Kukawa

Kukawa
Wuri
	12°55′29″N 13°33′58″E / 12.9247°N 13.5661°E
Ƴantacciyar ƙasa	Najeriya
Jihohin Najeriya	Jihar Borno
Yawan mutane
Faɗi	203,343 (2006)
• Yawan mutane	42 mazaunan/km²
Labarin ƙasa
Yawan fili	4,842 km²
Bayanan Tuntuɓa
Kasancewa a yanki na lokaci	UTC+01:00

Kukawa karamar hukuma ce dake a jihar Borno Nijeriya.

Tarihi

An kafa Kukawa da sunan Kuka a shekarar 1814 ta hannun Muhammad al-Amin al-Kanemi, shugaban sojoji kuma malamin addini wanda ke hidimar Daular Kanem-Bornu.^[1]^[2]^[3] Al-Kanemi yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan sarakunan mulkin kama karya na daular, bayan ya sami dukiya mai yawa da kuma fiefs da yawa ta hanyar ƙoƙarinsa na yaƙi da jihadin Fula.^[4] Saukarsa daga tsohon kujerarsa (Ngurno) zuwa sabuwar Kuka ta zo daidai da ɗaukar ra'ayi mai zaman kansa ga sarkin daular (mai), Dunama IX Lefiami.[4] Al-Kanemi ya ɗauki salon shehu ("sheikh") a kusan lokaci guda.^[4]^[5] Kuka shine ƙarshen ɗaya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin kasuwanci na ketare Sahara zuwa Tripoli a bakin tekun Bahar Rum.^[6]

Sunan Kuka (ko Kaoukaou) shine sunan Kanuri na baobab na Afirka,^[3]^[7] wanda ya girma sosai a ƙauyukan da ke kewaye.^[7] Amfani da sunan wurin zama na zamani ya haifar da rudani, tun lokacin da Muhammad al-Idrisi (ƙarni na 12) da Ibn Khaldun (ƙarni na 14) suka ambaci manyan garuruwa guda biyu masu suna Kaou Kaou, ɗaya daga cikinsu tana kusa da Kukawa ta zamani.^[7]

Al-Kanemi da ɗansa kuma magajinsa Umar Kura sun ƙara ƙarfinsu a farkon ƙarni na 19, wanda ya ɓatar da mais. A shekara ta 1846, mai Ibrahim IV Lefiami ya yi ƙoƙarin sake tabbatar da ikonsa na gargajiya a kan Umar Kura.^[4] Ibrahim ya sami goyon bayan yaƙin basasar da ya biyo baya daga Sultanate na Wadai, wanda sojojinsa suka kama suka lalata Kuka.^[3]^[4] An kayar da Ibrahim da ɗansa Ali V Minargema a ƙarshe. Bayan haka, Umar Kura ya kwace iko ɗaya tilo a kan daular; babban birnin mais, Kafela, aka lalata Kuka, kuma Kuka, a matsayin mazaunin Umar Kura, ya koma sabon babban birnin daular.^[4]

Bayan ya tabbatar da ikonsa, Umar Kura ya sake gina Kuka. An sake gina matsugunin a matsayin garuruwa biyu,^[7]^[3] an raba shi da kusan rabin mil na ƙasa mai buɗewa kuma kowannensu an kewaye shi da katanga ta fari.^[3] Wannan na iya zama dalilin da ya sa aka san garin da Kukawa (jam'in Kuka).[7] An san sassan biyu na Kukawa da Kuka Futebe ("Garin Yamma") da Kuka Gedibe ("Garin Gabas").[8]: 125 Shehu da "sauran mutane masu muhimmanci" suna zaune a garin gabas.[8]: 109 An sanya wa sararin da ke raba garuruwan biyu suna gemzegenyi (ma'ana ba a sani ba).[3] Ba a san dalilin da ya sa Umar Kura ya sake gina Kuka a matsayin garuruwa biyu ba; Kukawa ita ce kawai cibiyar kafin mulkin mallaka a Borno da aka gina ta wannan hanyar.[3] Dalilan na iya kasancewa a cikin Umar Kura yana son inganta tsaron kansa, ko kuma don ƙara bambancin aji tsakanin talakawa da manyan mutane.[3]

