Kogin Awash
| Kogin Awash | |
|---|---|
 | |
| General information | |
| Tsawo | 1,200 km |
| Labarin ƙasa | |
 | |
| Tsarin Daidaiton Labarin Kasa | 9°00′43″N 38°08′50″E / 9.011827°N 38.147111°E |
| Kasa | Habasha |
Hydrography (en)  | |
| Tributary (en) | |
| Watershed area (en) | 64,000 km² |
| Tabkuna | Tafkin Abbe |
| River mouth (en) | Tafkin Abbe |
Awash(wani lokacin ana rubuta shi da sunan Hawash; Oromiffa: Awaash, Amharic: አዋሽ, Afar: We'ayot,Somali: Webiga Dir) hanyar ta gaba daya tana cikin iyakokin Habasha kuma ta shiga cikin layukan da ke haɗe da juna wanda zai fara daga Tafkin Gargori ya ƙare a Tafkin Abbe (ko Abhe Bad) a kan iyaka da Djibouti, kimanin kilomita 100 (mil 60 ko 70) daga shugaban Tekun Tadjoura. Wannan shi ne babban magudanar ruwa mai cike da ruwa wanda ya mamaye wasu yankuna na yankunan, Amir, Oromia da Somalia, da kuma kudancin yankin Afar. A cewar Huntingford, a cikin ƙarni na 16 ana kiran kogin Awash babban kogin Dir kuma yana kwance a cikin ƙasar Musulmi.[1]
Bayani
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Awash ya tashi kudu da Mount Warqe, yamma da Addis Ababa a yankin Dandi, kusa da garin Ginchi, Yammacin Shewa Zone, Oromia. Bayan sun shiga ƙasan Babban kwarin Rift, Awash yana kwarara kudu don zagaya Dutsen Zuqualla ta wata hanyar gabas zuwa can arewa maso gabas, kafin shiga ruwan Koka. A can, ana amfani da ruwa don ban-ruwa na gonakin rake fadamu. A can gefen ruwa, Awash din ya wuce garin Adama da kuma Filin shakatawa na Awash. Daga nan sai babban mai wadata, kogin Germama (ko Kasam) ya haɗa shi a bankin hagu, kafin ya juya zuwa arewa maso gabas da kimanin 11° N 40° 30'E har zuwa arewa zuwa 12° kafin a juya gabas gaba ɗaya don isa tafkin Gargori.
A cewar kayayyakin da Hukumar Kididdiga ta Tsakiya ta Habasha ta wallafa, Kogin Awash yana da tsayin kilomita 1200.[2] Frank Richardson Cana, a cikin Encyclopædia Britannica bugu na goma sha ɗaya labarin Abyssinia, ya bayyana ɓangarenta na tsakiya a matsayin "rafi mai zurfin gaske kusan ƙafa 200 [mita 61] faɗi da faɗi 4 ƙafa [mita 1.2] a lokacin rani, kuma yayin ambaliyar tana hawa 50 ko Ƙafa 60 [mita 15 ko 18] sama da alamar ƙaramin ruwa, don haka ambaliyar filayen na tsawon mil da yawa tare da bankunan biyu."[3]
Sauran rafuka na Awash sun haɗa da (cikin tsari zuwa sama): Logiya, Mille, Borkana, Ataye, Hawadi, Kabenna da Durkham Rivers. Garuruwa da birane tare da aikinta sun hada da Metehara, Awash, Gewane da Asaita.
