Ma su Haking

Ma su Haking
	sana'a
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na	computer scientist (en) , nerd (en) da geek (en)
Field of this occupation (en)	hacking (en)
Yana haddasa	hack (en)
Yadda ake kira namiji	hackeur da hakeris

Mai satar bayanai mutum ne mai ƙwarewa a fasahar bayanai wanda ke cimma burin ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba. Kalmar ta zama da alaƙa a cikin tare da ɗan fashin tsaro - wani da ke da ilimin kwari ko amfani don shiga cikin tsarin kwamfuta da samun damar bayanai wanda in ba haka ba ba zai yiwu a gare su ba. – A cikin kyakkyawar ma'ana, duk da haka, ana iya amfani da hacking ta hanyar adadi na halal a cikin yanayin shari'a. Misali, Hukumomin tilasta bin doka wani lokacin suna amfani da dabarun hacking don tattara shaidu kan masu laifi da sauran masu aikata laifuka. Wannan na iya haɗawa da amfani da kayan aikin ɓoyewa (kamar VPN ko yanar gizo mai duhu) don rufe asalin su a kan layi kuma su zama masu laifi. Hakazalika, hukumomin duniya na ɓoye na iya amfani da dabarun hacking a cikin halayyar doka na aikinsu. Hacking da cyber-harin ana amfani da su ba bisa ka'ida ba kuma ba bisa ka-ida ba ta hanyar tilasta bin doka da hukumomin tsaro (da ke gudanar da ayyukan leken asiri ba tare da izini ba [ko ma sabotage], kuma 'yan wasan jihar suna amfani da su azaman makami na yaƙi na doka da ba bisa ka na doka ba.

Hacking kuma na iya samun ma'anar ma'anar duk wani mafita ga matsala, ko shirye-shirye da ci gaban kayan aiki gabaɗaya (duba hackathon), kuma al'adun masu fashin kwamfuta sun yada amfani da kalmar ga jama'a gabaɗaya, har ma a waje da sana'a ko sha'awar lantarki (duba rayuwa hack).

Ma'anar

Da yake nuna nau'ikan masu fashin kwamfuta guda biyu, akwai ma'anoni biyu na kalmar "hacker":

Asalinsa, ɗan fashin kwamfuta kawai yana nufin mai sha'awar fasahar kwamfuta mai ci gaba (duka kayan aiki da software) kuma mai bin al'adun shirye-shirye; duba al'adun ɗan fashi.
Wani wanda zai iya rushe tsaron kwamfuta. Idan ana yin hakan don dalilai masu banƙyama, ana iya kiran mutumin mai fashewa.^[1]

Amfani da "hacker" galibi yana nufin masu aikata laifuka na kwamfuta, saboda amfani da kalmar a kafofin watsa labarai tun daga shekarun 1990.^[2] Wannan ya haɗa da abin da jargon mai fashin kwamfuta ke kira yara na rubutun, masu aikata laifuka marasa ƙwarewa waɗanda suka dogara da kayan aikin da wasu suka rubuta tare da ƙarancin ilimi game da yadda suke aiki.^[3] Wannan amfani ya zama mafi rinjaye cewa jama'a gabaɗaya ba su san cewa akwai ma'anoni daban-daban ba. Kodayake masu son kai a matsayin masu satar bayanai an yarda da su kuma masu satar tsaro na kwamfuta sun yarda da su, mutane daga al'adun shirye-shiryen suna la'akari da amfani da shigar kwamfuta ba daidai ba, kuma suna jaddada bambancin tsakanin su biyu ta hanyar kiran masu fashewar tsaro "crackers" (kamar mai tsaron gida).

Rashin jituwa yawanci ya dogara ne akan tabbatar da cewa kalmar da farko tana nufin wani yana wasa da wani abu a cikin ma'ana mai kyau, wato, ta amfani da basira don cimma burin. Amma to, ana zaton, ma'anar kalmar ta sauya a cikin shekarun da suka gabata kuma ta zo ne don komawa ga masu aikata laifuka na kwamfuta.

