisa ga nesa daga yanzu). Bugu da ƙari, akwai bambanci tsakanin kammalawa da ajizanci, kuma a cikin kowane ɗayan waɗannan fannoni akwai ƙarin bambanci tsakanin abu mai sauƙi da cikakke. A cikin wadanda ba su wuce ba kawai, cikakkiyar al'amari tana nuna bambanci ga ayyukan lokaci guda da wadanda ba na lokaci guda ba.
Aikatau ya yarda da batun da abu a cikin mutum da lambar. Tsarin morphemes shine na lokaci - yarjejeniyar batun - (asirin) - tushe - (asalin), tare da aiki mai yawa da ake yi ta hanyar canje-canje a cikin tsarin sauti da / ko wasula na prefix na yarjejeniyar batun da / ko tushen magana.
A ƙarshe, akwai jerin ƙayyadaddun da za a iya haɗa su da aikatau don canza tsarin gardamarsa ko ƙara ƙarin ma'ana. Toweett (1979:129) ya ba Kipsigis jerin kalmomin magana da sauran canje-canjen sauti waɗanda ke nufin ma'anar magana:
- -tʃi: morpheme na aikace-aikace (yana gabatar da jayayya mai amfani, kamar mai karɓa ko mai cin gajiyar)
- canjin sauti da / ko sautin sautin: aikin yana ga mai magana
- -aan: aiki da motsi zuwa ga mai magana
- -ta: aikin ya 'kashe' mai magana
- -ak: ana amfani dashi don tsakiya na tsari (kuma mai yiwuwa wasu tsakiya da / ko wasu anticausatives)
- -chiin: akwai abubuwan da suka faru guda biyu na abin da aikatau ke nunawa wanda ke faruwa a lokaci guda
- Reduplication na tushe (tare da wasali da ke shiga tsakanin abubuwan da suka faru biyu na tushe): ana maimaita aikin sau da yawa
- -Iis/-sa: mai hana wucewaantipassive
- -een: kayan aiki (yana gabatar da kayan aiki)
- -ya: akwai wakilai biyu ko fiye da ke cikin taron da aikatau ya nuna
- -kiyayya: tunani ko ma'amala
- --taaita: mai ba da labaricomitative
Abubuwan da ke sama suna nuna halaye daban-daban dangane da jituwa ta ATR (wasu suna ɗaukar darajar ATR na wasula na tushe, yayin da wasu ke canza darajar ATD na wasula ta tushe). Abubuwan da ke sama na iya faruwa a kan wannan aikatau, yana samar da ma'anoni masu rikitarwa.
Rubuce-rubuce[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Umurnin Magana[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Babban tsari na kalma a cikin harshe shine Verb - Subject - Object (VSO), tsari na kalma na yau da kullun a cikin Nilotic. Misali na jumla mai sauƙi na VSO a cikin Nandi ana iya gani a cikin (1). Umurni a cikin jumla tare da suna ko adjectival predicates shine Predicate - Subject, kamar yadda za'a iya gani a cikin (2) da (3). Don maganganun locative, ana amfani da copula na musamman na locative, a wannan yanayin tsari shine maganganun Verb-Subject-Locative. A gaban wani abu na kai tsaye, tsari shine Verb - Subject - Indirect Object - Direct Object. Adjectives na VP, kamar koyaushe, yawanci ana sanya su bayan abu kai tsaye a Kalenjin.
A ƙarshe, Kalenjin ba sabon abu ba ne tsakanin harsuna na farko, a cikin bayyana mallaka tare da aikatau mai wucewa HAVE. Sauran harsunan farko na yaren Nilotic, kamar Maasai, suma suna nuna mallaka tare da amfani da aikatau mai wucewa HAVE.
Shari'a[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Kalenjin yare ne mai alama: shari'ar mai suna ita ce kawai shari'ar da aka yi alama a cikin harshe, yayin da duk sauran shari'o'in (accusative, genitive, dative da dai sauransu) an bar su ba tare da alama ba. Ana nuna alamar shari'ar ta hanyar sautin kawai.
Ƙin yarda[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Ana nuna ƙin yarda tare da prefix ma- /maa-, wanda ke haɗe da aikatau. Ya riga ya riga ya gabatar da yarjejeniyar batun, amma yana bin prefixes na lokaci.
Topicalization[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Akwai dabaru guda biyu don topicalization a cikin harshe, a cewar Creider (1989). A cikin yanayin da ba a yi masa alama ba, wani batun da aka yi amfani da shi ya bayyana a ƙarshen jumla, yana riƙe da alamar shari'arsa. A cikin yanayin da aka yi alama, ɓangaren da aka ƙaddamar ya bayyana a farkon jumla kuma an bi shi da alamar batun kò. A wannan yanayin, idan ma'anar da aka ambata batu ce, tana rasa shari'arta.
Hukunce-hukuncen tambaya[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Ana yin tambayoyi na eh-a'a ta hanyar haɗa ƙwayoyin tambaya -í zuwa kalma ta ƙarshe ta jumla.
Akwai hanyoyi uku na samar da tambayoyin a cikin Kalenjin. A cikin na farko, kalmar wh ta kasance a wurin (kuma tana riƙe da duk wani lamari da ke nuna shi). A cikin na biyu, kalmar wh-kalma ta bayyana a matsayin batun (yana biye da alamar batun kó kuma yana rasa alamar shari'arsa idan batun ne). Dabarun na uku yana yiwuwa ne kawai tare da jimloli masu tsinkaye, a wannan yanayin kalmar ta bayyana a matsayin batun, tare da kalmar wh da ta rage a wurin. Hanyoyi uku don jumla mai faɗi an kwatanta su a cikin (7-9) a ƙasa don Nandi (Creider 1989: 143).
Addu'ar Ubangiji a Kalenjin[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Kwandanyo ne mi kipsengwet,
Ingotililit kaineng'ung.
Ingonyo bounateng'ung.
Ingoyaak eng' ng'ony mageng'ung',
Ko u ye kiyaei eng' kipsengwet.
Konech rani amitwogikyok che bo ra.
Ak inyoiywech kaat lelutikyok,
ko u ye kinyochini kaat che lelwech.
Amemutech ole mi yomset,
ago soruech eng' yaityo.
Amu neng'ung' bounatet, ak kamuktaet, ak torornatet, agoi koigeny.
Amen.
Manazarta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Central Kalenjin". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Markweeta". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Akie". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- Creider, Chet A., da Jane Tapsubei Creider . 1989. A Grammar na Nandi.
- [Hotuna a shafi na 9] 1909. Nandi: Harshe da FolkLore. Jami'o'in Negro Press.
- Jerono, Prisca. 2012. Umurnin Magana na Tugen. Shirin Minimalist. Ba a buga PhD ba. Rubuce-rubuce: Jami'ar Nairobi .
- Rottland, Franz. 1982. Za a iya samun ƙarin bayani a wannan talifin a dandalin www.jw.org/ha. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer.
- Toweett, Taaitta. 1979. Nazarin ilimin harshe na Kalenjin. Ofishin wallafe-wallafen Kenya.