Mandara

Mandara
	;
Yankuna masu yawan jama'a
	Kameru da Najeriya

Mutanen Mandara ko Wandala ko kuma Mandwara kungiyar kabila ce dake Tsakiyar Afurka wacce ake samunsu a yankin arewacin Kamaru da sashin arewa maso gabashin Najeriya, da kuma kudu maso gabashin Chadi.^[1] Suna magana da harshen Wandala wanda ke daga cikin reshen yarukan Chadi na Afro-Asiatic da ake samu a yankunan arewa maso gabashin Afurka.^[2]

Babu tsayayyen labari akan asalinsu. Suna rayuwa a yankin tsaunuka da kwari dag arewacin Kogin Benue na kasar Kamaru, kuma sun dade da zama sashen Masarautar Musulunci na Mandara.^[3] Yankin ta fuskanci cinikayyar bayi da kuma fataucin sashin sahara na Afurka har zuwa karni na 19.^[4] An san mutanen Mandara da kwarewa a fannin tseren dawaki da kuma sarrafa karafuna,^[5] da al'ummarta dake zamantakewa cikin tsari.^[6]^[7]^[8]

Tarihi

Mutanen Mandara sun samo asaline daga Daular Mandara, wanda Kuma ke zaune a yankin Tsaunin Mandara, na arewacin Kamaru da kuma iyakar ta na kuma arewa maso gabashin Najeriya a tsakanin Kogin Benue da Mora, Kamaru.^[1]^[9]

Babu takamaiman labari akan kafuwarsu, wani labari na baka na cewa sun fara ne da wani Sarki Agamakiya a karni na sha uku 13, wanda ya jagorance su a yayinda ake kawo masu hari daga Sahel. Sun amshi addinin musulunci na Sunni a lokacin mulkin Sultan Bukar Aaji a cikin shekarun 1720s. Wani labarin ya sanar cewa Wandala Mbra ta samo asali ne daga 'ya'yan Mbra na Turu da Katala, diyar Vaya, ya amshi musulunci a dalilin haka ya kafa kungiya ta kabilar musulmai.^[9] Wata kila an sauya wadannan labarai a lokacin da masu jihadi na Fulani suka mamaye yankin Mandara, kama bayi, da sauran kabilu.^[3]

Masana tarihi na musulunci sun lissafo mutanen Mandara, amma basu bada cikakken bayani akan asalin su ba. Wata majiyar daga Fartuwa ta ayyana cewa a da ba musulmai bane, sun musulunta ne a karni na sha shida 16. Wata majiya kuma ta sanar cewa, sarkin garin ne ya gayyaci wasu mutanen Fas na Morocco, don su zauna dashi. Sai ya karbi musulunci, suka koya masa da mutanensa al'adun musulmai kaman kaciya, sallah, zakkah, azumi a karni na sha takwas 18.^[3] Acikin karni na sha takwas 18 da na sha tara 19, arna sun zagaye yankin Mandara, kuma sune tushen cinikayyar bayi da kai hare-hare dan daukan bayi da kuma Ayarin bayi na Afurka.^[4]

Yammacin Afirka

Harshen Mandara shine ɗ

Bayan daga cikin harsunan Chadi

Masarautar Mandara ta Kamaru
Duwatsun Mandara na Kamaru
Mutanen Mandara, wanda kuma ake kira Mandrawa, na arewacin Kamaru da arewa maso gabashin Najeriya

Sauran

El Mandara, wani yanki ne a Alexandria, Egypt
Bali Mandara Toll Road, hanya ce mafi tsayi a Bali, Indonesia
Mandara ko Mandala, Hindu da Buddha abubuwan addini
Mutanen Mandara (Ostiraliya), ƙabilar Aboriginal ta Australiya
Itace Mandara, Legric Erythrina stricta
Itace Mandaraba, Itace Coral na Coral ( Erythrina variegata )
Itatuwan kambin fure Calotropis gigantea
Dutsen Mandara, wani tsaunin almara ne a cikin Puranas na Hindu
Mandara< (jerin talabijin), jerin talabijin na Jamus
Yaren Mandara, yaren Austronesian wanda aka yi magana da shi a ƙungiyar Tabar na tsibiran, lardin New Ireland, Papua New Guinea
Mandara Spa, kamfani ne mai kula da harkar baki na duniya wanda aka kafa a Bali kuma yanzu yana

