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Najeriya

Gyara hanyoyin mahaɗar
Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
(an turo daga Nijeriya)
Najeriya
Nijeriya (ha)
Naigeria (ig)
Nàìjíríà (yo)
Tutar ƙasar Najeriya Tambarin Najeriya
Tutar ƙasar Najeriya Tambarin Najeriya

Take Nigeria, Muna Godiya
Kirari «Unity and Faith, Peace and Progress»
«Единство и вяра, мир и прогрес»
«Good people, great nation»
«Undod a Ffydd, Heddwch a Chynnydd»
Official symbol (en) Fassara Costus spectabilis (mul) Fassara
Suna saboda Nijar
Wuri
Map
 9°N 8°E / 9°N 8°E / 9; 8
Babban birni Abuja
Yawan mutane
Faɗi 211,400,708 (2021)
• Yawan mutane 228.85 mazaunan/km²
Harshen gwamnati Turanci
Labarin ƙasa
Bangare na Afirka ta Yamma
Yawan fili 923,768 km²
Wuri a ina ko kusa da wace teku Tekun Atalanta
Wuri mafi tsayi Chappal Waddi (2,419 m)
Wuri mafi ƙasa Tekun Atalanta (0 m)
Sun raba iyaka da
Benin
Nijar
Cadi
Kameru
Sao Tome da Prinsipe
Bayanan tarihi
Mabiyi Taraiyar Najeriya
Ƙirƙira 1 Oktoba 1963
Tsarin Siyasa
Tsarin gwamnati Jamhuriyar Tarayya
Majalisar zartarwa Majalisun Najeriya
Gangar majalisa Majalisar TaraiyaNn Najeriya
• Shugabani ƙasar Najeriya Bola Ahmad Tinubu (29 Mayu 2023)
Majalisar shariar ƙoli Kotun Koli Ta Najeriya
Ikonomi
Nominal GDP (en) Fassara 440,833,583,992 $ (2021)
Kuɗi Naira
Bayanan Tuntuɓa
Kasancewa a yanki na lokaci
UTC+01:00
Africa/Lagos (en) Fassara
Lokacin Yammacin Afirka
Suna ta yanar gizo .ng (mul) Fassara
Tsarin lamba ta kiran tarho +234
Lambar taimakon gaggawa *#06# da 199 (en) Fassara
Lambar ƙasa NG
Wasu abun
Yanar gizo nigeria.gov.ng
Nigeria w1 locator
tutar najeriya
manuniyar najeriya
babban birnin najeriya
crisis a najeriya
Sojan Nigeria

Najeriya; (/nadʒɪəriyə/) ko Nijeriya (/niˈdʒɪəriyə/) da (turanci: Nigeria): A Gwamnatance Tarayyar Najeriya ƙasa ce da take a Afirka ta yamma.[1][2][3] Tana da iyaka da ƙasar Nijar daga Arewa, da Chadi daga Arewa maso gabas da Kamaru daga gabas da Benin daga yamma, daga kudanci kuma tana a gaɓar Tekun Atlantika.[4][5][6] Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Najeriya ta ƙunshi Jihohi guda (36) tare da Babban Birnin Tarayya Abuja inda fadar shugaban ƙasar wato "villa" take.[7][8][9]

Abuja tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan birane a duniya.[10][11][12]

