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Kashewa

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
Bayan ƙarni na tsaftacewa, wannan gandun daji, kusa da asalin Lewis da Clark River a cikin Clatsop County, Oregon, wani yanki ne. A cikin kowane yanki, yawancin bishiyoyi suna da shekaru iri ɗaya.
Kudancin daji kafin da kuma bayan an sare shi

Cirecutting, cleafelling ko cleafcut logging wani aikin gandun daji ne / logging inda yawancin bishiyoyi a cikin wani yanki ake yanke su daidai. tsaye da shelterwood da Girbi na itace, masu gandun daji suna amfani da shi don ƙirƙirar wasu nau'ikan yanayin gandun daji da kuma inganta zaɓaɓɓun nau'o'in waɗanda ke buƙatar yawan hasken rana ko girma a cikin manyan, masu shekaru. [1] Kamfanonin katako da ƙungiyoyin ma'aikatan gandun daji a wasu ƙasashe suna tallafawa aikin don dalilai na kimiyya, aminci da tattalin arziki, yayin da masu sukar ke ɗaukar shi nau'in sare daji wanda ke lalata wuraren zama na halitta kuma yana bada gudummawa ga canjin yanayi. [2] Masu kula da muhalli, masu mallakar gargajiya, mazauna yankin da sauransu sunyi kamfen a kai a kai game da sharewa, gami da amfani da toshewa da kuma aiki kai tsaye batare da tashin hankali ba.[3]

Cirecutting itace hanyar da akafi sani da ita kuma mai fa'ida ta tattalin arziki na katako. Koyaya, yana iya haifar da sakamako masu illa, kamar asarar ƙasa, wanda farashinsa ke muhawara sosai ta hanyar tattalin arziki, muhalli da sauran abubuwan da ke sha'awa. Baya ga manufar girbi itace, ana amfani da yankan don ƙirƙirar ƙasa don noma.[4] Daga ƙarshe, tasirin sharewa a ƙasar zai dogara da yadda ake sarrafa gandun daji da kyau ko mara kyau, da kuma ko an canza shi zuwa amfani da ƙasa ba na gandun daji ba bayan sharewa.[5][6]

Duk da yake sare gandun daji na gandun daji da na wurare masu zafi ta hanyar sarewa ya sami kulawa mai yawa a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, sauran manyan gandun daji a duniya, kamar taiga, wanda akafi sani da gandun daji, suma suna cikin barazanar cigaba mai sauri. A Rasha, Arewacin Amurka da Scandinavia, ƙirƙirar yankuna masu kariya da bada hayar dogon lokaci don kula da sake farfado da bishiyoyi - don haka kara yawan girbi na gaba - suna daga cikin hanyoyin da akayi amfani dasu don iyakance mummunan tasirin sarewa.[7] Nazarin dogon lokaci na gandun daji, kamar nazarin gandun daji na Pasoh a Malaysia, suna da mahimmanci wajen samar da fahimta game da kiyaye albarkatun gandun daji a duk duniya.[8]

Nau'o'in

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Akwai bambance-bambance dayawa na sharewa; ayyukan sana'a na yau da kullun sune:

  • Standard (uniform) clearcut - cire kowane tushe (ko kasuwanci ne ko a'a), don haka babu rufin daya rage.
  • Patch clearcut - cire dukkan rassan a cikin iyakantaccen yanki (patch).
  • Strip clearcut - cire dukkan tsokoki a jere (strip), yawanci ana sanya su a tsaye ga iskõki masu rinjaye don rage yiwuwar iska.[9]
  • Cire-cire-tare da ajiya - cire mafi yawan tsokoki masu tsayawa, barin wasu da aka tanada don wasu dalilai (alal misali a matsayin snags don mazaunin namun daji), (sau da yawa rikicewa da hanyar itacen iri).
  • Slash-and-burn - juyin juya halin dindindin na gandun daji na wurare masu zafi da na subtropical don dalilai na noma. Wannan ya fi yawa a cikin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi da na subtropical inda karuwar yawan jama'a ke haifar da bukatun ƙasa daga ƙananan masu mallakar ƙasa a kasashe masu tasowa da marasa ci gaba. Slash-and-burn yana haifar da cire dukkan tushe a wani yanki. Wannan na iya zama wani nau'i na sare daji, lokacin da aka canza ƙasar zuwa wasu amfani. Koyaya, wasu 'yan asalin gandun daji, alal misali Finns na gandun daji na ƙarni na 19 suna juyawa a kan ƙasar kuma yana komawa cikin gandun daji kuma wannan zai kasance mai ɗorewa. Fararen hula galibi suna amfani da fasahar yanka da ƙonewa don neman ƙasa don rayuwa da aikin gona. Anfara yanke gandun daji, kuma an ƙone sauran kayan. Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ke motsawa a bayan wannan tsari shine sakamakon yawan jama'a da yaduwar da ta biyo baya. Wadannan hanyoyin kuma suna faruwa ne sakamakon aikin gona na kasuwanci. Ana sayar da itacen don riba, kuma ƙasar, an share ta daga duk sauran bishiyoyi kuma ta dace da cigaban noma, ana sayar da ita ga manoma.[4]