Kamar yadda amfani da tsaro ya bazu ko'ina, ma'anar asali ta zama ba a san ta sosai ba. A cikin shahararren amfani da kuma a cikin kafofin watsa labarai, "masu shiga kwamfuta" ko "masu aikata laifuka na kwamfuta" shine ma'anar kalmar. A cikin masu sha'awar kwamfuta da al'adun masu fashin kwamfuta, ma'anar farko ita ce bayanin yabo ga mai tsarawa mai basira ko ƙwararren ƙwararren fasaha. Wani babban bangare na al'ummar fasaha ya nace cewa ƙarshen shine amfani da ya dace, kamar yadda yake a cikin ma'anar Jargon File.

Wani lokaci, ana amfani da "hacker" kawai daidai da "geek": "Mai fashin kwamfuta na gaskiya ba mutum ne na rukuni ba. Mutum ne wanda ke son yin barci duk dare, shi da na'urar suna cikin dangantaka ta ƙauna-ƙiyayya... Su yara ne waɗanda ke da basira amma ba su da sha'awar manufofi na al'ada. Lokaci ne na ba'a da kuma yabo mafi girma.^[4]

Fred Shapiro yana tunanin cewa "ka'idar da aka saba da ita cewa 'hacker' asalin kalma ce mai kyau kuma mummunan ma'anar kalmar ba gaskiya ba ne daga baya. " Ya gano cewa ma'anar ma'anar sun riga sun kasance a MIT a 1963 (yana ambaton The Tech, jaridar dalibai ta MIT), kuma a wannan lokacin ana magana ne ga masu amfani da ba su da izini na cibiyar sadarwar tarho, ^[5] wato, motsi na phreaker wanda ya bunkasa cikin al'adun masu satar tsaro na kwamfuta na yau.

Civic hacker

Masu satar bayanai na jama'a suna amfani da tsaro da / ko shirye-shiryen su don ƙirƙirar mafita, sau da yawa na jama'awa da na budewa, magance kalubalen da suka dace da unguwanni, birane, jihohi ko ƙasashe da ababen more rayuwa a cikinsu.Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; refs with no name must have content An san kananan hukumomi da manyan hukumomin gwamnati kamar NASA don karbar bakuncin hackathons ko inganta takamaiman kwanan wata a matsayin "Ranar Hacking ta Kasa" don ƙarfafa shiga daga masu satar jama'a.Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; refs with no name must have content Masu satar bayanai, kodayake galibi suna aiki da kansu kuma da kansu, na iya aiki tare ko a cikin daidaituwa tare da wasu fannoni na gwamnati ko kayan aikin gida kamar jiragen kasa da bas.Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; refs with no name must have content Misali, a cikin 2008, mai satar bayanai na jama'a na Philadelphia William Entriken ya haɓaka aikace-aikacen yanar gizo wanda ya nuna kwatankwacin ainihin lokutan isowar jiragen SEPTA na gida da lokutan da aka tsara bayan an ruwaito su da rashin daidaituwa.Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; refs with no name must have content

Hacking da ya shafi tsaro

Masu satar tsaro mutane ne da ke da hannu wajen kauce wa tsaro na kwamfuta. Akwai nau'o'i da yawa, ciki har da:

Fararen hat: Masu fashin kwamfuta da ke aiki don kiyaye bayanai lafiya daga wasu masu fashin kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka ta hanyar gano matsalolin tsarin da za a iya ragewa. Mai mallakar tsarin da aka yi niyya yawanci yana amfani da fararen hular kuma yawanci ana biyan su (wani lokacin da kyau) don aikinsu. Ayyukansu ba bisa ka'ida ba ne saboda an yi shi da yardar mai tsarin.

Baƙar hat ko Cracker: Masu fashin kwamfuta da ke da niyyar mugunta. Sau da yawa suna sata, amfani, da sayar da bayanai, kuma yawanci ana motsa su ne ta hanyar samun riba. Ayyukansu yawanci ba bisa ka'ida ba ne. Mai fashewa yana kama da ɗan fashin baki, ^[6] amma musamman wani ne wanda ke da ƙwarewa sosai kuma yana ƙoƙari ta hanyar hacking don samun riba ko don amfana, ba kawai don lalata ba. Masu fashewa suna samun amfani don raunin tsarin kuma galibi suna amfani da su don amfanin su ta hanyar sayar da gyare-gyare ga mai mallakar tsarin ko sayar da amfani ga wasu masu fashewar baki, waɗanda su ma suna amfani da shi don sata bayanai ko samun sarauta.