Shopping District
Shugaban Kasar Nijeriya

Najeriya ta kasance gida da dama ga ƴan asalin turawa masu mulkin mallaka, jihohin da suka mallaka tunda (BC)[13][14][15] tare da Nok Wayewa ta kasance ita ce karo na farko da Turawan mulkin mallaka suka fara mallakewa a Yammacin Africa a cikin ƙarni na sha biyar (15).[16][17][18] A zamani jihar an samo asali da Birtaniya a cikin karni na sha tara (19) yana ɗaukar yanayin na yanzu tare da haɗe yankin Kudancin Najeriya da kuma kare Arewacin Najeriya a cikin shekara ta alif dubu ɗaya da ɗari tara da goma sha huɗu (1914)[19][20][21][22] ta Lord Lugard. Ingilishi ya kafa tsarin gudanarwa da na doka yayin aiwatar da mulkin kai tsaye ta hanyar shugabannin gargajiya.[23][24][25] Najeriya, ta zama ƙasar tarayyar da ke da ƴanci kai tsaye a ranar (1)ga watan Oktoba, shekara ta alif dubu ɗaya da ɗari tara da sittin (1960).[26][27][28] Ta fuskanci yaƙin basasa daga shekara ta dubu ɗaya da ɗari tara da sittin da bakwai (1967) zuwa shekarar dubu ɗaya da ɗari tara da saba'in da bakwai (1977).[29][30][31] Sannan a biyo bayan zaɓaɓɓun gwamnatocin farar hula da mulkin kama-karya na soja, har sai an sami tabbatacciyar dimokuraɗiyya a shekara ta alif dari tara da chasa'in da tara (1999) zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na shekara ta (2015)dubu biyu da sha biyar shi ne karo na farko da shugaban ƙasa mai ci ya faɗi zaɓensa. [32][33][34]

Najeriya; tafi Ko wace kasa yawan al'umma a nahiyar Afrika, ƙasa ce Kuma mai yawan al’umma da ke zaune sama da ƙabilu guda ɗari biyu da sittin (260)[35][36][37] waɗanda ke magana da yarurruka daban daban guda ɗari biyar (500) dukkansu suna ɗauke da al'adu iri daban daban. Manyan ƙabilun guda uku su ne; Hausa – Fulani a Arewa, Yarbawa a Yamma, da kuma Igbo a gabas, waɗanda suka hada da kashi sittin (60%) na yawan mutanen. Yaren hukuma shi ne Ingilishi,[38][39][40] wanda aka zaɓa don sauƙaƙe haɗin harshe a matakin ƙasa. Tsarin mulkin Nijeriya ya tabbatar da ƴancin yin addini kuma ƙasa ce dake ɗauke da al’ummar musulmai da kirista, a lokaci guda. Najeriya ta kasu kashi biyu tsakanin musulmai, waɗanda yawanci ke zaune a arewacin ƙasar, da kuma kiristoci,[41][42][43] waɗanda yawanci ke zaune a kudancin ƙasar, tare da ƴan tsirarun da ke yin addinin asali, kamar waɗanda ke cikin ƙabilar Igbo da kuma yarbawa.[44][45][46]

Bola Ahmed Tinubu shugaban kasar na yanzu

Najeriya ,ita ce ƙasa mafi yawan mutane a Afirka kuma ƙasa ta bakwai mafi yawan mutane a duniya,[47][48][49] tare da kimanin mutane miliyan ɗari biyu da shida (2,00,000,006). Tattalin arzikinta shine mafi girma a Afirka, kuma shi ne na ashirin da shida (26)[50][51][52] mafi girma a duniya ta hanyar GDP maras faɗi, kuma na ashirin da biyar (25), mafi girma daga PPP. Najeriya galibi ana ƙiranta da "Giant of Africa", ma'ana ƙarfin Afrika saboda yawan jama'a da tattalin arziƙinta, kuma bankin duniya yana dauƙarta a matsayin kasuwa mai tasowa. Karamar yanki ce a cikin Afirka, matsakaiciyar ƙarfi a cikin al'amuran ƙasa da ƙasa, sannan kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe mafi yawan al’umma a duniya.[53][54][55] Koyaya ƙasar tana ƙasa sosai a cikin jerin ƙasashen duniya, kuma har yanzu tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe masu rashawa a duniya. Najeriya memba ce ta kafuwar tarayyar Afirka, kuma memba ce a ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa da dama, waɗanda suka haɗa da Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya, ƙungiyar ƙasashen Yammacin Africa (ECOWAS) ƙungiyar ƙasashe masu arziƙin man fetur, (OPEC) kuma memba ce na yau da kullum a gamayyar MINT, kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe goma sha ɗaya masu tashen ƙaruwan tattalin arziƙi wato "Next Eleven".[56][57][58]

Kirkira:

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Sunan Nijeriya an dauke shi daga Kogin Neja wanda ya ratsa kasar.[59][60][61] Wannan sunan ya samo asali ne a ranar takwas (8), ga watan Janairun shekara ta (1897) dan jaridar Ingila Flora Shaw, wanda daga baya ya auri Lord Lugard, mai kula da mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya.[62][63][64] Nijar da ke makwabtaka da ita sun samo sunan daga wannan kogin.[65][66][67] Asalin sunan Nijar, wanda asali ana amfani da shi ne kawai zuwa tsakiyar Kogin Neja, ba tabbas. Watakila kalmar ta canza sunan Tuareg egerew n-iger ewen da mazauna ke amfani da shi a tsakiyar kogin da ke kusa da Timbuktu kafin mulkin mallaka na Turai na karni na (19). [68][69][70]

Birnin Tarayyar Najeriya fadar Gwamnatin Shugaban kasar
Babban Birnin Tarayyar Najeriya Fadar Shugaban Kasa

Tarihi:

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Babban Bankin Nigeria.
Shugaban kasan najeriya(bola ahmad tinubu)

Tarihi, ya nuna cewar Nijeriya dadaddar kasa ce, kuma tarihi yanuna kasar na nan tun a shekara ta (500),[71][72][73] kafin haihuwar Yesu Almasihu wato Annabi Isah (A.S) a wannan lokaci suka samata suna Kasar Hausa.[74][75][76] Addinin musulunci ya shiga Kasar Hausa ne tun a karni na goma sha uku (13) miladiya.[77][78][79] a karshen karni na goma sha daya (11) zuwa tsakiyar karni na goma sha hudu (14) miladiya. Kanem Barno suka mamaye Kasar Hausa, kuma Fulani sun mamaye Kasar Hausa a farkon karni na goma sha tara (19) miladiya har zuwan Turawan Mulkin Mallaka suka mamaye Lagos a shekara ta (1881) miladiyya, ana cikin Yakin duniya na farko sai Turawan Mulkin Mallaka suka karo sojojin ruwa saboda suna tsoran Jamusawa da ke Kamaru kada sumamaye Najeriya, amma mulkin Najeriya na farko a hannun Turawan Portugal.[80][81][82] A shekara ta dubu daya da dari takwas da tamanin da biyar (1885) sai Turawan Birtaniya suka mamaye duk fadin Nijeria har zuwa Daya (1) ga watan oktoba, 1960. Nijeriya ta samu 'yancin kanta daga Turawan Biritaniya.[83][84][85]

Addinai:

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Babban Masallacin Kasa dake Abuja
    Babban Masallacin Kasa dake Abuja
    Addinin Musulunci 50%.
  • Babbar Mujama,ar Kasa dake Abuja
    Babbar Mujama,ar Kasa dake Abuja
    Addinin Kristanci 45%.
  • Sauran kashin 5% basuda kowanne irin Addini.

Tsarin Mulki:

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Muhammadu Buhari Shugaban kasar Najeriya
Muhammadu Buhari Tsohon Shugaban Najeriya.

A shekara ta (1966) zuwa shekara ta (1979) sojoji ne ke da ikon a kan kasar, a shekara ta (1979) a ka yi tsari wanda ya bawa talakawa ikon zaben gwamna. A shekara ta (1983) sojoji suka rushe wannan tsarin da juyin mulki har zuwa shekara ta (1998) bayan rasuwar Sani Abacha, sai aka dawo da tsarin mulki na dimokaradiya aka bawa talakawa ikon zaben shugaban da suke so, a shekara ta alif dubu ɗaya da dari tara da casa'in da(1999) aka yi zabe a kasa.[86][87][88]Obasanjo ya lashe zabe ya zama shugaban kasa na farko wanda talaka suka zaba, ya hau karo na biyu har zuwa shekara ta dubu biyu da bakwai (2007)a wannan shekara aka yi zabe, Umaru Yar'Aduwa ya lashe shi ne shugaban kasa a shekarar ta dubu biyu da sha daya (2011). Dukkansu sun fito daga jam'iyya daya ne, wato (jam'iyyar PDP).[89][90][91] Umaru musa yar'aduwa ya rasu a shekara ta dubu biyu da tara (2009) matemakin sa Jonathan Goodluck ebele , ya cigaba da Mulki zuwa shekara ta dubu biyu da sha daya (2011).[92][93][94] A yayin da a kayi zabe yalashe yacigaba da Mulki harzuwa she Kara ta dubu biyu da sha biyar (2015) yayin da a kayi zabe ta dubu biyu da sha biyar (2015) shugaban kasa wato General Muhammad Buhari yalashe zabe.[95][96][97] Bayan shekara Tara wato yadda dimokiradiya ta tanadar ya sauka daga gadan Mulki she Kara ta dubu biyu da (2023), yabaiwa dan jam'iyarasa wato Bola Ahmad Tunubu Wanda yanzu shiyake rike da mulkin kasar Najeriya.[7][98][99]