Kashewa ya bambanta da yankewa mai zaɓaɓɓu, kamar babban matsayi, wanda kawai ake girbe bishiyoyi masu daraja na kasuwanci, suna barin sauran. Wannan aikin na iya rage yiwuwar kwayar halitta na gandun daji a tsawon lokaci, wanda ke haifar da mafi talauci ko ƙananan yara a cikin tsayawa.  [ana buƙatar hujja][ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] Clearcutting kuma ya bambanta da tsarin kwafi, ta hanyar bada izinin sake shuke-shuke ta hanyar shuke- shuke. Bugu da ƙari, ana kiran nau'ikan lalacewa na kula da gandun daji a matsayin 'tsarewa'.

Gyara sake farfadowa, girbi ko tsarin

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Kashe katako a cikin Blue Ridge Mountains (Tennessee) a cikin 1936
Cirecuting a Kudancin Finland
Clearcutting kusa da Eugene, Oregon

Za'a iya rarrabe sharewa zuwa

  • Cirecutting - sarewa mai tsabta ta hanyar cikakken amfani da cire dukkan bishiyoyi a cikin aiki daya ... hanyar girbi
  • Hanyar sharewa - hanya ce don sake farfado da al'umma mai tsufa ta hanyar cire dukkan bishiyoyi masu girma
  • Tsarin sharewa - tsarin silvicultural wanda ya haɗa da hanyar sharewa don cirewa (bayyanawa) al'umma mai girma a kan yanki mai yawa a lokaci guda [10]

Rashin jituwa tsakanin waɗannan amfani daban-daban na kalmar ya zama ruwan dare. Bugu da ƙari, kamar yadda aka nuna a sama bambance-bambance dayawa suna nufin amfani da fasaha daidai bazai isa yasan abinda ake nufi a wannan lokacin ba.  [ana buƙatar hujja][<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span>]

An rarrabe wani sharewa daga zaɓaɓɓen katako inda yawanci kawai 'yan itatuwa a kowace hekta ana girbe su a cikin daidaitattun da manufofin gudanarwa suka tsara. Har ila yau, katako ya bambanta da amfani da gobarar daji, da kuma raguwar gandun daji. A cikin waɗannan biyun na ƙarshe al'ada ce a bar bishiyoyi waɗanda ake la'akari dasu ba'a so, kamar waɗanda keda rashin lafiya sosai, masu raguwa ko ƙananan don a sayar dasu. Sau dayawa ana yin katako a yankunan dake da damar samun ababen more rayuwa.  [ana buƙatar hujja][<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span>]

Tasirin muhalli

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kungiyoyin muhalli suna sukar yankan da keda lahani ga ruwa, ƙasa, namun daji, da yanayi, kuma suna bada shawarar amfani da hanyoyin da za'a iya amfani dasu.[11] Yanke-yanke yana tasiri ga sake zagayowar ruwa. Bishiyoyi suna riƙe da ruwa da ƙasa. Kashewa a cikin gandun daji yana cire bishiyoyi wanda in ba haka bazai kasance yana zubar da ruwa mai yawa kuma yana lalata ciyawa, mosses, lichens, da ferns dake cike da gandun daji. Cirewa ko lalacewar halittu yana rage ikon gida don riƙe ruwa, wanda zai iya kara ambaliyar ruwa kuma ya haifar da karuwar leaching na abubuwan gina jiki daga ƙasa. Matsakaicin asarar abinci mai gina jiki yana faruwa a kusa da shekara ta biyu kuma yana dawowa zuwa matakan da suka gabata ta shekara ta huɗu bayan yankewa.[12]

Cire bishiyoyi dake kewaye da kogin kogin yana hana inuwa na ruwa, wanda ke kara yawan zafin koguna da koguna. Saboda bishiyoyi ba sa riƙe ƙasa, bakin kogi suna ƙara lalacewa a matsayin laka a cikin ruwa, suna haifar da abubuwan gina jiki da ke kara canje-canje a cikin kogi kuma suna haifar da matsaloli mil mil, a cikin teku.[11] Yankewa a bayyane a kan babban sikelin a cikin ruwa na iya haifar da turɓaya da abubuwan gina jiki waɗanda ke shiga cikin rafi suna haifar da ƙarancin rafin ya karu.[12] An gano abubuwan gina jiki na ƙasa don komawa zuwa kashi biyar cikin dari na matakan da suka gabata bayan shekaru 64.[13]

Upper town residential area of Britannia Beach in British Columbia, Canada, in September 1919. The community was built in a clearcut area adjacent to the Britannia Mines operations; stumps and stray logs are visible throughout the site and community.