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin].JPG)
Mutane sun rayu a kwarin Awash kusan tun farkon halittar. Tsakanin Awash ya kasance inda aka samo yawancin abubuwan da ke jikin mutum.[4] Kwarin Awash daga kusan 9° N daga can ƙasa asalin gida ne na gargajiya na mutanen Afar da Issa.[5] An haɗa kwarin Awash a matsayin ɓangare na Fatagar, Ifat, da Shewa.[6]
Bature na farko da ya gano hanyar Awash har zuwa ƙarshenta a cikin yankin Aussa shine Wilfred Thesiger a cikin 1933/1934, wanda ya fara daga garin Awash, ya bi tafkin har zuwa ƙarshensa na ƙarshe a Tafkin Abhebad, kuma ya cigaba da balaguronsa zuwa gabas zuwa Tadjoura. (Kodayake mai binciken L.M. Nesbitt ya bi wasu sassan hanyar Awash a 1928, sai ya juya baya daga kogin Asaita ya wuce arewa ta hanyar bakin ciki na Afar zuwa Bahar Maliya.)[7]
A cikin 1960, an kammala aikin Koka Dam a hayin Kogin Awash a wani wuri kusa da kilomita 75 daga Addis Ababa. Tare da buɗewa, ya zama babbar hanyar samar da wutar lantarki a yankin. Sakamakon tafkin ruwa mai kyau, Tabkin Gelila (wanda kuma aka sani da Ruwan Koka), yana da yanki kusan kilomita murabba'in 180. Dukkanin tabki da madatsar ruwa suna fuskantar barazana ta hanyar ƙara lalatattun abubuwa.
An sanyawa Bankin Awash na Bankin Duniya don Kogin Awash.
Yanayi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Yanayi na Basin Kogin Awash galibi ya rinjayi motsi na yankin haɗuwa tsakanin juna (ITCZ). A yayin motsinta zuwa arewa a cikin watan Maris zuwa Afrilu da komawa zuwa kudu, (ITCZ) ya haifar da damuna biyu, mafi gajarta a watan Maris ('Belg'), da kuma wanda ya fi tsayi tsakanin Yuni da Satumba ('Kiremt'), wanda rabinsa ya fada daya lokacin damina. Lokacin-damina yakan zama kamar ruwa ne zuwa gabashin Habasha da kusan rashin daidaituwa zuwa yammacin Habasha. Lokaci tsakanin Oktoba zuwa Maris shine lokacin rani, ana kiransa 'Bega'.[8] Yanayin busassun bushewa zuwa yanayi mai ƙanƙumi a cikin Rift Valley. Sabanin haka, tsaunukan tsaunukan sama na sama sama da 1600 mm na ruwan sama a cikin ca. wata shida a shekara.[9]
Canjin yanayi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2018 ya binciki illolin sauyin yanayi kan albarkatun ruwa a cikin kwarin Awash. Sun yi amfani da nau'ikan yanayi guda uku daga Coupled Models Intercomparison Project 5 (CMIP5) da na lokuta uku na gaba (2006-2030, 2031-2055, da 2056-2080). An zaɓi samfuran bisa la'akari da aikinsu wajen ɗaukar halayen hazo na tarihi. Lokacin tushen da aka yi amfani da shi don kwatanta shine 1981-2005. An ƙididdige wadatar ruwa na gaba a matsayin bambanci tsakanin hazo da yuwuwar hasashe na evapotranspiration ta amfani da hanyar Tattara Hankali (RCP8.5). Hasashen da aka yi a nan gaba na tsawon lokaci uku ya nuna karuwar karancin ruwa a duk yanayi da kuma sassan rafin, saboda hasashen karuwar zazzabi da raguwar hazo. Wannan raguwar samar da ruwa zai kara damuwa da ruwa a cikin basin, yana kara yin barazana ga tsaron ruwa ga bangarori daban-daban.[10]
Hydrology
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ruwan sama, fari da ambaliya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ruwan sam[10]a ya bambanta da yawa a cikin kwandon daga shekara ɗaya zuwa gaba (wannan ana kiransa babban canjin shekara-shekara). An amince da karancin ruwan rani a matsayin kalubale ga ayyuka daban-daban kamar aikin ban ruwa da samar da ruwan sha na cikin gida na hukumar ta Awash[10]. Sai dai kuma ana yawan samun ambaliya a lokacin babban damina a watan Yuli da Agusta.[11] Nau’in ambaliya ya sha bamban da na sama da na tsakiya da na kasa na Awash[11]. Bincike ya gano cewa "nau'i da nau'in ambaliya a cikin Tekun Awash ya bambanta da yawa yana nuna hadadden yanayin yanayin basin"[12]: 7 Misali, a cikin birane, an san ambaliyar ruwa da ambaliya da koguna.
