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Neja (kogi)

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Neja
General information
Height above mean sea level (en) Fassara 200 m
Tsawo 4,180 km
Labarin ƙasa
Tsarin Daidaiton Labarin Kasa 9°05′50″N 10°40′58″W / 9.0972°N 10.6828°W / 9.0972; -10.6828
Kasa Benin, Gine, Mali, Nijar da Najeriya
Hydrography (en) Fassara
Tributary (en) Fassara
Watershed area (en) Fassara 2,117,700 km²
Ruwan ruwa Niger basin (en) Fassara
Tabkuna Tafkin Kainji
River source (en) Fassara Fouta Djallon
River mouth (en) Fassara Tekun Guinea
Kogin Neja a Kulikoro, Mali.
Harkar kasuwanci a garin Boubon na bakin kogin neja a Jamhuriyar Nojar.
Wani masunci mai kamun kifi a Kogin Neja
Kogin Neja da gadar Lokoja a Najeriya.
kogin neja

Kogin Neja ,wasu kan kirashi da Kogin Nijar yana da tsawon kilomita 4,180. Zurfinsa arba'in kilomita 2,117,700,a kasa. Matsakaicin ,saurinsa 5,589 m3/s wanda ya bambanta daga saurin 500 m3/s zuwa 27,600 m3/s.[1] Mafarinsa daga tsaunukan [Gine], a kudu maso gabashin Gine. Ƙananan rafufukanta su ne kamar ire irensu kogin Bani, kogin Sokoto, kogin Kaduna da na kogin [[Benue (kogi)|Benuwe] ya bi cikin Mali, Nijar da Najeriya zuwa, Tekun Atalanta wanda ya bi Neja Delta. Waɗannan biranen na samuwa a gefen kogin Neja: Tembakounda, Bamako, Timbuktu, Niamey.[2]

Tarihin suna

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Farkon amfani da sunan "Niger" ga kogin shine Leo Africanus[3] a cikin Della ya kwatanta dell'Africa et delle cose notabili che ivi sono, wanda aka buga a Italiyanci a 1550. Ko wannan kogin daidai yake da na ainihin Nijar, ko kuma kogin da aka fi sani da Ger (wanda a yanzu ake kira Oued Guir, a kasar Maroko), lamari ne na tattaunawa.[4] An ce wannan Nigris ya raba "Afrika daidai" daga ƙasar Habasha (Yamma) zuwa kudu, kuma sunansa (da na kogin Ger) zai iya fitowa daga kalmar Berber gr-n-grwn ma'ana "kogin koguna", a matsayin sunan Abzinawa na yanzu ga kogin Nijar.[5] Kamar yadda Timbuktu ya kasance ƙarshen kudancin babban hanyar kasuwanci ta Trans-Sahara zuwa yammacin Bahar Rum, ita ce tushen yawancin ilimin Turai na yankin.

Taswirorin tsakiyar Turai sun yi amfani da sunan Nijar zuwa tsakiyar kogin, a kasar Mali ta zamani, amma Quorra (Kworra) zuwa kasa a Najeriya ta zamani, saboda ba a san wadannan a matsayin kogi daya ba.[6] Lokacin da turawan mulkin mallaka suka fara aika jiragen ruwa zuwa gabar tekun yammacin Afirka a karni na 16 da 17, kogin Senegal yakan kasance bakin tekun Nijar. Yankin Neja-Delta, wanda ke kwarara cikin Tekun Atlantika ta cikin dazukan mangrove da kuma dubban wuraren rarrabawa sama da kilomita 160 (mita 100), ana kyautata zaton wuraren dausayi ne na bakin teku. Sai da ziyarce-ziyarcen dajin Mungo na karni na 18, wanda ya ratsa kogin Neja, ya ziyarci manyan daulolin Sahel na zamaninsa, Turawa sun gano yadda ake tafiyar da Nijer daidai kuma suka fadada sunan har tsawonsa.

Kasashe na zamani na Najeriya da Nijar sun dauki sunayensu daga kogin, wanda ke nuna adawa da ikirarin kasa da turawan mulkin mallaka suka yi na kogin "na sama", "ƙananan" da "tsakiyar" kogin Niger a lokacin Scramble for Africa a karshen karni na 19.