Rashin tasirin

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Clearcutting na iya samun mummunar tasiri, ga mutane da tsire-tsire da dabbobi na gida.[14] Wani binciken daga Jami'ar Oregon ya gano cewa a wasu yankuna, yankunan da aka yanke sun kusan ninki uku na lalacewa saboda slides. Lokacin da hanyoyin da ake buƙata ta hanyar sharewa suka shiga, karuwar ayyukan zane-zane yazama kusan sau 5 idan aka kwatanta da yankunan gandun daji dake kusa. Hanyoyin da aka gina don sharewa suna katsewa na yau da kullun saboda hanyoyin basu da ƙwarewa kamar yadda aka rufe ƙasa. Hanyoyin kuma suna canza motsi na ruwa a ƙarƙashin ƙasa saboda sake rarraba ƙasa da dutse.[15] Cirecutting na iya haifar da karuwar kwararar rafi a lokacin guguwa, asarar mazaunin da bambancin jinsuna, damar dake tattare da nau'in dake da ciyawa, da kuma mummunar tasiri a kan shimfidar wuri, musamman, cigaban raina da waɗanda suka saba da yankin don bishiyoyi, sakamakon duniya, da kuma raguwar dabi'un dukiya; raguwar nishaɗi, farauta, da damar kamun kifi.[16][17][18] Cirecutting yana rage faruwar rikice-rikicen halitta kamar gobarar daji da kuma cire tushen halitta. Bayan lokaci, wannan na iya lalata bankin iri na gida.[19]

A cikin yanayin zafi da na boreal, sharewa na iya yin tasiri a kan zurfin dusar ƙanƙara, wanda yawanci yafi girma a cikin wani yanki mai tsabta fiye da cikin gandun daji, saboda rashin tsayarwa da evapotranspiration. Wannan yana haifar da karancin sanyi na ƙasa, wanda a hade tare da matakan Hasken rana kai tsaye yana haifar da narkewar dusar ƙanƙara da ke faruwa a farkon bazara da kuma farkon runoff.[20]

The world's rain forests could completely vanish in a hundred years at the current rate of deforestation. Between June 2000 and June 2008, more than 150,000 square kilometres (58,000 sq mi) of rainforest were cleared in the Brazilian Amazon. Huge areas of forest have already been lost. For example, only eight to fourteen percent of the Atlantic Forest in South America now remains.[21][22] While deforestation rates have slowed since 2004, forest loss is expected to continue for the foreseeable future. Farmers slash and burn large parcels of forest every year to create grazing and croplands, but the forest's nutrient-poor soil often renders the land ill-suited for agriculture, and within a year or two, the farmers move on.

Ra'ayoyi masu kyau

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ana iyayin sharewa don ƙarfafa girma da yaduwar nau'ikan bishiyoyi waɗanda ke buƙatar ƙarfin haske.[23] Gabaɗaya, yankin girbi da yafi ninki biyu na tsawo na bishiyoyin dake kusa bazai sake kasancewa ƙarƙashin tasirin matsakaici na gandun daji a kan microclimate ba.[1] Saboda haka, faɗin yankin girbi na iya ƙayyade wane nau'in ne zai mamaye. Wadanda keda babban haƙuri ga matsanancin zafin jiki, danshi na ƙasa, da juriya ga bincike za'a iya kafa su, musamman nau'ikan majagaba na biyu.  [ana buƙatar hujja][<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span>]

Masu kula da gandun daji na iya amfani da sharewa a matsayin hanyar kwaikwayon rikici-rikice na halitta da haɓaka nau'ikan nau'ikan farko, kamar poplar (aspen), willow da black cherry a Arewacin Amurka. Clearcutting ya kuma tabbatar da cewa yana da tasiri wajen kirkirar mazaunin dabbobi da wuraren bincike, wanda in ba haka bazai kasance batare da rikice-rikicen maye gurbin yanayi ba kamar gobarar daji, babban iska, ko avalanches.