Garuruwan da aka sake ginawa suna da gidaje da yawa, rijiyoyi, kasuwanni, da kuma fadace-fadace. Duk yankin yana kewaye da katangar laka mai tsayin ƙafa 20 (mita 6). Baya ga garuruwan biyu, wannan katangar ta kuma kewaye ƙananan ƙauyuka da gonaki da dama, da kuma makabarta.[3] A ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, Kukawa tana da yawan jama'a tsakanin 60,000[3] zuwa 200,000.[9] Garin ya yi arziki a matsayin cibiyar ayarin motoci da kuma wurin tsayawa ga mahajjata daga yamma da kudu a kan hanyarsu ta zuwa Makka.[7]

Mai binciken Jamusanci Heinrich Barth ya ziyarci Kukawa a shekara ta 1851 wanda ya yi tafiya daga Tripoli yana neman buɗe kasuwanci da Turai da kuma bincika Afirka,[2] kuma a shekara ta 1892 mai binciken Faransa Parfait-Louis Monteil, wanda ke duba iyakokin da ke tsakanin yankunan Yammacin Afirka da aka bai wa Faransa da Birtaniya ta hanyar Yarjejeniyar Berlin.[10]

A shekarar 1892/1893, jarumin yaƙin Sudan Rabih az-Zubayr ya mamaye Daular Kanem-Bornu.[11] Rabih ya ci sojojin Kanem-Bornu ya kuma kama ya kuma lalata Kukawa a watan Mayu na 1893;[3] an wawashe garin aka kuma ƙone shi[12] kuma aka kashe mutanensa, aka bauta musu, ko kuma aka tarwatsa su.[13] Rabih ya yi wani lokaci a Kukawa amma daga baya ya zauna a Dikwa a matsayin sabon babban birninsa saboda ingantacciyar hanyar sadarwa da samar da ruwa ga Dikwa.[11]

Tarihin baya (1893–yanzu)

Kazamin Gonaki a Kukawa, 1900

Yayin da mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya a Najeriya ke ci gaba, an yi niyyar sake gina Kukawa a farkon ƙarni na 20 don zama mazaunin Shehu Abubakar Garbai, zuriyar Shehu na baya kuma shugaban "Borno ta Burtaniya".[12][14] A shekarar 1903, Abubakar Garbai ya zauna a cikin baraguzan Kukawa,[14] ya mayar da shi garin sojoji na Turawa,[15] kuma Frederick Lugard ya zuba jari a wurin a matsayin shehu a shekarar 1904.[12] Akwai matsaloli da dama da aikin. Kukawa ba ta sake kasancewa a kan manyan hanyoyin kasuwanci ba[12] kuma ba ta da isasshen ruwa.[14] Wurin ya lalace a shekarun da suka gabata tun bayan mamayar Rabih kuma a wannan lokacin bai wuce "babban filin masara guda ɗaya ba",[12] yana da nisan da ba shi da daɗi daga manyan matsugunan da Birtaniya ke iko da su.[14] A shekarar 1907, Abubakar Garbai ya ƙaura da gidansa zuwa Yerwa (Maiduguri ta zamani).[12][14]

Kukawa ya kasance ba a kula da shi ba tsawon shekaru da suka biyo baya. A shekarar 1931, wani baƙo na Turai [wa?] ya rubuta cewa Kukawa ta kasance kango kuma "ba ta da wani amfani", kuma wuri ne da "rugujewa suka fi gidaje yawa".[3]

Tawayen Boko Haram

A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, Kukawa ta sha fama da tashe-tashen hankula da rashin tsaro sakamakon ayyukan Boko Haram. Yankin ya fuskanci korar mutane da lalata kayayyakin more rayuwa.[16] Kokarin da sojojin Najeriya da kungiyoyin kasa da kasa suka yi na nufin dawo da zaman lafiya da kuma sake tsugunar da wadanda suka rasa matsugunansu.[17][18]

A ranar 16 ga Janairu 2015, "shugaban riko na karamar hukumar Kukawa, Musa Alhaji Bukar Kukawa," wanda ke magana a madadin mazauna Kukawa wadanda suka yi hijira zuwa Maiduguri bayan kisan kiyashin Baga na 2015, "ya yi kira ga gwamnatin tarayya da ta kara kaimi wajen ayyukan soji domin su koma gidajensu."[19] An yi kisan kiyashi a Kukawa a watan Yulin 2015.

Daruruwan 'yan Kukawa ne aka yi garkuwa da su a hannun Islamic State West Africa Province (ISWAP) a watan Agustan 2020. Mutane miliyan biyu a Borno sun rasa gidajensu a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata; da yawa suna rayuwa cikin mummunan yanayi a Maiduguri.[20]

Geografiya

Kukawa tana cikin yankin Sahel na arewa maso gabashin Najeriya, kusa da iyakar Chadi da yankin Tabkin Chadi. Yankin ya ƙunshi ƙasa mai laushi, zafi da ƙanƙantar ciyawa. Ana samun ruwan sama ne kawai daga watan Yuni zuwa Satumba.

