Harsunan Maban

Harsunan Maban
Linguistic classification	Harsunan Nilo-Saharan; Harsunan Maban; ;
Glottolog	maba1274

Harsunan Maban ƙananan dangin harsuna ne waɗanda aka haɗa su a cikin yankin Nilo-Sahara da aka tsara. Ana magana da yarukan Maban a gabashin Chadi, Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya da yammacin Sudan (Darfur).

Harsuna

Ofishin Maban ya hada da harsuna masu zuwa:

Mimi na Nachtigal
Kenjeje (Yaali, Faranga)
Masalit: Surbakhal, Masalit
Aiki (Runga da Kibet, wani lokacin ana ɗaukar su harsuna daban-daban)
Maba: Karanga, Marfa, Maba

Harsunan da aka tabbatar a Mimi-N jerin kalmomi guda biyu da aka lakafta "Mimi", waɗanda Decorse (Mimi-D) da Nachtigal (Mimi) suka tattara, an kuma rarraba su a matsayin Maban, kodayake an kalubalanci wannan. Mimi-N ya bayyana yana da alaƙa da Maban da ya dace, yayin da Mimi-D ya bayyana ba Maban ba ne kwata-kwata, tare da kamanceceniya saboda hulɗar harshe da Maba mai rinjaye a cikin gida.

Blench (2021) ya ba da rarrabuwa mai zuwa: ^[2]

Farko-Maban
- ? Mimi na Nachtigal
- Aiki-Kibet
  - Aiki (= Runga)
  - Kibet
- Babban reshe
  - Kendeje
  - Masalit, Surbakhal
  - Maban (= Mabang)
    - Karanga
    - Marfa
    - Maba

Dangantaka ta waje

Dangane da shaidar morphological kamar alamar lamba ta uku a kan sunayen, Roger Blench (2021) ya nuna cewa dangi mafi kusa na harsunan Maban na iya zama Harsunan Gabashin Sudan, musamman Harsunan Taman, waɗanda suka zama reshe a cikin Arewacin Gabashin Sudan. Maban kuma yana ^[2] kamanceceniya da harsunan Fur, Harsunan Sahara, har ma da harsuna na Songhay, amma gabaɗaya yana da ƙarin matakai na lexical tare da Harsunan Gabashin Sudan.

Kalmomin kwatankwacin

Blench (2021) ya gabatar da waɗannan ƙayyadaddun don proto-Maban: ^[2]

(p) b	t d	tʃ		K ɡ
	s (z)	ʃ		(h)
m	n		ɲ	ŋ
w	r r		j

Wataƙila wasula sun kasance nau'ikan ATR, tare da akalla *ɛ *e *i *ɔ *o *u kuma mai yiwuwa *ɪ *ʊ, tare da tsawon.

Wataƙila akwai sautunan rajista guda biyu tare da yiwuwar sautunan layi a kan dogon wasali.

Misali na asali na ƙamus don yarukan Maban:

Harshe	ido	kunne	hanci	hakora	harshe	baki	jini	kasusuwa	itace	ruwa	cin abinci	sunan
Proto-Maban ^[2]	*kàSì-k		* Mai girma	sati-k; sàdí-k / *sadi-ɲi	*delemi-k		*farin-ŋ			ta-k / ta-si	*-a baya-	*Mili-ik
Maba^[3]	Kaʃì-k/-ñi	koi-k	boiñ	sati-k	Delmi-k	kan-a/-ku	Aríi	Kany-k	soŋgo-k	Ma'auni	-shekara-	mílí-i/-síi
Masalit^[3]	Koo-gí/- eh	kwó̀yɛ	dúrmì	kácìŋgi	gélmèdì	Kyadda	Faring	Kónjì	da yake da shi	sa	-iny-	mirsi/-ldiŋ
Aiki^[3]	Yanayi da yawa	Kàsá	Mutanen da suka fi dacewa	Sai ya mutu	adìyím	Yuy-k	Sai/-ó; sai dai	Yana da kyau kuma yana da kyau	rí-k	tà-k	-Yana da	Meek-í/-ú
Kibet^[3]	Kàs/-u	Kàsá	mùndù	Sai ya mutu	Har ila yau, akwai yiwuwar	Yuy-k	fal/-u; ari	njekedi / Joyam	ri-k	ta	-Yana da	M lk-i/- na' yan
Mimi na Nachtigal^[4]	kal	kuyi	huron	ziːk		dubu	Ari	kadʒi		rana (< Fur?)
Mimi na Decorse^[5]	Ƙarƙashin ƙanƙara	feɾ	fir	ɲain		ɲyo			su	Ainihin	ɲyam