Yanayi

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A wani yanki na yankin Sahel na yammacin Afirka, kogin Niger na da yanayi mai zafi mai tsananin zafi a duk shekara; dogon lokacin rani mai tsanani daga Oktoba zuwa Mayu; da ɗan gajeren lokacin damina ba bisa ka'ida ba wanda ke da alaƙa da damina ta yammacin Afirka.[7]

Geography

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Babban lankwasa kogin Neja, wanda ake gani daga sararin samaniya, yana haifar da koren baka ta cikin ruwan sahel da Savanna. Koren da ke gefen hagu shine Neja Delta na ciki, kuma a gefen hagu akwai magudanar ruwa na kogin Senegal.

Gidajen laka a tsakiyar tsibiri a tafkin Debo, wani yanki mai fadi na kogin Niger

Kogin Neja wani kogi ne mai tsafta, wanda ke dauke da kashi goma kawai kamar na Nilu saboda kogin Neja yana kwance a cikin tsaffin duwatsu wadanda ke samar da ciyayi kadan.[8] Kamar kogin Nilu, Nijar na cika shekara; wannan yana farawa a watan Satumba, ya kai kololuwa a watan Nuwamba, kuma yana ƙarewa a watan Mayu.[9] Wani abin da ba a saba gani ba a kogin shi ne yankin Neja Delta na ciki, wanda ke samuwa inda saurinsa ke raguwa kwatsam.[10] Sakamakon haka shi ne yanki na koguna da aka yi wa ado, da marshes, da manyan tafkuna; Ambaliyar ruwan sama ta sa Delta ta yi amfani sosai wajen kamun kifi da noma.[11]

Kogin ya yi hasarar kusan kashi biyu bisa uku na yuwuwar kwararowar sa a cikin Delta na cikin gida tsakanin Ségou da Timbuktu don ratsawa da ƙafewa. Ruwan kogin Bani, wanda ke kwararowa cikin Delta a Mopti, ba ya biyan asarar da aka yi. Matsakaicin hasarar da aka kiyasta shine 31 km3 / shekara amma ya bambanta sosai tsakanin shekaru.[12] Sannan kogin yana hade da magudanan ruwa daban-daban amma kuma ya rasa karin ruwan da zai kwashe. An kiyasta yawan ruwan da ke shiga Najeriya ya kai kilomita 25 a kowace shekara kafin shekarun 1980 da kuma kilomita 13.5 a kowace shekara a shekarun 1980.

Babban magudanar ruwa shi ne kogin Benue wanda ya hade da Nijar a Lokoja a Najeriya. Jimillar adadin magudanan ruwa a Nijeriya ya ninka sau shida fiye da wanda ke shigowa Nijeriya, inda magudanar ruwa a kusa da bakin kogin ya kai kilomita 177.0 a kowace shekara kafin shekarun 1980 da 147.3 km3 a kowace shekara a shekarun 1980.[13]

Hakika

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Taswirar Nijar, tana nuna magudanar ruwa da "Delta na cikin gida"

Nijar na daukar daya daga cikin hanyoyin da ba a saba gani ba na kowane babban kogi, siffar boomerang da ta daure ma masana ilmin kasa mamaki tsawon karni biyu. Tushensa (Tembakounda) yana da nisan kilomita 240 (150 mi) daga ciki daga Tekun Atlantika, amma kogin yana gudu kai tsaye daga teku zuwa cikin hamadar Sahara, sannan ya bi ta hannun dama kusa da tsohon birnin Timbuktu kuma ya nufi kudu maso gabas zuwa gabar tekun Guinea. Wannan bakon labarin kasa ya samo asali ne saboda kogin Neja tsohon koguna biyu ne da suka hade waje guda. Ƙasar Nijar daga maɓuɓɓugar yamma da Timbuktu zuwa lanƙwasa a cikin kogin na yanzu kusa da Timbuktu, ya taɓa zubar da ruwa zuwa wani busasshiyar tafki a arewa maso gabas da Timbuktu, yayin da ta ƙasan Nijar ta fara zuwa kudancin Timbuktu kuma ta bi ta kudu zuwa mashigin tekun Guinea. Tsawon lokaci da zaizayar kasa daga cikin kasa na Nijar ya haifar da kame yankin na sama da Nijer ta kasa.[14]

Yankin arewacin kogin da aka fi sani da nijar lankwasa, yanki ne mai muhimmanci domin shi ne babban kogi kuma tushen ruwa a wannan yanki na sahara. Wannan ya sanya ta zama cibiyar kasuwanci a yammacin Sahara da kuma tsakiyar daular Sahel ta Mali da Gao. Yankin Kogin Niger da ke kewaye da shi yana daya daga cikin sassa daban-daban na ilimin halittar jiki na lardin Sudan, wanda kuma wani bangare ne na babban bangaren ilimin halittar jiki na Afirka

Hanyar ruwa

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Kogin Neja, dake yammacin Afirka, ya mamaye kashi 7.5% na nahiyar, kuma ya yadu a kasashe goma.