Ana amfani da Clearcuts don taimakawa sake farfado da nau'ikan da bazasu iya yin gasa a cikin gandun daji masu girma ba. Dayawa daga cikinsu sune aspen, jack pine, kuma, a yankunan dake da ƙasa mara kyau, oaks - suna da mahimman nau'o'in ga duka wasanni da nau'in namun daji. Cirecutting na iya haifar da karuwar bambancin tsire-tsire a yankin. Wannan yafi bayyana bayan shekaru biyu na sarewa da kuma cikin gandun daji masu wadata da ganye inda scarification ya faru.[19]

Ba'a lura da canje-canje masu mahimmanci a cikin zafin jiki na ruwa ba lokacin da aka yi gyare-gyare 100 feet (30 m) ft (30 daga kogi. Wannan yana nuna cewa sharewa shine yiwuwar warware damuwa game da canje-canje a cikin zafin jiki na ruwa saboda sharewa. Ba'a bincika tasirin sharewa akan abubuwan gina jiki na ƙasa a cikin wannan binciken ba.[24]

Kwanan nan, manajojin gandun daji sun gano cewa sare bishiyoyin oak yana taimakawa wajen sake farfado da gandun daji na oak a yankunan da basu dakyau. Itacen itace a cikin gandun daji na itacen oak sau dayawa yana inuwa daga ƙasa, yana sa bazai yiwu ba ga sababbin bishiyoyin oak su girma. Lokacin da aka cire itatuwan da suka girma, tsire-tsire suna da damar shiga cikin gandun daji.[25]

Tasiri ga namun daji

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Babban lalacewar Clearcutting shine ga wuraren zama, inda ya sa wuraren zama suka fi fuskantar rauni a nan gaba ga lalacewar kwari, cututtuka, ruwan sama mai zafi, da iska. Cire dukkan bishiyoyi daga wani yanki yana lalata wuraren zama na zahiri na nau'o'i dayawa a cikin namun daji. Har ila yau, sharewa na iya taimakawa ga matsalolin yanayin dake dogara da gandun daji, kamar rafi da koguna dake ratsa su.[26]

A Kanada, yawan Doki mai baki suna cikin haɗari bayan an cire su. Deer shine tushen abinci ga kyarketai da cougars, da kuma First Nations da sauran mafarauta. Duk da yake deer bazai kasance cikin haɗari a birane da ƙauyuka ba, inda za'a iya ganinsu suna gudana ta cikin unguwa da cin abinci a gonaki, a wurare masu tsawo suna buƙatar mafaka a cikin gandun daji.[27]

A cikin Maine

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

In Maine, a form of land management known as Outcome Based Forestry (OBF)[28] allows for a wide range of harvesting as long as the removed trees do not exceed the amount of tree growth. Since implemented, this program has led to large-scale clearcutting and monoculture tree planting,[28] and research by the University of Maine's Sustainability Solutions Initiative has found that 8,000,000 acres (3,200,000 ha) of certified forest land in (primarily northern) Maine is being overharvested, leading to reduced long-term stability of timber harvests and increased erosion and pollution in the watershed.[ana buƙatar hujja][<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span>] These practices have sparked environmental justice concerns regarding the health and well-being of foresters and locals.[ana buƙatar hujja]

Dubi kuma

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Dajin ruwan sama na Amazon
  • Cirecuting a British Columbia
  • Gudanar da katako mai tsufa
  • Kashe ƙasa a Ostiraliya
  • Jerin nau'ikan bishiyoyi ta hanyar haƙuri da inuwa - inuwa mai haƙuri da wasu nau'ikan tsakiya suna da farko sake farfadowa tare da sharewa
  • Samar da tsaba da bambancin kwayoyin halitta