Jihohi:

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Jeri Sunan Jiha Babban Birnin Jiha Gwamna
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
  1. .Abia. .
  2. Adamawa.
  3. Anambra.
  4. Akwa Ibom.
  5. Bauchi .
  6. Bayelsa .
  7. Benue .
  8. Borno.
  9. Cross River.
  10. Delta.
  11. Enugu.
  12. Edo.
  13. Ebonyi.
  14. Ekiti.
  15. Filato .
  16. Gombe.
  17. Imo.
  18. Jigawa.
  19. Kano.
  20. Katsina.
  21. Kaduna.
  22. Kebbi.
  23. Kogi.
  24. Kwara.
  25. Lagos.
  26. Neja.
  27. Nasarawa.
  28. Ogun .
  29. Osun .
  30. Oyo.
  31. Ondo
  32. Rivers.
  33. Sokoto.
  34. Taraba.
  35. Yobe.
  36. Zamfara .
Hoton Taswirar Jihohin Najeriya 36 har da Babban Birnin Tarayyar Abuja
Hoton Taswirar Jihohin Najeriya 36 har da Babban Birnin Tarayyar Abuja

Babban birnin tarayya Abuja.

Yarika:

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Manyan yarika a Najeriya sune guda uku kamar haka: Harshen Hausa da Yarbanci da Inyamuranci, yaren Fulatanci ma yana daya daga cikin manyan yaruka a Najeriya.[100]

Hausa:

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Hausawa.
    Hausawa.
  • Shiga irin ta al'adar Hausawa.
    Shiga irin ta al'adar Hausawa.
  • Bahaushe.
    Bahaushe.

Ibo:

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Matsahin dan kabilar Ibo (Inyamuri) da daddare.
    Matsahin dan kabilar Ibo (Inyamuri) da daddare.
  • Mace da shiga iri ta matan Ibo.
    Mace da shiga iri ta matan Ibo.
  • Matan kabilar Ibo suna gudanar da biki a al'adarsu.
    Matan kabilar Ibo suna gudanar da biki a al'adarsu.

Yoruba:

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Yarabawa ;Sun kasance na biyu a wayanda suka fi kowa yawa a cikin kasar Najeriya,[101] suna zaune a garuruwa irin su, Legas da, Ondo da Oyo, da Osun da Kwara da kuma Kogi.

  • Taron yarabawa a wani yanki a kasar yoruba , sun sanya irin na kayan su na yarbawa.
    Taron yarabawa a wani yanki a kasar yoruba , sun sanya irin na kayan su na yarbawa.

Sauran yaruka: Sun hada da; Fulani da Ibibio da Kanuri da Tiv da Bura da Shuwa Arab daMarghi da Kare-kare da Ɓachama da Mandara da Higgi da Kilba da Kibaku da Mafa da Glavda da Jukun da Waha da Gamargu da Igala da Nufe da Idoma da Ibibio da Efik da Anang da Ekoi da Awak da Waja da Waka.