Gishiri hat: Masana tsaro na kwamfuta waɗanda a wasu lokuta zasu iya keta dokoki ko ka'idojin ka'idoji na al'ada, amma ba su da mummunan niyya na ɗan fashin baki.

Al'adun Hacker

Al'adun Hacker ra'ayi ne wanda aka samo daga al'umma na Masu shirye-shiryen kwamfuta da masu tsara tsarin a cikin shekarun 1960 a kusa da Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts (MIT) Tech Model Railroad Club (TMRC) ^[7] da kuma MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory. ^[8] Manufar ta fadada zuwa al'ummar ƙididdigar gida, tana mai da hankali kan kayan aiki a ƙarshen 1970s (misali Homebrew Computer Club) da kuma software (wasan bidiyo, fashewar software, demoscene) a cikin 1980s/1990s.^[9]^[10] Daga baya, wannan zai ci gaba da kunshe da sababbin ma'anoni kamar fasaha, da hacking rayuwa.

Dalilan da ya sa aka yi amfani da su

An gabatar da dalilai huɗu na farko a matsayin yiwuwar dalilin da ya sa masu fashin kwamfuta ke ƙoƙarin shiga kwamfutoci da cibiyoyin sadarwa. Na farko, akwai riba ta kudi da za a samu yayin hacking tsarin tare da takamaiman manufar sata lambobin katin kiredit ko sarrafa tsarin banki. Na biyu, masu fashin kwamfuta da yawa suna bunƙasa daga haɓaka sunayensu a cikin al'adun fashin kwamfutar kwamfutar gumaka kuma za su bar hannayensu a shafukan yanar gizon da suka lalata ko barin wasu shaidu a matsayin hujja cewa suna da hannu a cikin takamaiman fashin kwam. Na uku, leken asiri na kamfanoni yana bawa kamfanoni damar samun bayanai game da samfuran ko ayyuka waɗanda za a iya sata ko amfani da su azaman tasiri a cikin kasuwa. A ƙarshe, hare-haren da jihohi ke tallafawa suna ba da jihohin ƙasa da zaɓuɓɓukan tattara bayanan sirri da aka gudanar a kan, a ciki, ko ta hanyar yanar gizo.^[11]

Haɗuwa da bambance-bambance

Babban bambanci tsakanin al'adun masu shirye-shirye da masu satar tsaro na kwamfuta shine asalin tarihi da ci gaba. Koyaya, Jargon File ya ba da rahoton cewa akwai haɗuwa mai yawa don farkon phreaking a farkon shekarun 1970. Wani labarin daga takardar dalibai ta MIT The Tech ya yi amfani da kalmar hacker a cikin wannan mahallin tun a 1963 a cikin ma'anarsa mara kyau ga wani da ke lalata tsarin wayar. Haɗuwa da sauri ta fara raguwa lokacin da mutane suka shiga cikin aikin da suka yi shi a hanyar da ba ta da kyau. Wannan shi ne lamarin bayan da aka buga wani labarin da ke fallasa ayyukan Draper da Engressia.

A cewar Raymond, masu fashin kwamfuta daga al'adun masu shirye-shirye yawanci suna aiki a bayyane kuma suna amfani da ainihin sunansu, yayin da masu fashin tsaro na kwamfuta suka fi son kungiyoyi masu ɓoyewa da kuma sunayen ɓoye-ɓoye. Har ila yau, ayyukansu a aikace sun bambanta sosai. Tsohon yana mai da hankali kan ƙirƙirar sabbin kayan aikin da ke akwai (musamman yanayin software da suke aiki tare da shi), yayin da na ƙarshe da farko kuma yana jaddada aikin gaba ɗaya na kauce wa matakan tsaro, tare da ingantaccen amfani da ilimin (wanda zai iya zama don bayar da rahoto da taimakawa gyara kwari na tsaro, ko dalilai na amfani) kasancewa kawai na biyu. Bambanci mafi bayyane a cikin waɗannan ra'ayoyin ya kasance a cikin ƙirar MIT 'Incompatible Timesharing System, wanda da gangan ba shi da wani matakan tsaro.