Lambobin

Kwatanta lambobi a cikin harsuna daban-daban:

Rarraba	Harshe	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
Maba	Maba	Rashin jin daɗi, tonː	mbàːr, mbíːr, Mbùl	Sombu: Ka'yan	Assàːl, assíː	Kaːr, kaiːr	sit̀tàːl, langíː < Larabci sitta	Màndiː	ayyáː	Oddɔyí	Optúɡ
Masalit	Masalit (1)	Taya	Abokan da ke cikin	Kaaŋ	Aás	Toor	it̪í	mari	har ma da	Ayi	Za a iya amfani da shi
Masalit	Masalit (2)	Sieyom (ba tare da suna ba), Siele (tare da n.)	a fili	Rubuce-rubuce	kamar yadda	tur	ya kasance	Ma'auni	aya	adey	Utuk
Masalit	Masalit (3)	tyǒm (ba tare da suna ba), tíiilò (tare da n.)	Abokan da ke cikin	Kaaŋ	A.S.A.	kai	a cikin	mari	zuwa ga watan	a ranar da aka yi amfani da ita	Utik
Runga-Kibet	Kibet	doˈwai	A cikinsa	khasaŋˈɡal	ʔaːtal	ya zama abin ƙyama	ʔiˈsal	mɪndɪrˈsɪʔ	mbaːkhl	Kayan da za a yi amfani da su	Ya yi amfani da shi
Runga-Kibet	Runga	Khanˈda	mba	khazaŋɡa	ya zo da kansa	tur	Izne	mɪnˈdirsi	mbɑkadeli	Khaddɛl	jtukia

Dubi kuma

Jerin kalmomin Maban (Wiktionary)

Manazarta

↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/maba1274 |chapterurl= missing title (help). Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 Blench, Roger. 2021. The Maban languages and their place within Nilo-Saharan.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 Edgar, John T. 1991. Maba-group Lexicon. (Sprache und Oralität in Afrika: Frankfurter Studien zur Afrikanistik, 13.) Berlin: Dietrich Reimer.
↑ Lukas, Johannes & Otto Völckers. 1938. G. Nachtigal's Aufzeichnungen über die Sprache der Mimi in Wadai. Zeitschrift für Eingeborenensprachen 29. 145‒154.
↑ Gaudefroy-Demombynes, Maurice. 1907. Document sur les Langues de l'Oubangui-Chari. In Actes du XVIe Congrès International des Orientalistes, Alger, 1905, Part II, 172-330. Paris: Ernest Leroux.

Kalmomin da suka shafi abin da suka faru. 2008. Binciken zamantakewa da harshe na yarukan Kibet, Rounga, Daggal da Mourro na Chadi. SIL International.

Ƙarin karantawa

[Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] Maba-rukunin Lexicon. (Sprache und Oralität a cikin Afrika: Frankfurter Studien zur Afrikanistik, 13.) Berlin: Dietrich Reimer.
Edgar, John. 1991. Mataki na farko zuwa ga Proto-Maba. Harsuna da Al'adu na Afirka 4: 113-133.

Haɗin waje

[Glottolog-1] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/maba1274 |chapterurl= missing title (help). Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.

[Blench-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 Blench, Roger. 2021. The Maban languages and their place within Nilo-Saharan.

[Edgar1991-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 Edgar, John T. 1991. Maba-group Lexicon. (Sprache und Oralität in Afrika: Frankfurter Studien zur Afrikanistik, 13.) Berlin: Dietrich Reimer.

[4] Lukas, Johannes & Otto Völckers. 1938. G. Nachtigal's Aufzeichnungen über die Sprache der Mimi in Wadai. Zeitschrift für Eingeborenensprachen 29. 145‒154.

[5] Gaudefroy-Demombynes, Maurice. 1907. Document sur les Langues de l'Oubangui-Chari. In Actes du XVIe Congrès International des Orientalistes, Alger, 1905, Part II, 172-330. Paris: Ernest Leroux.

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