Arzikin :

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Nigeria akwai arzikin noma Dana manfetur dakumaadanu DA wassanni aladun gargajiya hakuma kasace maiasiri akuma tsafetsafe kuma mafiyawancin munen Nigeria sun yarda DA chamfi kuma suna hukuta mutane tahanyar aladun- dawasannin gargajiya ataikace Mustapha Isah gwaram jigawa state

Wasanni;

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Yan wasan kwallon mata na Najeriya.
    Yan wasan kwallon mata na Najeriya.
  • Yan wasan Najeriya a 1978.
    Yan wasan Najeriya a 1978.
  • Yan Najeriya na wasan kwallon kafa.
    Yan Najeriya na wasan kwallon kafa.
  • Mata na wasan kwallon kafa.
    Mata na wasan kwallon kafa.
  • team na wasannin mata.
    team na wasannin mata.
  • John Mikel Obi
    John Mikel Obi

Fannin tsaro.

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kimiya da Fasaha.

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Sifiri.

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Sifirin Jirgin Sama.

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Sifirin Jirgin Kasa.

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Al'adu.

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Mutane.

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Matasa sanye da kayan Fulani a lokacin biki a Arewacin Najeriya.

Yaruka.

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Abinci.

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tufafi.

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ilimi.

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Addinai.

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Musulunci.

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kiristanci.

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Hotuna.

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Manazarta.