History

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A karshen lokacin danshi na Afirka kimanin shekaru 5,500 kafin yanzu, hamadar Sahara ta zamani, wacce ta taba zama savanna, ta fuskanci kwararowar hamada.[15] Yayin da nau'in shuka ke raguwa sosai,[16] mutane sun yi ƙaura zuwa yankin lanƙwasa mai albarka kogin Neja, tare da albarkatu masu yawa da suka haɗa da tsire-tsire na kiwo da kifi.[17] Kamar a cikin Crescent mai albarka, yawancin amfanin gonakin abinci ana noman su a yankin kogin Neja, da suka haɗa da dawa, shinkafar Afirka (Oryza glaberrima), da gero lu'u-lu'u.[18] Ƙila ƙazamar Sahara ta iya jawo, ko aƙalla ta ƙara haɓaka, waɗannan gidaje. Noma, da kuma kamun kifi da kiwo, sun haifar da haɓakar ƙauyuka irin su Djenné-Djenno a cikin Delta Inner, wanda yanzu ya zama Gidan Tarihi na Duniya.[19]

Yankin Nijar na lankwasa, a yankin Sahel, ya kasance mahimmiyar asali da kuma manufa ta kasuwanci tsakanin sahara, wanda ya haifar da arzikin manyan dauloli irin su Ghana, Mali, da daular Songhai. Manyan tashar jiragen ruwa na kasuwanci a gefen kogin, ciki har da Timbuktu da Gao, sun zama cibiyoyin koyo da al'adu. Har ila yau ciniki a yankin lankwasa na Nijar ya kawo addinin Musulunci a yankin a kusan karni na 14 miladiyya. Galibin yankin arewacin Nijar ya kasance musulmi a yau, duk da cewa kudancin kogin ya zama Kirista.

Rubuce-rubucen gargajiya game da ciki na Sahara sun fara da Ptolemy, wanda ya ambaci koguna biyu a cikin hamada: “Gir” (Γειρ)[20][21] da kuma nisa zuwa kudu, “Nigir” (Νιγειρ)[22][23]. Na farko tun lokacin da aka gano shi da Wadi Ghir a arewa maso yammacin gefen Tuat, tare da iyakokin Maroko da Aljeriya na zamani.[24][25] Wataƙila wannan ya kasance kamar yadda Ptolemy zai kasance yana da daidaitattun bayanai. Wataƙila Ni-Ger ya kasance hasashe, kodayake sunan ya makale kamar na kogin kudu da “sanannen duniya” na Bahar Rum. Suetonius ya ba da rahoton cewa Romawa suna tafiya zuwa "Ger", ko da yake a cikin rahoton duk wani sunan kogin da aka samo daga harshen Berber, wanda "gher" yana nufin "marar ruwa", rudani na iya tasowa cikin sauƙi.[26] Pliny ya haɗu da waɗannan koguna guda biyu a matsayin ruwa mai tsayi guda ɗaya wanda ke gudana (ta tafkuna da sassan ƙasa) zuwa cikin kogin Nilu,[27] ra'ayi wanda ya ci gaba a cikin duniyar Larabawa da Turai - kuma ya kara da cewa kogin Senegal a matsayin "Ger" - har zuwa karni na 19.

Yayin da ake kyautata zaton al'ummar kasar sun san hakikanin tafarkin Nijar, hakan ya kasance wani sirri ga kasashen waje har zuwa karshen karni na 18. An danganta alaka da kogin Nilu ba don kawai a lokacin ake kiran wannan babban kogin “Aethiopia” (wanda duk wasu kasashen da ke kudu da hamada ke kiransa da shi ta hanyar marubutan gargajiya), amma saboda kogin Nilu kamar Nijar yana ambaliya duk lokacin rani.[28] Ta hanyar kwatancin Leo Africanus da ma Ibn Battuta - duk da ziyarar da ya yi a kogin - tatsuniyar da ta danganta Nijar da kogin Nilu ta ci gaba.

