Samar da Duya a Najeriya
Najeriya ita ce kasar da ta fi kowacce kasa noman doya a duniya, wadda ke da sama da kashi 70-76 na yawan noman da ake nomawa a duniya. Rahoton Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Noma ya nuna cewa, a shekarar 1985, Najeriya ta samar da ton miliyan 18.3 na doya daga hekta miliyan 1.5, wanda ya nuna kashi 73.8 cikin 100 na jimillar dawa a Afirka. Bisa kididdigar da aka yi a shekarar 2008, noman doya a Najeriya ya kusan ninka sau biyu tun daga shekarar 1985, inda Najeriya ta samar da metrik ton miliyan 35.017 wanda darajarsa ta kai dalar Amurka biliyan 5.654. Ta fuskar hangen nesa, kasa ta biyu da ta uku a duniya wajen samar da dawa, Cote d'Ivoire da Ghana, sun samar da ton miliyan 6.9 da 4.8 na dawa ne kawai a shekarar 2008. Hukumar kula da aikin gona ta kasa da kasa ta bayyana cewa Najeriya ce ke da kashi 70 cikin 100 na abin da ake nomawa a duniya wanda ya kai tan miliyan 17 daga fili mai fadin hekta 2,837,000 da ake noman doya.[1][2]
Yam yana cikin ajin saiwoyi da tubers wanda shine jigon abinci na Najeriya da Afirka ta Yamma, wanda ke ba da kuzarin kuzari kusan 200 ga kowane mutum kowace rana. A Najeriya, a wurare da dama da ake noman doya, ance "dawa abinci ne, abinci kuma dawa". Duk da haka, noman doya a Najeriya gajeru ne kuma ba zai iya biyan buƙatu da ake samu a matakin da ake amfani da shi a halin yanzu. Hakanan yana da matsayi mai mahimmanci na zamantakewa a cikin taro da ayyukan addini, wanda ake kimanta girman dawa da mutum ya mallaka.[3]
Nau'o'in
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Yam, amfanin gona na wurare masu zafi a cikin jinsin Dioscorea, yana da nau'o'i 600 daga cikinsu shida sune nau'o-in da ke da muhimmanci ga tattalin arziki. Wadannan sune:
- Dioscorea rotundata (farin guinea yam) - yana da alaƙa da Dioscorea cayennensis, wani yam na gida da aka cinye a Yammacin Afirka. Dukansu biyu sun samo asali ne daga asalin daji Dioscorea praehensilis .
- Dioscorea alata (purple yam) - asalinsa daga Oceania
- Dioscorea bulbifera (Yam na sama) - an shuka shi da farko don bulbils
- Dioscorea dumetorum (yam mai laushi uku) - kama da Dioscorea hispida
- Dioscorea esculenta (ƙananan yam, Sinanci yam) - asalin Asiya
Daga cikin wadannan, Dioscorea rotundata (fararen doya) da Dioscorea alata (ruwa dawa) sune nau'ikan da suka fi yawa, kuma mafi mahimmancin tattalin arziki a Najeriya. Ana noman doya ne a yankin bakin teku a cikin dazuzzukan ruwan sama, savanna itace da wuraren zama na savanna kudanci.[4][3]
Sauran dangin duya da aka cinye a Najeriya:
Yankunan ƙasa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tsarin noman gonaki a jihar Ekiti ya kunshi gonaki mai dausayi (kashi 20% na gonaki suna karkashin wannan nau'in), nau'ikan gonaki (kashi 50% na gonaki a cikin wannan nau'in) da kuma hada nau'ikan biyu (30% ta hanyar gonakin ma'auni). Wani bincike da aka gudanar a kan ingancin tsarin guda uku don inganta kayan amfanin gona don biyan buƙatun noman noman abinci, ya nuna cewa "kamfanonin da ke tushen doya sun fi dacewa da tattalin arziki tare da ingantaccen tattalin arziki na 0.80 sai kuma masana'antu masu tushen doya tare da manyan masana'antu tare da manyan masana'antu. yana aiki daidai da 0.79. Haɗin gwiwar masana'antun tushen dawa / tudu ana ƙididdige su a matsayin mafi ƙarancin ingantaccen tattalin arziƙi, tare da ma'anar ƙimar 0.76. Don haka, an ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a kara yawan dawa a wuraren da suke da dausayi. Wata shawarar da aka bayar ita ce a yi amfani da fasahar yam minisett da Cibiyar Nazarin Noma ta Duniya (IITA) da Cibiyar Binciken Tushen amfanin gona ta ƙasa (NRCRI) suka kirkira..[3]