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ The countries with the 10 largest Christian populations and the 10 largest Muslim populations". Pew Research Center. April 2019. Archived from the original on 18 January 2021. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
  2. ↑ Nigeria Fact Sheet" (PDF). United States Embassy in Nigeria. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 October 2020. Retrieved 23 September 2018.
  3. ↑ Nigeria: The African giant". The Round Table. 50 (197): 55–63. 1959. doi:10.1080/00358535908452221. ISSN 0035-8533.
  4. ↑ Online Etymological Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Archived from the original on 2 July 2017. Retrieved 28 July 2014
  5. ↑ Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) – The Nuclear Threat Initiative". Archived from the original on 19 October 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2021.
  6. ↑ Kperogi, Farooq A. "Natasha H. Akpoti's Wildly Inaccurate History of Nigeria". Notes From Atlanta. Archived from the original on 11 August 2023. Retrieved 11 August 2023.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 http://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/unep-ogoniland-oil-assessment-reveals-extent-environmental-contamination-and
  8. ↑ https://www.greenleft.org.au/content/shell%E2%80%99s-nigeria-ecocide-creating-refugee-crisis,%20https://www.greenleft.org.au/content/shell%E2%80%99s-nigeria-ecocide-creating-refugee-crisis[permanent dead link]
  9. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20141205124719/http://www.punchng.com/news/us-sends-medical-experts-to-study-how-nigeria-contained-ebola/
  10. ↑ Muhammadu Buhari
  11. ↑ Tylecote 1975 (see below)
  12. ↑ Eggert, Manfred (2014). "Early iron in West and Central Africa". In Breunig, P (ed.). Nok: African Sculpture in Archaeological Context. Frankfurt, Germany: Africa Magna Verlag Press. pp. 51–59.
  13. ↑ Holl, Augustin F. C. (June 2020). "The Origins of African Metallurgies". Oxford Research Encyclopedias. 22 (4): 12–13. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190854584.013.63. ISBN 9780190854584. OCLC 7869925414.
  14. ↑ Eggert, Manfred (2014). "Early iron in West and Central Africa". In Breunig, P (ed.). Nok: African Sculpture in Archaeological Context. Frankfurt, Germany: Africa Magna Verlag Press. pp. 53–54. ISBN 9783937248462.
  15. ↑ Breunig, Peter. 2014. Nok: African Sculpture in Archaeological Context: p. 21.
  16. ↑ Nicole Rupp, Peter Breunig & Stefanie Kahlheber, "Exploring the Nok Enigma Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine", Antiquity 82.316, June 2008.
  17. ↑ Eze–Uzomaka, Pamela. "Iron and its influence on the prehistoric site of Lejja". Academia.edu. University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria. Archived from the original on 6 December 2020. Retrieved 12 December 2014.
  18. ↑ Hrbek, Ivan (1992). Africa from the seventh to the eleventh Century. James Currey Publishers. p. 254. ISBN 978-0-85255-093-9.
  19. ↑ Uzukwu, E. Elochukwu (1997). Worship as Body Language. Liturgical Press. p. 93. ISBN 978-0-8146-6151-2. Archived from the original on 27 June 2024. Retrieved 27 June 2024
  20. ↑ The Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria" (PDF). 1963. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 August 2021.
  21. ↑ MacDonald, Fiona; Paren, Elizabeth; Shillington, Kevin; Stacey, Gillian; Steele, Philip (2000). Peoples of Africa, Volume 1. Marshall Cavendish. p. 385. ISBN 978-0-7614-7158-5.
  22. ↑ Laitin, David D. (1986). Hegemony and culture: politics and religious change among the Yoruba. University of Chicago Press. p. 111. ISBN 978-0-226-46790-0.
  23. ↑ Achebe, Nwando, 1970-. The female king of colonial Nigeria : Ahebi Ugbabe. Bloomington. ISBN 978-0-253-00507-6. OCLC 707092916.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  24. ↑ Falola, Toyin; Genova, Ann (2009). Historical Dictionary of Nigeria. Scarecrow Press. p. 328. ISBN 978-0-8108-6316-3. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
  25. ↑ Falola, Toyin; Paddock, Adam (2012). Environment and Economics in Nigeria. Routledge. p. 78. ISBN 978-1-136-66247-8. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
  26. ↑ Falola, Toyin, and Matthew M. Heaton, A History of Nigeria (2008), pp. 85–109
  27. ↑ Peterson, Derek R., ed., Abolitionism and imperialism in Britain, Africa, and the Atlantic (Ohio University Press, 2010).
  28. ↑ Falola, Toyin, and Matthew M. Heaton, A History of Nigeria (2008), pp. 85–109.
  29. ↑ Adam, Abba Idris, "Re-inventing Islamic Civilization in the Sudanic Belt: The Role of Sheikh Usman Dan Fodio." Journal of Modern Education Review 4.6 (2014): 457–465. online Archived 15 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine
  30. ↑ "Nigeria – CIA World Factbook 2019" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
  31. ↑ Slow death slavery course abolition northern Nigeria 18971936 | Regional history after 1500". Cambridge University Press. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2020.
  32. ↑ https://www.theguardian.com/society/2015/may/29/outlawing-fgm-nigeria-hugely-important-precedent-say-campaigners
  33. ↑ "Buhari wins historic election landslide". Reuters (in Turanci). 2015-03-31. Retrieved 2020-05-25.
  34. ↑ Udofia, O.E. (1981). "Nigerian Political Parties: Their Role in Modernizing the Political System, 1920–1966". Journal of Black Studies. 11 (4): 435–447. doi:10.1177/002193478101100404. JSTOR 2784073. S2CID 143073983.
  35. ↑ Juang, Richard M. (2008). Africa and the Americas: culture, politics, and history: a multidisciplinary encyclopedia, Volume 2. ABC-CLIO. p. 597. ISBN 978-1-85109-441-7.
  36. ↑ Hrbek, Ivan (1992). Africa from the seventh to the eleventh Century. James Currey Publishers. p. 254. ISBN 978-0-85255-093-9.
  37. ↑ Eze–Uzomaka, Pamela. "Iron and its influence on the prehistoric site of Lejja". Academia.edu. University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria. Archived from the original on 6 December 2020. Retrieved 12 December 2014.
  38. ↑ Uzukwu, E. Elochukwu (1997). Worship as Body Language. Liturgical Press. p. 93. ISBN 978-0-8146-6151-2. Archived from the original on 27 June 2024. Retrieved 27 June 2024
  39. ↑ Laitin, David D. (1986). Hegemony and culture: politics and religious change among the Yoruba. University of Chicago Press. p. 111. ISBN 978-0-226-46790-0.
  40. ↑ Falola, Toyin; Heaton, Matthew M. (2008). A History of Nigeria. Cambridge University Press. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-521-68157-5.
  41. ↑ MacDonald, Fiona; Paren, Elizabeth; Shillington, Kevin; Stacey, Gillian; Steele, Philip (2000). Peoples of Africa, Volume 1. Marshall Cavendish. p. 385. ISBN 978-0-7614-7158-5.
  42. ↑ Falola, Toyin, and Matthew M. Heaton, A History of Nigeria (2008), pp. 85–109.
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