Yawancin balaguron da Turawa suka yi don shirya kogin bai yi nasara ba.[29] A shekara ta 1788 aka kafa kungiyar Afirka a Ingila don inganta binciken Afirka da fatan gano Nijar, kuma a watan Yuni 1796 mai binciken Mungo Park na Scotland shi ne Bature na farko da ya sa ido kan tsakiyar kogin tun zamanin da (kuma watakila har abada). Ya rubuta asusu a cikin 1799, Travels in the Interior of Africa.[30] Park ta ba da shawarar cewa Nijar da Kongo kogi ɗaya ne. Duk da cewa yankin Neja-Delta zai zama tamkar dan takara ne a fili, sai ga shi wani magudanar ruwa da fadama da ba su yi kama da kan babban kogi ba. Ya rasu a shekara ta 1806 a wani balaguro na biyu yana ƙoƙarin tabbatar da haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Nijar da Kongo.[31] Ka'idar ta zama jagora a Turai.[48] An yi balaguro da yawa da suka gaza; duk da haka sirrin Nijar ba zai sake warwarewa ba har tsawon shekaru 25, a shekara ta 1830, lokacin da Richard Lander da dan uwansa suka zama Turawa na farko da suka bi tafarkin Nijar zuwa teku.[32]

A cikin 1946, Faransawa uku Jean Sauvy, Pierre Ponty da mai shirya fina-finai Jean Rouch, tsoffin ma'aikatan gwamnati a yankin Faransanci na Afirka, sun shirya tafiya gabaɗayan kogin, kamar yadda babu wanda ya yi a baya. Sun yi tafiya daga farkon kogin kusa da Kissidougou a Guinea, suna tafiya da farko har a yi amfani da rafi, sannan suka canza zuwa sana'o'in gida daban-daban yayin da kogin ya fadada kuma ya canza. Biyu daga cikinsu sun isa teku a ranar 25 ga Maris, 1947, tare da Ponty ya bar balaguro a Yamai, da ɗan wuce rabin lokaci. Sun ɗauki kyamarar fim ɗin mm 16, sakamakon sakamakon fim ɗin ya ba wa Rouch tatsuniyoyi na farko na kabilanci guda biyu: "Au Pays des mages noirs", da "La chasse à l'hippopotame". An yi amfani da kyamara don kwatanta littafin Rouch na gaba "Le Niger En Pirogue" (Fernand Nathan, 1954), da kuma "Descente du Niger" na Sauvy (L'Harmattan, 2001). An kuma kawo na’urar buga rubutu, wanda Ponty ya fitar da labaran jaridu da yake aikawa a duk lokacin da zai yiwu.[33]

Hanyoyin ciniki da mahimmancin muhalli

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Jijiyoyin kasuwanci

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Kogin Neja a tarihi ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan magudanan ruwa a yammacin Afirka, wanda ya zama babbar hanyar sufuri, sadarwa da kasuwanci. Kogin ya shimfiɗa sama da kilomita 4,180 (mil 2,600), kogin ya haɗu da yankuna daban-daban na muhalli waɗanda suka fito daga tsaunukan Guinea zuwa Sahel da Tekun Atlantika. Sassansa na kewayawa sun ba da damar zirga-zirgar mutane da kayayyaki ta nisa mai nisa tun kafin haɓaka hanyoyin zamani da layin dogo.Reader, John (1998).[34]

Al'ummomin da ke gefen kogin sun haɓaka hanyoyin sadarwar kasuwanci masu yawa waɗanda suka haɗa yankunan noma na cikin ƙasa tare da cibiyoyin kasuwanci da kasuwannin bakin teku. Kwalekwale da sauran jiragen ruwa na jigilar kayan amfanin gona, kifi, dabbobi, tukwane, masaku, da kayayyakin da aka kera a tsakanin matsugunai. Harkokin sufurin kogi ya kasance mafi inganci fiye da tafiye-tafiye na kan ƙasa, musamman a lokacin damina lokacin da hanyoyi suka yi wuyar tafiya. Encyclopedia Britannica. "Kogin Niger."