Karkashin kamfanin Steiner Leisure Limited

Dubi kuma

Mandala (disambiguation)
Mandar (disambiguation)

Manazarta

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Mandara/Wandala Muller-Kosack Ethnic Handbook (1999).
↑ (Wandala, Ethnologue; Wandala: A language of Cameroon.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 J. D. Fage; Richard Gray; Roland Anthony Oliver (1975). The Cambridge History of Africa. Cambridge University Press. pp. 82–83, 87–88, 99–106, 129–135. ISBN 978-0-521-20413-2.
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 J. D. Fage; Richard Gray; Roland Anthony Oliver (1975). The Cambridge History of Africa. Cambridge University Press. pp. 131–135. ISBN 978-0-521-20413-2.
↑ David Nicholas (2012, Editor), Metals in Mandara mountains' society and culture, Africa World Press, ISBN 978-1592218905, see Cameroon and Nigeria-related chapters: The development of endogamy among smiths of the Mandara mountains eastern piedmont: myths, history and material evidence by Olivier Langlois; and The wife of the village: understanding caste in the Mandara mountains by James H. Wade
↑ Sterner, Judy; David, Nicholas (1991). "Gender and Caste in the Mandara Highlands: Northeastern Nigeria and Northern Cameroon". Ethnology. University of Pittsburgh Press. 30 (4): 355–369. doi:10.2307/3773690. JSTOR 3773690.
↑ Michael S. Bisson; Terry S. Childs; De Philip Barros; et al. (2000). Ancient African Metallurgy: The Sociocultural Context. AltaMira. pp. 160, 174–177. ISBN 978-1-4617-0592-5.
↑ Nicholas David; Carol Kramer (2001). Ethnoarchaeology in Action. Cambridge University Press. pp. 75, 102–103, 206–221, 341. ISBN 978-0-521-66779-1.
↑ ^9.0 ^9.1 E Mohammadou (1982), Le royaume du Wandala ou Mandara au XIXe siecle, African Languages and Ethnography 14, Tokyo, pages 7-9

[:0-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Mandara/Wandala Muller-Kosack Ethnic Handbook (1999).

[2] (Wandala, Ethnologue; Wandala: A language of Cameroon.

[:2-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 J. D. Fage; Richard Gray; Roland Anthony Oliver (1975). The Cambridge History of Africa. Cambridge University Press. pp. 82–83, 87–88, 99–106, 129–135. ISBN 978-0-521-20413-2.

[:3-4] 4.0 ^4.1 J. D. Fage; Richard Gray; Roland Anthony Oliver (1975). The Cambridge History of Africa. Cambridge University Press. pp. 131–135. ISBN 978-0-521-20413-2.

[5] David Nicholas (2012, Editor), Metals in Mandara mountains' society and culture, Africa World Press, ISBN 978-1592218905, see Cameroon and Nigeria-related chapters: The development of endogamy among smiths of the Mandara mountains eastern piedmont: myths, history and material evidence by Olivier Langlois; and The wife of the village: understanding caste in the Mandara mountains by James H. Wade

[6] Sterner, Judy; David, Nicholas (1991). "Gender and Caste in the Mandara Highlands: Northeastern Nigeria and Northern Cameroon". Ethnology. University of Pittsburgh Press. 30 (4): 355–369. doi:10.2307/3773690. JSTOR 3773690.

[7] Michael S. Bisson; Terry S. Childs; De Philip Barros; et al. (2000). Ancient African Metallurgy: The Sociocultural Context. AltaMira. pp. 160, 174–177. ISBN 978-1-4617-0592-5.

[8] Nicholas David; Carol Kramer (2001). Ethnoarchaeology in Action. Cambridge University Press. pp. 75, 102–103, 206–221, 341. ISBN 978-0-521-66779-1.

[:1-9] 9.0 ^9.1 E Mohammadou (1982), Le royaume du Wandala ou Mandara au XIXe siecle, African Languages and Ethnography 14, Tokyo, pages 7-9

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