Akwai wasu rikice-rikice masu mahimmanci, duk da haka, tunda ilimin asali game da tsaro na kwamfuta ya zama ruwan dare a cikin al'adun masu tsara shirye-shirye na masu fashin kwamfuta. Misali, Ken Thompson ya lura a lokacin lacca na Turing Award na 1983 cewa yana yiwuwa a ƙara lambar zuwa umarnin UNIX "login" wanda zai yarda da ko dai kalmar sirri da aka yi niyya ko kuma wani sanannen kalmar sirri, yana ba da damar ƙofar baya cikin tsarin tare da kalmar sirri ta ƙarshe. Ya kira abin da ya kirkira "Trojan horse". Bugu da ƙari, Thompson ya yi jayayya, Mai tarawa na C kanta za a iya canza shi don samar da lambar rogue ta atomatik, don sa gano gyare-gyaren ya fi wuya. Saboda mai tarawa da kansa shirin ne wanda aka samar daga mai tarawa, ana iya shigar da doki na Trojan ta atomatik a cikin sabon shirin mai tarawa. Koyaya, Thompson ya rabu da kansa sosai daga masu satar tsaro na kwamfuta: "Zan so in soki manema labarai a cikin yadda suke kula da 'masu satar mutane,' Kungiyar 414, ƙungiyar Dalton, da dai sauransu. Ayyukan da waɗannan yara suka yi sune lalata a mafi kyau kuma mai yiwuwa sun keta doka da sata a mafi muni. ... Na kalli yara suna ba da shaida a gaban Majalisa. A bayyane yake cewa ba su da masaniya game da muhimmancin ayyukansu ba.^[12]

Al'adun masu tsara shirye-shirye na masu fashin kwamfuta suna ganin karkatarwa ta biyu na hanyoyin tsaro a matsayin halattacce idan an yi shi don samun shingen da za a iya amfani da shi don yin ainihin aiki. A cikin siffofi na musamman, wannan na iya zama ma'anar basira.^[13] Koyaya, haɗin kai na tsari da na farko a cikin irin waɗannan ayyukan ba ɗaya daga cikin ainihin abubuwan da ke sha'awa na al'adun masu satar bayanai ba kuma ba shi da mahimmanci a cikin ainihin ayyukansa, ko dai. Wani bambanci kuma shi ne cewa, a tarihi, mambobin al'adun masu tsara shirye-shirye na masu fashin kwamfuta suna aiki a cibiyoyin ilimi kuma suna amfani da yanayin kwamfuta a can. Sabanin haka, mai satar tsaro na kwamfuta na asali yana da damar shiga kwamfuta ta gida da kuma modem. Koyaya, tun daga tsakiyar shekarun 1990, tare da kwamfutocin gida waɗanda zasu iya gudanar da tsarin aiki na Unix-like kuma tare da samun damar shiga gida mai arha a karon farko, mutane da yawa daga waje da duniyar ilimi sun fara shiga cikin al'adun masu tsarawa na hacking.

Tun daga tsakiyar shekarun 1980, akwai wasu rikice-rikice a cikin ra'ayoyi da mambobi tare da al'ummar masu satar tsaro na kwamfuta. Mafi shahararren shari'ar ita ce Robert T. Morris, wanda ya kasance mai amfani da MIT-AI, duk da haka ya rubuta tsutsotsi na Morris. Jargon File saboda haka ya kira shi "mai fashin kwamfuta na gaskiya wanda ya yi kuskure". Duk da haka, membobin al'adun masu shirye-shirye suna da halin yin la'akari da su kuma su rabu da waɗannan abubuwan. Sau da yawa suna magana da raini ga mutane a cikin al'adun tsaro na kwamfuta a matsayin masu tsattsauran ra'ayi kuma suna ƙin yarda da duk wani ma'anar ɗan fashi wanda ya haɗa da irin waɗannan ayyukan. A gefe guda, al'adun tsaro na kwamfuta, ba sa rarrabe tsakanin al'adun biyu da tsanani, suna yarda cewa suna da abubuwa da yawa da suka hada da mambobi da yawa, manufofi na siyasa da zamantakewa, da kuma ƙaunar koyo game da fasaha. Sun ƙuntata amfani da kalmar cracker ga rukunin su na yara masu rubutun da masu fashin baki a maimakon haka.