Yawan Jama'a da Kabilu

A cewar ƙidayar jama'a ta cikin shekara ta 2006, Kukawa na da yawan mutane kusan 203,864. Kabilar da ta fi yawa a yankin ita ce Kanuri, sai wasu ƙananan kabilu da ke zaune a yankin.

Tattalin Arziki

Tattalin arzikin Kukawa ya ta’allaka ne da noma, kiwo, da kuma kamun kifi. Saboda kusancinta da Tabkin Chadi, kamun kifi ya kasance sana'a ta dogaro da jama'a. Haka kuma, ana samun cinikayya tsakanin Najeriya da ƙasashen da ke makwabtaka da ita kamar Chadi da Nijar.

Sai dai a ‘yan shekarun baya, hare-haren ‘yan ta’adda na Boko Haram sun kawo cikas ga yawancin harkokin tattalin arziki, wanda hakan ya janyo tarin matsalolin jin kai da ƙaura daga yankin.

Manazarta

Wannan Muƙalar guntuwa ce: tana buƙatar a inganta ta, kuna iya gyara ta.

↑ Gronenborn, Detlef (2001). "Kanem-Borno: A Brief Summary of the History and Archaeology of an Empire of the Central bilad al-sudan". West Africa During the Atlantic Slave Trade: Archaeological Perspectives. Bloomsbury. p. 119. ISBN 978-1-4742-9104-0.
↑ Kemper, Steve (2012). Labyrinth of Kingdoms: 10,000 Miles Through Islamic Africa. New York: W. W. Norton. pp. 137–152. ISBN 978-0-393-07966-1.
1 2 3 4 5 Ladan, Usman (2018). "Twin cities in African history: A comparative analysis of the 19th and 20th century capitals of Borno". Twin Cities: Urban Communities, Borders and Relationships over Time. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-59868-2.
1 2 3 4 5 Brenner, Louis (1973). The Shehus of Kukawa: a history of the Al-Kanemi dynasty of Bornu. Clarendon Press. pp. 30–36, 48–53, 64–66, 70. ISBN 978-0-19-821681-0.
↑ Cohen, Ronald; Brenner, Louis (1974). Ajayi, J.F.A.; Crowder, Michael (eds.). Bornu in the nineteenth century, in History of West Africa, Volume Two. Great Britain: Longman Group Ltd. pp. 102–104. ISBN 0231037384.
↑ J. D. Fage, ed. (1985). The Cambridge History of Africa, Volume 6. Cambridge University Press. p. 16. ISBN 9780521228039. Retrieved June 3, 2014.
1 2 3 4 Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Kuka" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge

[1] Gronenborn, Detlef (2001). "Kanem-Borno: A Brief Summary of the History and Archaeology of an Empire of the Central bilad al-sudan". West Africa During the Atlantic Slave Trade: Archaeological Perspectives. Bloomsbury. p. 119. ISBN 978-1-4742-9104-0.

[2] Kemper, Steve (2012). Labyrinth of Kingdoms: 10,000 Miles Through Islamic Africa. New York: W. W. Norton. pp. 137–152. ISBN 978-0-393-07966-1.

[:1-3] 1 2 3 4 5 Ladan, Usman (2018). "Twin cities in African history: A comparative analysis of the 19th and 20th century capitals of Borno". Twin Cities: Urban Communities, Borders and Relationships over Time. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-59868-2.

[:0-4] 1 2 3 4 5 Brenner, Louis (1973). The Shehus of Kukawa: a history of the Al-Kanemi dynasty of Bornu. Clarendon Press. pp. 30–36, 48–53, 64–66, 70. ISBN 978-0-19-821681-0.

[5] Cohen, Ronald; Brenner, Louis (1974). Ajayi, J.F.A.; Crowder, Michael (eds.). Bornu in the nineteenth century, in History of West Africa, Volume Two. Great Britain: Longman Group Ltd. pp. 102–104. ISBN 0231037384.

[6] J. D. Fage, ed. (1985). The Cambridge History of Africa, Volume 6. Cambridge University Press. p. 16. ISBN 9780521228039. Retrieved June 3, 2014.

[:2-7] 1 2 3 4 Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Kuka" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge

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