Haɓaka saurin bunƙasa noma, masana'antu da ƙauyuka a cikin rafin Awash, da haɓakar yawan jama'a na ƙara buƙatu a kan albarkatun ruwan rafi. An san tafsirin da yawan canjin yanayi da ya shafi fari da ambaliya, kuma sauyin yanayi zai iya tsananta kalubalen da ake fuskanta.[10] Dabarun kula da ruwa na gaba yana buƙatar zama mai haɗaka da dukkan sassa kuma la'akari da daidaito ga masu amfani daban-daban.
An bincika matakan daidaitawar ambaliyar ruwa kuma daya daga cikin shawarwarin shine a yi amfani da "tsarin amfani da ƙasa wanda ke da 'tsabar ambaliya' a cikin tunaninsa da tsarinsa [...]. Wannan yana nufin gano (da kuma karewa) yankunan ambaliya kusa da wuraren da aka gina da kuma gano yankunan da za a iya ba da damar yin ambaliya don shawo kan tasirin mummunan al'amura. "[12]: 41
Ruwan karkashin kasa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Sauke ruwan da ke cikin ƙasa ya banbanta tsakanin ƙimomin da suka zarce 350mm a kowace shekara a cikin tsaunuka na sama kuma babu caji a ƙasan kwarin da ke ɓarke.[9][13] Yawanci ana sake maida ruwan karkashin ƙasa a cikin shinge da tsaunuka sama da 1900m al,[14] inda ruwan sama na shekara ya fi 1000mm.[13] Hakanan yakamata a sake yin ƙaramar siket na yanki a gefen ƙwanƙolin dutsen mai aman wuta.[14] Ruwan ƙasa na wucin gadi yana ɗaukar ƙarin wuri a gonakin ban ruwa a kwarin rift.[14] Saukewa daga asarar tashar kogi da kuma ta hanyar kutsawa daga tabkuna na taka rawa a cikin Babban Hawan Habasha (MER) da kudancin Afar.[13]
Ilimin Lafiya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Yawancin Kogin Awash wani ɓangare ne na gandun dajin Habasha wanda yake da ƙoshin lafiya. A tsaunukan tsaunuka na ƙasar Habasha masu dawa da dazuzzuka da ƙauyukan tsaunuka na Habasha sun fi yawa. Acasar daji ta Acacia-Commiphora da ke da ƙuri'a da ƙuraje suna da ƙarancin tsauni a cikin Rift.[15]
Ciyawar tankin yana da tasirin tasirin anthropogenic.[9] A duk saman Basin Awash na sama da tsakiyar, ragowar nau'ukan savanna daban har yanzu ana bayyane a sarari. Sun kasance daga savannas na ƙaya a cikin ɓarkewar ƙasa, daji, ciyawa da savannas buɗe sama da mita 800 da savannas na katako a kan raƙuman ruwa da tsaunuka. Da kyar da gandun daji ya kasance a cikin Kogin Awash, tare da 'yan kaɗan ban da ƙananan tsire-tsire na eucalyptus. A wajen filin shakatawa na Filin shakatawa na Awash da dazuzzuka kusan an gama noma su da albarkatu. Wannan yana da asusun musamman na duk hanyoyin tudu.[16] Ta haka murfin itacen da ya warwatse ya kasance daidai da yanayin asalin savannas, yayin da aka maye gurbin ciyawar da albarkatu. Tsayi mafi tsayi kawai har yanzu yana nuna gandun daji mai haɗe. An sake yin sake dashe a wani tsauni wanda ba za'a iya shuka shi ba tare da gandun daji na coniferous na biyu. Abubuwan da aka noma sune (cututtukan daji), masara, dawa, wake da kayan lambu.[16] Da wuya makiyaya suka kasance a inda ake noma. Shanun suna kiwo a gefen filin da hanyoyin gefen hanya da kan raƙuman raƙuman ruwa. Wannan babban dalili ne guda daya na zaizayar kasa, saboda rufe ciyayin wani bangare. Suttura-kiwo al'ada ce ta gama gari a cikin Tekin Awash.[17]
Fauna
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kasan kwarin Awash ɗayan ɗayan dabbobin daji ne na ƙarshe don ajiyar namun daji na Afirka. Dabba mai shayarwa yanzu ta mutu a Filin shakatawa na Yangudi Rassa, amma har yanzu ana samun ta a cikin Mile-Serdo Wild Ass Reserve.[18] Sauran manyan dabbobin da ke yankin sun hada da Beisa Oryx, Soemmering's barewa, Dorcas gazelle, gerenuk da zebra na Grevy.