Shafin farko na Phrack, mujallar kan layi mai tsawo don masu fashin kwamfuta

Dukkanin al'adu uku suna da alaƙa da gyare-gyaren kayan aiki. A farkon kwanakin hacking na cibiyar sadarwa, phreaks suna gina akwatunan shuɗi da bambance-bambance daban-daban. Al'adun masu satar shirye-shirye na masu satar bayanai suna da labaru game da kayan aikin kayan aiki da yawa a cikin al'adunsu, kamar wani "sihiri" mai ban mamaki wanda aka haɗe da kwamfutar PDP-10 a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje na AI na MIT wanda, lokacin da aka kashe, ya fashe kwamfutar. Masu satar bayanai na farko sun gina kwamfutocin gida da kansu daga kayan gini. Koyaya, duk waɗannan ayyukan sun mutu a cikin shekarun 1980 lokacin da cibiyar sadarwar tarho ta sauya zuwa allon sarrafawa na dijital, wanda ya haifar da hacking na cibiyar sadarwa don canzawa zuwa kiran kwamfutoci masu nisa tare da modems lokacin da aka riga aka haɗa kwamfutocin gida masu arha kuma lokacin da cibiyoyin ilimi suka fara ba da kwamfutojin aiki na mutum-karɓa ga masana kimiyya maimakon amfani da tsarin raba lokaci na tsakiya. Irin gyare-gyaren kayan aiki guda daya a zamanin yau shine gyaran shari'a.

Wani gamuwa da mai tsara shirye-shirye da al'adun masu satar tsaro na kwamfuta ya faru a ƙarshen shekarun 1980, lokacin da ƙungiyar masu satar kwamfuta, suna jin tausayi ga Chaos Computer Club (wanda ya musanta duk wani ilmi a cikin waɗannan ayyukan), ya shiga kwamfutocin kungiyoyin soja na Amurka da cibiyoyin ilimi. Sun sayar da bayanai daga waɗannan na'urorin ga sabis na sirri na Soviet, ɗaya daga cikinsu don tallafawa jarabawarsa ta miyagun ƙwayoyi. An warware lamarin ne lokacin da Clifford Stoll, masanin kimiyya da ke aiki a matsayin mai kula da tsarin, ya sami hanyoyin da za a yi rajistar hare-haren da kuma gano su (tare da taimakon wasu da yawa). 23, fim din Jamusanci tare da abubuwa na almara, yana nuna abubuwan da suka faru daga hangen nesa na maharan. Stoll ya bayyana lamarin a cikin littafinsa The Cuckoo's Egg da kuma a cikin shirin talabijin na The KGB, the Computer, and Me daga wani hangen nesa. A cewar Eric S. Raymond, "yana nuna bambancin da ke tsakanin 'hacker' da 'cracker'. Hoton Stoll na kansa, uwargidansa Martha, da abokansa a Berkeley da Intanet ya zana hoto mai ban mamaki game da yadda masu fashin kwamfuta da mutanen da ke kewaye da su ke son rayuwa da kuma yadda suke tunani".

Wakilin a cikin kafofin watsa labarai

Ana iya gano yadda kafofin watsa labarai ke amfani da kalmar a yanzu zuwa farkon shekarun 1980. Lokacin da kalmar, wanda a baya aka yi amfani da ita ne kawai tsakanin masu sha'awar kwamfuta, an gabatar da ita ga al'umma ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarai a cikin 1983, ^[14] har ma da waɗanda ke cikin al'ummar kwamfuta suna magana game da shiga kwamfuta a matsayin hacking, kodayake ba a matsayin ma'anar kalmar ba. Dangane da karuwar amfani da kafofin watsa labarai na kalmar kawai tare da ma'anar laifi, al'ummar kwamfuta sun fara rarrabe kalmomin su. An kirkiro wasu kalmomi irin su cracker a kokarin kula da bambancin tsakanin masu fashin kwamfuta a cikin al'ummar masu shirye-shirye da wadanda ke yin fashewar kwamfuta. Ƙarin kalmomi kamar baƙar fata, fararen hular da launin toka sun samo asali ne lokacin da dokoki game da shiga cikin kwamfutoci suka fara aiki, don rarrabe ayyukan aikata laifuka daga waɗancan ayyukan da suka kasance doka.