Duk da cewa ana noman shi sosai a Najeriya, yankin da aka fi noman shi shine jihar Binuwai ( fili mai girman 34,059 km2) daya daga cikin jahohin da ke kwarin Benuwai a Najeriya inda har yanzu aikin ya zama ruwan dare gama gari da kuma mallakar filaye. karami. A wannan jiha musamman a tsakanin ’yan kabilar Tiv, girman gonar doya ko kuma yawan dawa da ake nomawa ya zama matsayin zamantakewar wannan manomi. Saboda yawan dawa da ake samu a jihar Benuwe, jihar Binuwai ta samu sarautar Kwandon Biredi ta Najeriya. Ana dasa doya a kan tudu maimakon tudu mai faɗi dangane da yanayin yanayin ƙasa wanda galibi na ƙasa mara kyau ne wanda ya dace da tsiro saiwoyi da amfanin gona na tuber. Yayin da aka jaddada al’amuran noman doya a kan ayyukan noma, wani bincike da aka gudanar kan ingancin tattalin arzikin wannan amfanin gona da ake nomawa a wannan yanki da ke da kananan gonakin noma, wanda ke da fa’ida sosai, ya nuna cewa filaye, aiki da kayan aiki (taki da sinadarai). , Abubuwan bashi da sabis na fadada suna da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan yawan amfanin doya a yankin.[4]
Kasuwar Yam ta Duniya ta Zaki Ibiam ita ce babbar kasuwa don samfurin guda ɗaya a Najeriya.[5]
Ayyukan noma
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Ana shuka doya akan magudanar ruwa kyauta, yashi da ƙasa mai albarka, bayan share fallow na farko. Ana shirya ƙasa a cikin siffar tudu ko tudu ko tudun tsayin mita 1 (3 ft 3 in). Dogon da aka ba da shawarar don irin wannan yanayin ƙasa a Najeriya sune farin doya ko farar guinea yam (Discorea rotundata) da doyan ruwa ko ruwan rawaya (Discorea alata). Ana yin dasa shuki ta hanyar dam iri ko yanke saiti daga tubers. Kwana daya kafin dasa shuki, dole ne a shayar da tubers magani tare da toka na itace ko fungicide (thiabendazole) don hana lalacewar ƙasa. Ana dasa saitin a tazarar santimita 15-20 (5.9-7.9 in) tare da yanke fuska tana fuskantar sama. Mulching yana da mahimmanci a lokacin Oktoba-Nuwamba tare da busassun ciyawa ko tarkace tsire-tsire waɗanda aka auna tare da ƙwallan laka. Sashi na aikace-aikacen taki, kamar yadda yake da mahimmanci, an yanke shawarar bayan nazarin sinadarai na samfuran ƙasa. Ana yin ciyawar da hannu ta hanyar fartanya sau uku ko huɗu dangane da yawan ci gaban ciyawa. Hannun jari biyu, kowane tsayin mita 2 (6 ft 7 in) ana amfani da shi don ɗora tsire-tsire zuwa itacen inabi akansa; ɗaya don tsire-tsire biyu tare da ɗayan ana amfani da shi don takalmin gyaran kafa tare da gungumen da ke kusa. Hakanan ana amfani da murhun dawa don wannan dalili a ƙasar savannah. Ana magance kwari da cututtuka ta hanyar kula da al'adu da hanyoyin sinadarai; kwari da ke shafar shuka sune nematodes kamar tushen kullin Meloidogyne spp. da yam nematode (Scutellonema bradys), da kwari irin su doya harbi irin ƙwaro, doya tuber ƙwaro da crickets. Ciwon filin yana da mahimmanci kuma ana tabbatar da kiyaye iyakar 2-3 (6 ft 7 in – 9 ft 10 in) mara iyaka a kusa da filin. An ba da shawarar masu jure cututtuka [cultivars] don amfani. Ana yin girbi kafin inabin ya bushe, ƙasa kuma ta bushe. Gabaɗaya, yawan amfanin gona na ton 10-15 a kowace ha don farar doya da tan 16-25 na doyan ruwa ana samun su ta hanyar bin ƙa'idodin gudanarwa da aka tsara. Ana adana doyan da aka girbe ta hanyar ɗaure su da igiya. Suna da rayuwar shiryayye na kusan watanni 5. Wuraren da aka ajiye su ya kamata a zama hujjar rowan tare da gindin karfe da ragar waya. Ya kamata a cire ruɓaɓɓen buds da buds masu tsiro.