Ayyukan ɗan adam da tasiri
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Basin na Awash shine mafi bunƙasa, amfani, cin zarafi, tasiri, kuma mafi yawan jama'a (sama da kashi 15% ko kusan miliyan 18.6 daga cikin miliyan 120) a Habasha.[6] Middle Awash an san shi da samun manyan-da-kananan noman ban ruwa, da kuma masana'antar noma da masana'antar sukari (Wenji, Methara, da masana'antar Sugar Kesem).[8]
Samar ruwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Samar da ruwan sha na manyan birane kamar Addis Ababa, Mojo da Adama, da kuma, ruwan ban ruwa na filayen noma na gida da na kasuwanci (kamar noman rake) ya dogara da kogin Awash da magudanan ruwa.[18]
Ayyukan tattalin arziki
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tattalin Arzikin Ruwan Awash dai ya mamaye bangaren noma da hidima, inda na baya-bayan nan ya mamaye babban birnin Addis Ababa. Noma ya mamaye amfani da ruwa (kimanin kashi 89% na yawan ruwan da ake amfani da shi a cikin kwandon) kuma ana sa ran zai ci gaba da zama tushen ci gaban tattalin arziki a shekaru masu zuwa. Noman amfanin gona musamman wani muhimmin bangare ne na tattalin arzikin rafin kuma an samu saurin bunkasuwa a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, inda darajar amfanin gona ta karu da kashi 7.9 cikin dari a duk shekara a tsakanin shekarar 2004 zuwa 2014. Ya zuwa shekarar 2012, jimillar yankin da ake nomawa a cikin ruwa bai kai kashi 2% na yawan gonakin da ake nomawa ba.[4]
Da kyar ake samun gandun daji a cikin kwarin kogin Awash, tare da wasu ƴan banga da ƙananan ciyawar eucalyptus. A wajen dajin na Awash an yi noman savannas na buɗaɗɗiya da na itace da amfanin gona. Wannan ya shafi duk wani terrace na ƙetare.[16]. Ta haka, murfin bishiyar da aka warwatse ya kasance kama da yanayin farko na savannas, yayin da aka maye gurbin ciyawar ciyawa da amfanin gona. Tsaunuka mafi tsayi ne kawai har yanzu suna nuna wuraren dazuzzuka masu alaƙa. An yi wani yanki na sake dazuzzuka a kan wuraren da ba za a iya nomawa ba tare da dazuzzukan dazuzzuka na biyu. Noman da ake noma su ne tef, masara, dawa, wake da kayan lambu.[16]
Da kyar akwai wuraren kiwo inda noma zai yiwu. Dabbobin suna kiwo a gefuna da ɓangarorin filin da kan tudu masu tsayi. Wannan shi ne babban dalili na zazzagewa, saboda an lalatar da murfin ciyayi. Yin kiwo wani abu ne da ya zama ruwan dare a cikin kwarin Awash.[19]
Abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin yanayin bushewa da bushewa suna ƙalubalantar ayyukan tattalin arziki a cikin kwandon shara. Yawancin matalauta na karkara suna aikin noma na ruwan sama a cikin yankunan da ke fama da fari da ke a tsakiya da ƙananan raƙuman ruwa suna fama da fari mai maimaitawa.[4]