Amfani da kalmar ta hanyar sadarwa koyaushe yana da alaƙa da ayyukan aikata laifuka, duk da yunkurin da al'ummar fasaha suka yi don adanawa da rarrabe ma'anar asali. A yau, manyan kafofin watsa labarai da jama'a suna ci gaba da bayyana masu aikata laifuka na kwamfuta, tare da dukkan matakan fasaha, a matsayin "hackers" kuma ba sa amfani da kalmar a cikin kowane ma'anar da ba ta aikata laifukan ba. Membobin kafofin watsa labarai wani lokacin ba su san bambancin ba, suna haɗa "masu fashi" na halal kamar Linus Torvalds da Steve Wozniak tare da masu aikata laifuka. "^[15]

A sakamakon haka, ma'anar har yanzu batun jayayya ce mai zafi. Yawancin mutanen da ke adawa da kalmar da aka karɓa daga yaren al'adunsu kuma aka yi amfani da ita ba daidai ba, ^[16] gami da waɗanda suka fi son nuna kansu a matsayin masu fashin kwamfuta. Mutane da yawa suna ba da shawara ta amfani da kalmomin da suka gabata da kuma bambance-bambance yayin bayyana masu laifi da wasu waɗanda ba su da kyau ga kuskuren tsaro a cikin software da kayan aiki. Sauran sun fi son bin amfani da aka saba amfani da shi, suna jayayya cewa kyakkyawan tsari yana da rikicewa kuma ba zai yiwu ya zama yadu a cikin jama'a ba. Har yanzu 'yan tsiraru suna amfani da kalmar a cikin ma'anoni biyu duk da gardama, suna barin mahallin don bayyanawa (ko barin rashin tabbas) ma'anar da aka nufa.

Koyaya, saboda an yi amfani da ma'anar mai fashin kwamfuta a matsayin mafi yawan shekaru da yawa kafin a sami ma'anar mummunar ma'anar, ana iya ganin "hacker" a matsayin shibboleth, gano waɗanda ke amfani da maɓallin fasaha (kamar yadda ya saba da ma'aunin da aka tsara kawai) a matsayin membobin ƙungiyar kwamfuta. A gefe guda, saboda nau'ikan masana'antu masu tsara software na iya samun kansu, mutane da yawa sun fi son kada a kira su masu fashin kwamfuta saboda kalmar tana da mummunar ma'ana a yawancin waɗannan masana'antu.

An ba da shawarar yiwuwar matsayi na tsakiya, bisa ga lura cewa "hacking" yana bayyana tarin ƙwarewa da kayan aiki waɗanda masu fashin kwamfuta ke amfani da su don dalilai daban-daban. An yi kwatankwacin ga ƙuƙwalwar ƙofa, musamman karɓar ƙuƙwalwa, wanda ƙwarewa ce da za a iya amfani da ita don nagarta ko mugunta. Babban rauni na wannan kwatancin shine hada yara na rubutun a cikin shahararren amfani da "hacker", duk da rashin ƙwarewarsu da tushen ilimi.

Dubi kuma

Script kiddie, mai kai hari kan tsaro na kwamfuta mara ƙwarewa
Hacktivism, gudanar da hare-haren yanar gizo a kan kasuwanci ko ƙungiya don kawo canjin zamantakewa