Gudunmawa a cikin hanyar sadarwar cinikayya ta sahara

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Kogin Neja yana da nasaba sosai da hanyoyin kasuwanci da ke ƙetare sahara da suka haɗa Afirka ta Yamma da Arewacin Afirka da duniyar Bahar Rum. Tun daga farkon karni na farko AZ, 'yan kasuwa sun yi amfani da kogin don jigilar kayayyaki zuwa kuma daga garuruwan ayari da ke gefen kudancin hamadar Sahara.[35]

Zinariya daga yankunan dazuzzukan Afirka ta Yamma, ana jigilar su ta cikin Basin Neja zuwa cibiyoyin kasuwanci inda ake yin musayar gishiri, masaku, tagulla, dawakai da kayan alatu da aka kawo ta hamadar Sahara. Haka kuma kogin ya saukaka zirga-zirgar goro, giwaye, fata, hatsi, da bayi a lokuta daban-daban na tarihi.[36]

Haɗin kai tsakanin zirga-zirgar kogi da hanyoyin ayarin hamada ya canza birane da yawa zuwa manyan cibiyoyin kasuwanci da ilimi. 'Yan kasuwa, malamai, mahajjata da shugabannin siyasa sun yi amfani da waɗannan hanyoyin don musayar ba kawai kaya ba har ma da ra'ayoyi, imani na addini da ayyukan al'adu.

Ci gaban daulolin yammacin Afirka ta Tsakiya

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Kogin Neja ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen bullowa da wadatar wasu daga cikin manyan kasashen Afirka da suka yi tasiri kafin mulkin mallaka. Masarautar Ghana ta sami fa'ida a kaikaice daga hanyoyin kasuwanci da ke da alaƙa da kogin, yayin da daulolin Mali da Songhai ke gudanar da iko kai tsaye a kan wasu yankuna na kwarin Nijar.[37]

A karkashin daular Mali, cinikin koguna ya ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban tattalin arziki tare da tallafawa manyan cibiyoyin birane kamar Timbuktu da Djenné. Shahararren mai mulki Mansa Musa ya yi amfani da kudaden shiga da ake samu ta hanyar kasuwanci wajen karfafa masarautu da tallafawa ilimin addinin Musulunci.

Daga baya Masarautar Songhai ta fadada ikonta a kan mafi yawan layin kogin Neja. Babban birninta, Gao, ya zama babbar cibiyar siyasa da kasuwanci, yayin da sufurin kogi ke sauƙaƙe sarrafa gudanarwa da motsin soja a duk faɗin daular.

Manyan cibiyoyin ciniki

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Garuruwa da dama dake gefen kogin Neja sun zama fitattun cibiyoyin kasuwanci da al'adu.[38][39]

Timbuktu

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Da yake kusa da arewacin kogin Neja, Timbuktu ya zama babbar cibiyar kasuwanci da ilimi. ‘Yan kasuwa daga sassa na Afirka da na wajen sun taru a wurin don yin musayar kaya, yayin da malamai suka ba da gudummawa wajen ganin birnin ya zama cibiyar koyar da ilimin addinin Musulunci.

Djenné

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Djenné ya fito a matsayin garin kasuwa mai albarka da ke kusa da yankin Neja Delta. Wurin da yake da mahimmanci ya ba 'yan kasuwa damar haɗa kasuwancin kogi tare da hanyoyin ayari na kan tudu. Birnin ya yi suna wajen kasuwancin zinari, gishiri, shinkafa, da sauran kayayyaki.

Gao

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Gao ya kasance muhimmiyar cibiyar siyasa da tattalin arziki a lokacin Songhai. Wurin da birnin yake a kogin Neja ya sa ya zama muhimmin wurin musayar kasuwanci da gudanar da harkokin yanki.

Muhimmancin muhalli

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Kogin Neja na daya daga cikin muhimman tsare-tsaren muhalli na Afirka. Basinsa ya kai kusan murabba'in kilomita miliyan 2.1 kuma yana tallafawa fiye da mutane miliyan 130 a cikin ƙasashe da yawa.

Kogin yana samar da ruwa don amfanin gida, ban ruwa, masana'antu, kamun kifi, sufuri, da samar da makamashi. Miliyoyin mutane sun dogara kai tsaye kan albarkatunta don rayuwarsu, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama daya daga cikin tsarin kogin da ke da muhimmanci a fannin tattalin arziki da muhalli a nahiyar.