Sauye-sauyen yanayi ya riga ya yi tasiri mai tsanani ga yawan jama'a da haɓakar tattalin arziƙin a cikin kwandon na Awash. Mummunan fari a cikin rafin ya haifar da raguwar yawan amfanin gona da mutuwar dabbobi, wanda ya haifar da karuwar rashin abinci. An kiyasta raguwar yawan ruwan sama (5%) don rage yawan amfanin gonakin cikin gida (GDP) 5%, tare da raguwar 10% na yawan amfanin gona.[4] Buƙatun taimakon jin kai sun zama ruwan dare gama gari saboda girgizar yanayi, kamar abubuwan da suka faru na El Niño na 2015/2016 wanda ya haifar da mummunan fari da kuma mayar da martani ga sama da mutane miliyan 10 a cikin ƙasa, tare da yawancin gundumomi masu fifiko waɗanda ke cikin rafin Awash.[5]
Gurbacewa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Cibiyoyin sarrafa ruwan sha na birni da na masana'antu ba su da yawa kuma ba su da inganci a cikin kogin Awash. A inda suke, abubuwan da suke zubar da su (wanda galibi ba a kula da su ba) suna shiga cikin rafukan da ke kusa da su, ta haka ne suke gurbata su.[18]
Haɓaka masana'antu da haɓaka birane a cikin kogin Awash ya yi mummunar illa ga yanayin muhalli saboda gubar da ake fitarwa a cikin ruwa. Babban tushen gurbacewar ruwa a kogin Awash na sama ya fito ne daga sharar masana'antu da na birane, zubar da ruwan noma (maganin kashe kwari, takin zamani), da magudanar ruwa. Duka ayyukan ɗan adam da geogenic suna ba da gudummawa ga lalacewar ingancin ruwa da aka gani.[6] Kalmar geogenic tana nufin gurɓataccen yanayi ta hanyar tectonic, yumbu, toka mai aman wuta da yashi.
Ƙarfe mai nauyi a cikin ruwa ya zama abin damuwa ga muhalli da lafiyar mutane.[6] Kamfanonin da ke gurbata muhalli a kogin Awash sun hada da masana'antar fatu, masana'antar fenti, mayanka, masaku, masana'antar giya, masana'antar abin sha, masana'antar sukari, asibitoci, da magunguna. Ruwan sharar gida yana shiga kogin daga garuruwa irin su Addis Abeba, Awash Kilo 7, Ambo, Sebeta, Bishoftu, Gelan, Adama, Modjo. Ruwan ruwa na noma na iya zama sanadin gurɓatar ƙarfe mai nauyi (As, Cd, Cu, Pb, U, da Zn) a cikin ruwaye, da zubar da masana'antu kuma zai iya haifar da ƙarancin ƙarfe mai nauyi kamar As, Cd, Cr, Hg, Ni, Zn, da Pb.[6]
ingancin ruwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Binciken ingancin ruwan kogin a cikin 2023 ya nuna cewa manyan matakan ƙarfe masu nauyi, irin su Al, Mn, Mo, As, V, Fe, da Ba an nuna su tare da ƙimar 1257 μg/L, 626.8 μg/L, 116.7 μg/L, 61.2 μg/L, 100μg/L, 100 μg/L. da 211.7 μg/L, bi da bi. Among 20 heavy metals analyzed, 20% of the parameters within the study area were above the WHO limit for drinking water; Al (157 μg/L), V (100.5 μg/L), Fe (1082.7 μg/L), Mn (626.8 μg/L), da Mo (103.8 μg/L) an nuna su a wuraren da ke gefen kogin.[6] Wannan matsala ce saboda ana amfani da ruwa daga kogin a matsayin tushen ruwan sha da ban ruwa.