Manazarta

↑ "Internet Users' Glossary". 1996. doi:10.17487/RFC1983. RFC 1983. Archived from the original on 2016-06-05. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
↑ Skillings, Jon (2020-05-27). "In '95, these people defined tech: Gates, Bezos, Mitnick and more". CNET. Archived from the original on 2020-05-28. Retrieved 2020-05-28. The term "hacker" started out with a benign definition: It described computer programmers who were especially adept at solving technical problems. By the mid-1990s, however, it was widely used to refer to those who turned their skills toward breaking into computers, whether for mild mischief or criminal gain. Which brings us to Kevin Mitnick.
↑ Samuel Chng; Han Yu Lu; Ayush Kumar; David Yau (Mar 2022). "Hacker types, motivations and strategies: A comprehensive framework". Computers in Human Behavior Reports. 5. doi:10.1016/j.chbr.2022.100167. ISSN 2451-9588. Retrieved 24 January 2024.
↑ Alan Kay quoted in Stewart Brand, "S P A C E W A R: Fanatic Life and Symbolic Death Among the Computer Bums:" In Rolling Stone (1972)
↑ "The Origin of "Hacker"". April 1, 2008. Archived from the original on March 4, 2021. Retrieved March 1, 2021.
↑ "What are crackers and hackers? | Security News". www.pctools.com. Archived from the original on May 15, 2011. Retrieved 2016-09-10.
↑ London, Jay (6 April 2015). "Happy 60th Birthday to the Word "Hack"". Archived from the original on 7 May 2016. Retrieved 16 December 2016.
↑ Raymond, Eric (25 August 2000). "The Early Hackers". A Brief History of Hackerdom. Thyrsus Enterprises. Archived from the original on 10 October 2008. Retrieved 6 December 2008.
↑ Levy, part 2
↑ Levy, part 3
↑ Lloyd, Gene. "Developing Algorithms to Identify Spoofed Internet Traffic". Colorado Technical University, 2014
↑ Thompson, Ken (August 1984). "Reflections on Trusting Trust" (PDF). Communications of the ACM. 27 (8): 761. doi:10.1145/358198.358210. S2CID 34854438. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2007-09-24. Retrieved 2007-08-24.
↑ Richard Stallman (2002). "The Hacker Community and Ethics: An Interview with Richard M. Stallman". GNU Project. Archived from the original on 2021-03-07. Retrieved 2008-10-18.
↑ Deffree, Suzanne (2019-09-05). "EDN - 'Hacker' is used by mainstream media, September 5, 1983". EDN (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2020-04-29. Retrieved 2020-09-07.
↑ DuBois, Shelley. "A who's who of hackers". Reporter. Fortune Magazine. Archived from the original on June 19, 2011. Retrieved 19 June 2011.
↑ "TMRC site". Archived from the original on 2006-05-03.

Ƙarin karantawa

[1] "Internet Users' Glossary". 1996. doi:10.17487/RFC1983. RFC 1983. Archived from the original on 2016-06-05. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

[Skillings,_CNET,_2020-2] Skillings, Jon (2020-05-27). "In '95, these people defined tech: Gates, Bezos, Mitnick and more". CNET. Archived from the original on 2020-05-28. Retrieved 2020-05-28. The term "hacker" started out with a benign definition: It described computer programmers who were especially adept at solving technical problems. By the mid-1990s, however, it was widely used to refer to those who turned their skills toward breaking into computers, whether for mild mischief or criminal gain. Which brings us to Kevin Mitnick.

[Hacker_types-3] Samuel Chng; Han Yu Lu; Ayush Kumar; David Yau (Mar 2022). "Hacker types, motivations and strategies: A comprehensive framework". Computers in Human Behavior Reports. 5. doi:10.1016/j.chbr.2022.100167. ISSN 2451-9588. Retrieved 24 January 2024.

[4] Alan Kay quoted in Stewart Brand, "S P A C E W A R: Fanatic Life and Symbolic Death Among the Computer Bums:" In Rolling Stone (1972)

[5] "The Origin of "Hacker"". April 1, 2008. Archived from the original on March 4, 2021. Retrieved March 1, 2021.

[6] "What are crackers and hackers? | Security News". www.pctools.com. Archived from the original on May 15, 2011. Retrieved 2016-09-10.

[7] London, Jay (6 April 2015). "Happy 60th Birthday to the Word "Hack"". Archived from the original on 7 May 2016. Retrieved 16 December 2016.

[8] Raymond, Eric (25 August 2000). "The Early Hackers". A Brief History of Hackerdom. Thyrsus Enterprises. Archived from the original on 10 October 2008. Retrieved 6 December 2008.

[9] Levy, part 2

[10] Levy, part 3

[11] Lloyd, Gene. "Developing Algorithms to Identify Spoofed Internet Traffic". Colorado Technical University, 2014

[12] Thompson, Ken (August 1984). "Reflections on Trusting Trust" (PDF). Communications of the ACM. 27 (8): 761. doi:10.1145/358198.358210. S2CID 34854438. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2007-09-24. Retrieved 2007-08-24.

[13] Richard Stallman (2002). "The Hacker Community and Ethics: An Interview with Richard M. Stallman". GNU Project. Archived from the original on 2021-03-07. Retrieved 2008-10-18.

[14] Deffree, Suzanne (2019-09-05). "EDN - 'Hacker' is used by mainstream media, September 5, 1983". EDN (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2020-04-29. Retrieved 2020-09-07.

[A_who's_who_of_hackers-15] DuBois, Shelley. "A who's who of hackers". Reporter. Fortune Magazine. Archived from the original on June 19, 2011. Retrieved 19 June 2011.

[16] "TMRC site". Archived from the original on 2006-05-03.

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