Neja Delta na cikin gida

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Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi dacewa da yanayin kogin shine yankin Neja Delta na ciki a Mali. Yana rufe har zuwa murabba'in kilomita 30,000 a lokacin kololuwar lokuttan ambaliyar ruwa, yankin delta ya ƙunshi ciyayi mai dausayi, filayen ambaliya, tafkuna, da tashoshi waɗanda ke tallafawa keɓaɓɓen bambancin halittu.[40]

Ambaliyar ruwa ta kowace shekara tana cika ƙasa da kayan abinci mai gina jiki, tana ci gaba da noman shinkafa, kuma tana haifar da matsuguni ga nau'ikan kifi da yawa. Yankin delta kuma yana tallafawa ɗimbin yawan tsuntsaye masu ƙaura da ke tafiya tsakanin Turai da Afirka.[41]

Kamun kifi da wadatar abinci

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Kogin Neja na tallafa wa daya daga cikin masana'antun kamun kifi na cikin gida da ke da amfani a Afirka. Dubban al'ummomin kamun kifi sun dogara da kogin don samun aikin yi da abinci. Ana girbe nau'o'in nau'o'in nau'in kifi kamar kifi, tilapia, perch Nile, da damisa a ko'ina cikin rafin.[42]

Kifi daga Nijar ya zama muhimmin tushen furotin ga mazauna yankin kuma yana ba da gudummawa sosai ga samar da abinci a yankin. Ana ci gaba da aiwatar da hanyoyin kamun kifi na gargajiya da aka ƙera tsawon ƙarni tare da dabarun zamani.

Dabbobin halittu da namun daji

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Kogin Neja ya ƙunshi wurare daban-daban da suka haɗa da ciyayi mai dausayi, savannas, dazuzzuka, filayen ambaliya, da muhallin mangrove. Waɗannan wuraren zama suna tallafawa ɗaruruwan nau'in kifaye, dabbobi masu rarrafe, amphibians, tsuntsaye, da dabbobi masu shayarwa.[43]

Yankin Neja-Delta a Najeriya ya ƙunshi daya daga cikin mafi girma a cikin yanayin yanayin mangrove a Afirka kuma yana ba da mahimman wuraren kiwo don kifaye da halittun ruwa. Yawancin nau'in tsuntsaye masu ƙaura suna dogara ne akan wuraren dausayin kogin a lokacin ƙaura na yanayi.[44]

Kalubalen muhalli

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Duk da mahimmancin muhalli da tattalin arziki, kogin Neja na fuskantar matsi na muhalli. Haɓaka yawan jama'a, ƙauyuka, ayyukan masana'antu, gina madatsun ruwa, gurɓataccen ruwa, sare dazuzzuka, da sauyin yanayi sun canza yanayin kwararar yanayi kuma sun shafi ingancin ruwa.

Sassan yanayi ya taimaka wajen lokacin fari da rage ambaliya a wasu yankuna, yana barazana ga aikin noma, kamun kifi, da kuma yanayin damina. Bugu da kari, gurbacewar mai da gurbacewar muhalli a yankin Neja-Delta ya yi illa ga nau’ukan halittu da kuma rayuwar jama’a.[45]

Karewa da haɗin gwiwar yanki

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kasashen yankin Neja sun ba da hadin kai ta hannun hukumar kula da rafin Neja (NBA), wata kungiya ce mai zaman kanta da aka kafa domin bunkasa sarrafa albarkatun kogin. Hukumar tana daidaita ayyukan da suka shafi kula da ruwa, kare muhalli, haɓaka wutar lantarki, da haɗin gwiwar tattalin arzikin yanki.[46]

Shirye-shiryen kiyayewa sun fi mayar da hankali kan kare ciyayi mai dausayi, maido da gurbatattun halittu, inganta ingancin ruwa, da tabbatar da dorewar amfani da kamun kifi da albarkatun noma. Wadannan yunƙurin suna da mahimmanci don kiyaye mutuncin muhalli da darajar tattalin arzikin kogin Neja ga al'ummomi masu zuwa.[47]

Gudanarwa da haɓakawa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ruwan da ke cikin kogin Neja ana sarrafa shi ta hanyar madatsun ruwa. A Mali ana amfani da madatsar ruwa ta Sélingué da ke kogin Sankarani don samar da wutar lantarki amma kuma tana ba da izinin ban ruwa. Ana amfani da madatsun ruwa na karkatar da madatsun ruwa guda biyu, daya a Sotuba kusa da Bamako, daya kuma a Markala, kusa da magudanar Ségou, ana amfani da shi wajen ban ruwa kimanin hekta 54,000.[48] A Najeriya ana amfani da Dam din Kainji, Dam Shiroro, Dam Zungeru, da Jebba Dam don samar da wutar lantarki.