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Dr. J. Bowyer; K. Fernholz; A. Lindburg; Dr. J. Howe; Dr. S. Bratkovich (2009-05-28). "The Power of Silviculture: Employing Thinning, Partial Cutting Systems and Other Intermediate Treatments to Increase Productivity, Forest Health and Public Support for Forestry" (PDF). Dovetail Partners Inc. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-10-29. Retrieved 2009-06-06. Cite journal requires |journal= (help) Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Dovetail" defined multiple times with different content
  2. ↑ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC (1992). "Clear cut." Terms of Environment: Glossary, Abbreviations and Acronyms. p. 6. Document no. EPA-175-B-92-001. Accessed 2011-10-12.
  3. ↑ McIntyre, Iain (2020-11-04). "Environmental Blockading in Australia and Around the World – Timeline 1974–1997". The Commons Social Change Library (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-07-07.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Global Environmental Governance Project: Forests". Archived from the original on 2012-11-18. Retrieved 2012-11-08. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "environmentalgovernance.org" defined multiple times with different content
  5. ↑ Rodney J. Keenan, & J.P. (Hamish) Kimmins (1993)."The ecological effects of clear-cutting" Environmental Reviews, 1(2), 121–144. Retrieved September 16, 2020.
  6. ↑ FAO (2016). "State of the World's Forests 2016"
  7. ↑ Kunganavolok (June 25, 1998). "Taiga! taiga! burning bright." The Economist. Retrieved: 2013-08-06.
  8. ↑ Khan, Madeline (February 9, 2004). "Clear cut forests in Malaysia offer lessons for logging worldwide." The Varsity, University of Toronto. Retrieved: 2013-08-06.
  9. ↑ British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Victoria, BC. "Clearcut System Variations." Introduction to Silvicultural Systems. Based on the published workbook: "Introduction to Silvicultural Systems, second edition (July 1999)." Forest Practices Branch.
  10. ↑ Nyland, Ralph D. (2007). Silviculture: concepts and applications, Ch 13 p. 277, 2nd ed. Prospect Heights: Waveland Press.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 "Clear-cutting land Greeniacs Articles". Archived from the original on 2012-10-16. Retrieved 2012-11-08. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "greeniacs.com" defined multiple times with different content
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Martin, C. W., Pierce, R. S., Likens, G. E., & Bormann, F. H. (1986). Clearcutting affects stream chemistry in the White Mountains of New Hampshire. Broomall, PA: US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station.
  13. ↑ Covington, W. W. (1981). Changes in forest floor organic matter and nutrient content following clear cutting in northern hardwoods. Ecology, 41-48.
  14. ↑ Forest Encyclopedia Network Advantages and disadvantages of clearcutting
  15. ↑ Swanson, F.J.; Dyrness, C.T. (1975). "Impact of clear-cutting and road construction on soil erosion by landslides in the western Cascade Range, Oregon". Geology. Geological Society of America. 3 (7): 393–396. Bibcode:1975Geo.....3..393S. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1975)3<393:IOCARC>2.0.CO;2.
  16. ↑ Bozic, Toso (September 14, 2009). "Woodlot Harvest". Government of Alberta: Agriculture and Rural Development. Retrieved 2011-03-07.
  17. ↑ Hansis, Richard (1995). "The Social Acceptability of Clearcutting in the Pacific Northwest". Human Organization. 54 (1): 95–101. doi:10.17730/humo.54.1.yj5338v42768002r. ISSN 0018-7259. JSTOR 44126577.
  18. ↑ Foothill Conservancy, Pine Grove, CA (2001). "Clearcutting in local forests." Foothill Focus. Spring 2001. Accessed 2011-10-12.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Pykälä, J. (2004). Immediate increase in plant species richness after clear-cutting of boreal herb-rich forests. Applied vegetation science, 7(1), 29-34.
  20. ↑ Ottosson Löfvenius, M.; Kluge, M.; Lundmark, T.. (2003). "Snow and Soil Frost Depth in Two Types of Shelterwood and a Clear cut Area". Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research. Taylor & Francis. 18: 54–63. doi:10.1080/0891060310002345. ISSN 0282-7581.
  21. ↑ "Reforestation". Arkive. Archived from the original on 2013-03-02. Retrieved 2013-01-10.
  22. ↑ "Brazil & the Atlantic Forest". The Nature Conservancy. Retrieved 2016-01-11.
  23. ↑ Belt, Kevin and Campbell, Robert (1999). "The Clearcutting Controversy - Myths and Facts." West Virginia University Extension Service. Accessed 2011-12-12.
  24. ↑ Brown, G. W., & Krygier, J. T. (1970). Effects of clear-cutting on stream temperature. Water resources research, 6(4), 1133–1139.
  25. ↑ "DNR - DNR". www.michigan.gov.
  26. ↑ Responses of Wildlife to Clearcutting and Associated Treatments in the Eastern United States. "Responses of Wildlife to Clearcutting and Associated Treatments in the Eastern United States". Archived from the original on 2013-01-03. Retrieved 2012-11-08.
  27. ↑ "Ancient Forest Alliance - Old Growth Forests British Columbia". www.ancientforestguide.com. Archived from the original on 2014-03-26. Retrieved 2012-11-08.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 "Outcome Based Forestry: Forest Policy and Management: Division of Forestry: Maine ACF". www.maine.gov. Retrieved 2020-03-26.

 

Haɗin waje

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Samfuri:Forestry

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