Kasancewar gurɓatattun kwayoyin halitta a cikin ruwan kogin wani abin damuwa ne. Waɗannan abubuwan sun haɗa da magunguna, samfuran kulawa na sirri, samfuran masana'antu, da sinadarai na aikin gona. An gano manyan matakan gurɓatattun ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin wani bincike a cikin 2023 a cikin kogin da tsarin ruwa mara zurfi: "An gano magungunan kashe qwari, magungunan dabbobi, kayan zaki na wucin gadi, da samfuran kulawa na mutum a cikin samfuran daga dukkan tushe (surface, ƙasa, da ruwan famfo). An gano masu rushewar Endocrine da magungunan equine a duka saman ƙasa da tushen ruwa."[20]
Ruwan kogin da ruwan ƙasa mara zurfi suna da alaƙa da juna. Gurbacewar ruwa a cikin kogin na iya gurbata ruwan karkashin kasa da akasin haka. Wani bincike a shekarar 2024 ya binciki halayen ruwan karkashin kasa a yankin tsakiyar Awash don amfani da dama. An gano cewa gurɓatattun abubuwa kamar su arsenic, vanadium, gallium, lithium, rubidium, chromium, manganese, copper, da zinc an sami wadatar su a cikin ruwan karkashin kasa kusa da tafkin Beseka, wanda ayyukan geogenic ya fi tasiri, toka mai aman wuta, da yanayin duwatsu[8]. Fiye da rabin maɓuɓɓugar ruwan ƙasa ba su dace da sha ba, suna haifar da haɗari ga lafiyar jama'a ga al'ummomin yankin waɗanda ke dogaro da waɗannan hanyoyin saboda ƙarancin samun ruwa mai tsafta.[8]
A cikin Basin ta Tsakiyar Awash da ma ƙasar gabaɗaya, ba a kula da ingancin ruwan mafi yawan maɓuɓɓugar ruwan ƙasa kuma ba a daidaita su sosai. Don haka, yankunan da ke cikin rafin Awash, musamman a kusa da Modjo, da Bishoftu, da Gelan, da Addis Ababa, suna da saurin kamuwa da gurɓacewar ruwa da gurɓacewar ruwan ƙasa.[8]
Ilimin burbushin halittu
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Mutane sun rayu a cikin kwarin Awash kusan tun farkon nau'in. An gano gawarwakin hominid da yawa a cikin Awash ta Tsakiya.[21] Ragowar da aka samu a cikin kwarin Awash daga marigayi Miocene, Pliocene, da farkon Pleistocene (kimanin shekaru miliyan 5.6-2.5 da suka gabata), kuma sun haɗa da burbushin Australopithecines da yawa, gami da "Lucy", sanannen mutum Australopithecus.[7][21] Sauran batattun hominids da aka gano a wurin sun hada da Homo erectus da Ardipithecus.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ ʻArabfaqīh, Shihāb al-Dīn Aḥmad ibn ʻAbd al-Qādir (2003-01-01). The conquest of Abyssinia: 16th century (in Turanci). Hollywood: Tsehai Publishers & Distributors. p. 124. ISBN 978-0-9723172-6-9.
- ↑ "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)" Archived 2010-11-13 at the Wayback Machine, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)
- ↑
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Abyssinia". Encyclopædia Britannica. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 84. - ↑ Haile-Selassie, Yohannes (2001-07-12). "Late Miocene hominids from the Middle Awash, Ethiopia". Nature (in Turanci). 412 (6843): 178–181. Bibcode:2001Natur.412..178H. doi:10.1038/35084063. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 11449272. S2CID 4432082.