Matsalolin ruwan kogin Neja na fuskantar matsin lamba saboda karuwar tauye ruwa don ban ruwa. Ana ci gaba da aikin gina madatsun ruwa na samar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar samar da wutar lantarki da za a yi amfani da su domin magance matsalar karancin wutar lantarki da ake fama da shi a kasashen da ke gabar ruwan Niger.[49] Hukumar ta FAO ta yi kiyasin yawan noman noman da dukkanin kasashen da ke cikin kogin Nijar za su iya noma a hekta miliyan 2.8. Kadada 0.93m (ha) ne kawai ke ƙarƙashin ban ruwa a ƙarshen 1980s. An kiyasta yawan amfanin noman da ya kai mita 1.68 a Najeriya 0.56m ha a kasar Mali, kuma yankin da ake noman noman shi ne 0.67m ha da 0.19m ha.[50]

Bayanan kula

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Matsakaicin shekara-shekara: 9,275 m³/s (1921-1985)[6]
  • Matsakaicin shekara-shekara: 7,000 m³/s (1914-1957)[9]
  • Matsakaicin shekara-shekara: 6,332 m³/s (1915–2019)[13]

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ Gleick, Peter H. (2000), The World's Water, 2000-2001: The Biennial Report on Freshwater, Island Press, p. 33, ISBN 978-1-55963-792-3 – via Internet Archive
  2. ↑ "Rivers of the World: The Niger River". Radio Netherlands Archives. 2002-12-04.
  3. ↑ Cana, Frank Richardson (1911). "Niger" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 676.
  4. ↑ "Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854), NIGEIR". perseus.tufts.edu. Archived from the original on 2024-04-01. Retrieved 2024-04-01.
  5. ↑ Hunwick, John O. (2003) [1999]. Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire: Al-Sadi's Tarikh al-Sudan down to 1613 and other contemporary documents. Leiden: Brill. p. 275 Fn 22. ISBN 978-90-04-11207-0.
  6. ↑ Cana, Frank Richardson (1911). "Niger" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 676.
  7. ↑ Kiley, Penny (2011-12-01). "Climate change, water and conflict in the Niger river basin". International Alert. Archived from the original on 2023-10-04. Retrieved 2023-09-29.
  8. ↑ Reader 2001, p. 191
  9. ↑ Reader 2001, p. 191
  10. ↑ Reader 2001, p. 191
  11. ↑ Reader 2001, pp. 191–192
  12. ↑ "Irrigation potential in Africa: A basin approach, The Niger Basin". FAO. 1997. Archived from the original on 2017-07-21.
  13. ↑ "Irrigation potential in Africa: A basin approach, The Niger Basin". FAO. 1997. Archived from the original on 2017-07-21.
  14. ↑ Tom L. McKnight; Darrel Hess (2005). "16, "The Fluvial Processes"". Physical Geography: A Landscape Appreciation (8th ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson, Prentice Hall. p. 462. ISBN 978-0-13-145139-1.
  15. ↑ Cubry, Philippe (2018). "The Rise and Fall of African Rice Cultivation Revealed by Analysis of 246 New Genomes". Current Biology. 28 (14): 2274–2282. Bibcode:2018CBio...28E2274C. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.05.066. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 29983312.
  16. ↑ Mayor, Anne (2010). "Ceramic Traditions and Ethnicity in the Niger Bend, West Africa". Ethnoarchaeology. 2. University of Geneva: 5–48. doi:10.1179/eth.2010.2.1.5. ISSN 1944-2890. S2CID 128409342.
  17. ↑ Scarcelli, Nora (2019). "Yam genomics supports West Africa as a major cradle of crop domestication". Science Advances. 5 (5) eaaw1947. Bibcode:2019SciA....5.1947S. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aaw1947. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 6527260. PMID 31114806.
  18. ↑ Cubry, Philippe (2018). "The Rise and Fall of African Rice Cultivation Revealed by Analysis of 246 New Genomes". Current Biology. 28 (14): 2274–2282. Bibcode:2018CBio...28E2274C. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.05.066. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 29983312.
  19. ↑ Mcintosh, Susan Keech; Mcintosh, Roderick J. (Oct 1979). "Initial Perspectives on Prehistoric Subsistence in the Inland Niger Delta (Mail)". World Archaeology. 11 (2 Food and Nutrition): 227–243. doi:10.1080/00438243.1979.9979762. ISSN 0043-8243. PMID 16470987.
