Kula da muhalli

kula da muhalli
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na	monitoring (en)
Bangare na	environmental assessment and monitoring (en)

muhalli shine falsafar da ta fi dacewa, akidar, da kuma zamantakewar jama'a game da tallafawa rayuwa, mazauna, da kewayenta. Duk da yake muhalli yana mai da hankali kan al'amuran muhalli da yanayin da suka shafi akidar kore da siyasa, muhalli ya haɗu da akidar muhalli na zamantakewa da muhalli. Ana amfani da muhalli a cikin harsunan nahiyar Turai, yayin da ake amfani da mujallar muhalli sosai a cikin Turanci amma kalmomin suna da ma'ana daban-daban.

Muhalli yana ba da shawarar adanawa, maidowa da inganta yanayi yanayi da mahimman abubuwa na tsarin ƙasa ko matakai kamar yanayi, kuma ana iya kiransa motsi don sarrafa gurɓata ko kare bambancin shuka da dabbobi. Saboda wannan dalili, ra'ayoyi kamar ka'idojin ƙasa, ka'idoji na muhalli, bambancin halittu, ilimin muhalli. Yunkurin kare muhalli ya ƙunshi hanyoyi daban-daban don magance matsalolin muhalli, gami da muhalli na kasuwa kyauta, muhalli mai bishara, da kuma muhalli.

A mafi mahimmanci, muhalli ƙoƙari ne na daidaita dangantakar da ke tsakanin mutane da tsarin halitta daban-daban waɗanda suka dogara da su ta hanyar da duk abubuwan da aka haɗa suna da matakin da ya dace na dorewa. Takamaiman matakan da sakamakon wannan ma'auni suna da rikici kuma akwai hanyoyi daban-daban don bayyana damuwar muhalli a aikace. Muhalli da damuwa game da muhalli galibi ana wakilta su da launin kore, amma masana'antun tallace-tallace sun mallaki wannan ƙungiyar don dabarar da aka sani da Greenwashing.

Muhalli yana adawa da muhalli, wanda ya ce Duniya ba ta da rauni fiye da yadda wasu masu kula da muhallu ke kiyayewa, kuma yana nuna muhalli kamar yadda yake amsawa ga gudummawar ɗan adam ga Canjin yanayi ko adawa da ci gaban ɗan adam.

Ma'anar

Muhalli yana nuna motsi na zamantakewa wanda ke neman rinjayar tsarin siyasa ta hanyar lobbying, gwagwarmaya, da ilimi don kare albarkatun kasa da yanayin halittu. Muhalli a matsayin motsi yana rufe manyan yankuna na zalunci na hukumomi, gami da misali: amfani da yanayin halittu da albarkatun kasa a cikin sharar gida, zubar da sharar gida a cikin al'ummomin da ba su da amfani, gurɓata iska, gurɓatar ruwa, rashin ƙarfi, fallasa rayuwar kwayoyin zuwa guba. Saboda wadannan rarrabuwar, ana iya rarraba yunkurin muhalli a cikin waɗannan mahimman bayanai: kimiyyar muhalli, gwagwarmayar muhalli.

mai kula da muhalli shine mutumin da zai iya magana game da yanayinmu na halitta da kuma gudanar da albarkatun ta ta hanyar canje-canje a cikin manufofin jama'a ko halayyar mutum. Wannan na iya haɗawa da tallafawa ayyuka kamar amfani da bayanai, shirye-shiryen kiyayewa, saka hannun jari a cikin albarkatun sabuntawa, ingantaccen aiki a cikin tattalin arzikin kayan aiki, sauyawa zuwa sabbin tsarin lissafi kamar Tattalin arzikin muhalli, sabuntawa da sake farfado da haɗinmu tare da rayuwar da ba ta mutum ba ko ma zaɓar samun yaro ɗaya don rage amfani da matsin lamba akan albarkatun.

Tarihi

Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu

Matsayin gurɓataccen iska ya tashi a lokacin Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu, wanda ya haifar da Dokokin muhalli na zamani na farko da za a zartar a tsakiyar karni na 19.

Asalin motsi na muhalli ya kasance a cikin martani ga karuwar matakan gurɓata hayaki a cikin yanayi a lokacin Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu. Fitowar manyan masana'antu da ci gaba mai girma a cikin Amfani da kwal ya haifar da matakin gurɓataccen iska a cibiyoyin masana'antu; bayan 1900 babban adadin sinadarai na masana'antu ya kara da karuwar nauyin sharar mutum da ba a kula da shi ba. Dokokin muhalli na farko da suka fi girma, na zamani sun zo ne a cikin Dokar Alkali ta Burtaniya, wanda aka zartar a 1863, don daidaita gurɓataccen iska (gas hydrochloric acid) wanda aka bayar ta hanyar Tsarin Leblanc, wanda aka yi amfani da shi don samar soda ash soda.

Shafin taken asali na Walden na Henry David Thoreau

John Muir wanda aka fi sani da "John of the Mountains" da "Uba na National Parks", ɗan asalin ƙasar Scotland ne  : masanin halitta 42, marubuci, Masanin falsafar muhalli, masanin ilimin shuke-shuke, masanin dabbobi, masanin glaciologist, kuma mai ba da shawara na farko don adana jeji a Amurka.

A ƙarshen karni na 19 an ga wucewar dokokin kiyaye namun daji na farko. Masanin ilimin dabbobi Alfred Newton ya buga jerin bincike game da sha'awar kafa 'lokacin rufewa' don adana dabbobi na asali tsakanin 1872 da 1903. Ya gabatar da shawarwari don kare dabbobi daga farauta a lokacin jima'i ya haifar da kafa Royal Society for the Protection of Birds kuma ya rinjayi wucewar Dokar Tsaro ta Tsaro a cikin 1869 a matsayin dokar kare yanayi ta farko a duniya.

Karni na 20

Hotuna na Duniya daga sararin samaniya sun ba da sababbin fahimta da sabbin dalilai na damuwa game da wuri mai kama da karami da na musamman na Duniya a sararin samaniya (hotuna masu kama da Duniya da NASA ta samar a 2001 (hagu) da 2002 (dama)).

A cikin 1916, Shugaban Amurka Woodrow Wilson ne ya kafa Hukumar Kula da Gidajen Kasa. Masu gabatarwa na motsi sun yi kira ga ingantaccen gudanarwa da ƙwarewa na albarkatun ƙasa. Sun yi yaƙi don sake fasalin saboda sun yi imanin lalacewar gandun daji, ƙasa mai kyau, ma'adanai, dabbobin daji, da albarkatun ruwa za su haifar da faduwar al'umma.