- ↑ Markakis, John (2003). "Anatomy of a Conflict: Afar & Ise Ethiopia". Review of African Political Economy. 30 (97): 445–453. doi:10.1080/03056244.2003.9659777. ISSN 0305-6244. JSTOR 4006987. S2CID 153511308.
- ↑ Richard Pankhurst, The Ethiopian Borderlands (Lawrenceville: Red Sea Press, 1997), p. 61
- ↑ As related in his memoirs, Hell-Hole of Creation: The Exploration of Abyssinian Danakil (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1935)
- ↑ Seleshi, Yilma; Zanke, Ulrich (2004-06-30). "Recent changes in rainfall and rainy days in Ethiopia". International Journal of Climatology (in Turanci). 24 (8): 973–983. Bibcode:2004IJCli..24..973S. doi:10.1002/joc.1052. ISSN 1097-0088.
- 1 2 3 Knoche, Malte; Fischer, Christian; Pohl, Eric; Krause, Peter; Merz, Ralf (2014). "Combined uncertainty of hydrological model complexity and satellite-based forcing data evaluated in two data-scarce semi-arid catchments in Ethiopia". Journal of Hydrology. 519: 2049–2066. Bibcode:2014JHyd..519.2049K. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.10.003.
- 1 2 3 4 Taye, Meron Teferi; Dyer, Ellen; Hirpa, Feyera A.; Charles, Katrina (2018). "Climate Change Impact on Water Resources in the Awash Basin, Ethiopia". Water. 10 (11): 1560. Bibcode:2018Water..10.1560T. doi:10.3390/w10111560. ISSN 2073-4441. Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
- 1 2 Taye, M.T., Haile, A.T., Dessalegn, M., Nigussie, L., Bekele, T.W., Nicol, A., Dyer, E. & Tekleab, S. 2024. Policy and practice recommendations on flood risk management in the Awash basin. REACH Discussion brief.
- 1 2 Taye, M.T., Haile, A.T., Dessalegn, M., Nigussie, L., Bekele, T.W., Nicol, A. and Dyer, E. (2024). Flood adaptation and mitigation in the Awash Basin: Responding to new climate patterns. REACH Synthesis report, University of Oxford, UK.
- 1 2 3 Ayenew, Tenalem; Demlie, Molla; Wohnlich, Stefan (2008). "Hydrogeological framework and occurrence of groundwater in the Ethiopian aquifers". Journal of African Earth Sciences. 52 (3): 97–113. Bibcode:2008JAfES..52...97A. doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2008.06.006.
- 1 2 3 Bretzler, Anja; Osenbrück, Karsten; Gloaguen, Richard; Ruprecht, Janina S.; Kebede, Seifu; Stadler, Susanne (2011). "Groundwater origin and flow dynamics in active rift systems – A multi-isotope approach in the Main Ethiopian Rift". Journal of Hydrology. 402 (3–4): 274–289. Bibcode:2011JHyd..402..274B. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2011.03.022.
- ↑ "The ecozones of the world. The ecological division of the geosphere". ResearchGate (in Turanci). Retrieved 2017-10-21.
- 1 2 Knoche, M. (2011): Hydrological Modelling of the Upper Awash Catchment (Main Ethiopian Rift). Master thesis, Technische Universität Freiberg, 2011, Freiberg, Germany
- ↑ Nyssen, Jan; Poesen, Jean; Moeyersons, Jan; Haile, Mitiku; Deckers, Jozef (2008-04-30). "Dynamics of soil erosion rates and controlling factors in the Northern Ethiopian Highlands – towards a sediment budget". Earth Surface Processes and Landforms (in Turanci). 33 (5): 695–711. Bibcode:2008ESPL...33..695N. doi:10.1002/esp.1569. hdl:1854/LU-416185. ISSN 1096-9837.
- ↑ Moehlman, P.D., Yohannes, H., Teclai, R. & Kebede, F. 2008. Equus africanus. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.1. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 28 September 2011.