  20. ↑ Geographia, Book IV, Chapter 6, Section 13.
  21. ↑ Claudii Ptolemaei (1843). Geographia (in Greek). Sumptibus et typis Caroli Tauchnitii. Book IV, Chapter 6, Section 13.
  22. ↑ Meek, C. K. (1960). "The Niger and the Classics: The History of a Name". Journal of African History. 1 (1): 1–17. doi:10.1017/S0021853700001456. ISSN 0021-8537. JSTOR 179702. S2CID 163134704.
  23. ↑ Law, R. C. C. (1967). "The Garamantes and Trans-Saharan Enterprise in Classical Times". Journal of African History. 8 (2): 181–200. doi:10.1017/S0021853700007015. ISSN 0021-8537. S2CID 165234947.. Law carefully ties together the classical sources on this, and explains the mix of third hand reports and mythology that was current in both the European and Arab worlds.
  24. ↑ Meek, C. K. (1960). "The Niger and the Classics: The History of a Name". Journal of African History. 1 (1): 1–17. doi:10.1017/S0021853700001456. ISSN 0021-8537. JSTOR 179702. S2CID 163134704.
  25. ↑ Bunbury, Edward Herbert; Stahl, William H. (1879). A History of Ancient Geography Among the Greeks and Romans: From the Earliest Ages Till the Fall of the Roman Empire. London: J. Murray. pp. 626–627.
  26. ↑ Thomson 1948, pp. 258–259
  27. ↑ Thomson 1948, p. 258
  28. ↑ Law 1967, pp. 182–184
  29. ↑ Plumb 195lp
  30. ↑ de Gramonte, Sanche (1991). The Strong Brown God: Story of the Niger River. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-56756-2.
  31. ↑ Maclachlan, T. Banks (1898). Mungo Park. Edinburgh: Oliphant, Anderson & Ferrier. pp. 130–142.
  32. ↑ Maclachlan, T. Banks (1898). Mungo Park. Edinburgh: Oliphant, Anderson & Ferrier. pp. 130–142.
  33. ↑ Baugh, Brenda. "About Jean Rouch". Documentary Education Resources. Archived from the original on 2009-08-20. Retrieved 27 Jan 2010.
  34. ↑ "Niger River | Slavery and Remembrance". slaveryandremembrance.org. Retrieved 2026-06-03.
  35. ↑ "Trans-Saharan Trade | History | Research Starters | EBSCO Research". EBSCO. Retrieved 2026-06-03.
  36. ↑ "The Trans-Saharan Gold-Salt Trade". www.studentsofhistory.com. Retrieved 2026-06-03.
  37. ↑ https://sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/archive-files3/david_c._conrad_empires_of_medieval_west_africabook4me.org_.pdf
  38. ↑ Theuws, Frans (2012-01-01). "River-based trading centres in early medieval northwestern Europe. Some 'reactionary' thoughts". S. Gelichi/R. Hodges (eds): From one sea to another. Trading places in the European and Mediterranean Early Middle Ages.
  39. ↑ https://www.weforum.org/stories/2024/02/worlds-busiest-ocean-shipping-routes-trade/
  40. ↑ https://www.ramsar.org/fr/node/8447
  41. ↑ "The Niger, a lifeline". Wetlands International. 2005-06-25. Retrieved 2026-06-04.
  42. ↑ "The Niger, a lifeline". Wetlands International. 2005-06-25. Retrieved 2026-06-04.
  43. ↑ "The Niger, a lifeline". Wetlands International. 2005-06-25. Retrieved 2026-06-04.
  44. ↑ Environment, U. N. (2011-01-17). "Environmental assessment of Ogoniland | UNEP - UN Environment Programme". www.unep.org. Retrieved 2026-06-04
  45. ↑ Environment, U. N. (2011-01-17). "Environmental assessment of Ogoniland | UNEP - UN Environment Programme". www.unep.org. Retrieved 2026-06-04
  46. ↑ https://www.iaea.org/sites/default/files/18/10/niger-basin-authority-050514.pdf
  47. ↑ https://www.ramsar.org/fr/node/8447
  48. ↑ "Irrigation potential in Africa: A basin approach, The Niger Basin". FAO. 1997. Archived from the original on 2017-07-21.
  49. ↑ "In the Niger Basin, Countries Collaborate on Hydropower, Irrigation and Improved Water Resource Management". World Bank. Archived from the original on 2017-09-20. Retrieved 2017-09-20.
  50. ↑ "Irrigation potential in Africa: A basin approach, The Niger Basin". FAO. 1997. Archived from the original on 2017-07-21.
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