Aikin Duya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Tuber shine babban ɓangaren shukar dawa wanda ke da babban abun ciki na carbohydrate (ƙananan mai da furotin) kuma yana ba da kyakkyawan tushen kuzari. Dayan da ba a fesa ba yana da bitamin C. Dawa mai dadi, ana sha kamar dafaffen dawa (kamar dafaffen kayan lambu) ko fufu ko a soya shi da mai sannan a sha. Sau da yawa ana niƙa shi a cikin ɗanɗano mai kauri bayan tafasa kuma ana cinye shi da miya. Ana kuma sarrafa ta ta zama fulawa don amfani da ita a cikin shirye-shiryen manna. Amfaninsa na magani a matsayin abin motsa zuciya ana danganta shi da sinadaren sinadaran sa, wanda ya ƙunshi alkaloids na saponin da sapogenin. An kuma kafa amfani da shi azaman sitaci na masana'antu kamar yadda ingancin wasu nau'ikan ke iya samar da sitaci mai yawa kamar na hatsi.[4][1]
Al'adu da bukukuwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Hakanan ana danganta al'ada da hana bukukuwan dawa, wanda shine babban jigon kudu maso gabashin Najeriya. Ana gudanar da bikin doya duk shekara don nuna girbin amfanin gona. Sarakunan kauye da masu rike da mukaman gargajiya a Najeriya masu noman doya sun mayar da shi a matsayin addini ba tare da cin dawa ba har sai an yi wa alloli. A yayin wannan biki, mazauna kauyukan suna gudanar da addu'o'i suna godiya ga allahn kakanninsu bisa ni'imar da kasar ta samu da kuma samun albarkar mata. Bikin da ake yi a kauyuka yana cikin fareti na raye-rayen gargajiya.[2][3]
Al'adu
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Daya daga cikin al’adar aure da ake yi a wasu al’ummomi a Najeriya ita ce auna arzikin ango da yawan dawa da zai iya nomawa. Haka kuma, bisa ga al’ada, angon zai gabatar da mafi qarancin bututun dawa guda 200 ga surukai a matsayin hujjar cewa zai iya kula da matarsa da danginsa na gaba..[2]
Ana siffanta dawa a matsayin totem na maza a wasu yankuna na ƙasar Igbo. Wata al’adar da aka lura ita ce, ba a barin mata su je gonakin doya har sai an shirya girbi; duk da haka girbin amfanin gona hakkin mata ne.[2]
Dubi kuma
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Bayanan da aka ambata
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Yams (Dioscorea)". cigar.org. Retrieved 17 June 2011.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 "A Breakthrough in Yam Breeding". Worldbank.org. Retrieved 17 June 2011.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 "Production Efficiency in Yam Based Enterprises in Ekiti State, Nigeria" (PDF). Journal of Central European Agriculture. 7: 627–634. 2006. Archived from the original (pdf) on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 17 June 2011.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 "Determinants of Yam Production and Economic Efficiency Among Small-Holder Farmers in Southeastern Nigeria" (PDF). Delta State University. 27 June 2006. pp. 337–341. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 16 June 2011.
- ↑ "In Zaki Biam, Nigeria's Largest Mono-Product Market". Folio Nigeria. Retrieved 17 August 2020.