Sauya gurbatacciyar iskar gas

Sauya gurbatacciyar iskar gas
	physicochemical process (en)
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na	chemical reaction (en)

Gasification wani tsari ne wanda ke canza biomass - ko burbushin man fetur na tushen carbonaceous abubuwa zuwa gases, ciki har da mafi girma juzu'i: nitrogen (N2), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen (H ₂ ), da carbon dioxide ( CO ). Ana samun wannan ta hanyar mayar da martani ga kayan abinci a yanayin zafi mai yawa (yawanci> 700 °C), ba tare da konewa ba, ta hanyar sarrafa adadin iskar oxygen da/ko tururi da ke cikin halayen. Gas ɗin da aka samu ana kiransa syngas (daga haɗakar gas) ko iskar mai samarwa kuma ita kanta man fetur ne saboda ƙonewar H ₂ da CO wanda iskar gas ɗin ya ƙunshi. Ana iya samun wutar lantarki daga konewar iskar gas da ke biyo baya, kuma ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin tushen makamashin da za a iya sabuntawa idan an sami mahaɗan gas ɗin daga kayan abinci na biomass.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]

Amfanin gasification shi ne cewa syngas na iya zama mafi inganci fiye da konewa kai tsaye na kayan abinci na asali saboda ana iya ƙone shi a yanayin zafi mai girma ta yadda madaidaicin ma'aunin zafi da sanyio zuwa ingantaccen ingantaccen tsarin Carnot ya bayyana. Sanna Kuma Hakanan za'a iya amfani da Syngas azaman tushen hydrogen a cikin ƙwayoyin mai, duk da haka syngas ɗin da yawancin tsarin gas ɗin ke samarwa yana buƙatar ƙarin aiki da gyarawa don cire gurɓataccen gurɓataccen iska da sauran iskar gas kamar CO da CO don dacewa da ƙarancin zafin jiki mai amfani. amma high-zazzabi m oxide man fetur Kwayoyin suna iya kai tsaye yarda gauraye H2, CO, CO , tururi, da methane.^[5]

An fi kona Syngas kai tsaye a cikin injunan gas, to ana amfani da su don samar da methanol da hydrogen, ko kuma an canza su ta hanyar Fischer-Tropsch zuwa man fetur na roba . Ga wasu kayan iskar gas na iya zama madadin zubar da ƙasa da ƙonewa, wanda ke haifar da raguwar fitar da gurɓataccen yanayi kamar methane da barbashi . Kuma Wasu matakai na iskar gas suna da niyya don tace abubuwan toka masu lalata kamar su chloride da potassium, ba da damar samar da iskar gas mai tsabta daga kayan abinci mai matsala. A halin yanzu ana amfani da iskar iskar gas a ma'aunin masana'antu don samar da wutar lantarki. Gasification na iya haifar da ƙananan adadin wasu gurɓatattun abubuwa kamar SO _x da fiye da konewa. ^[6]

Tarihi

An samar da makamashi a sikelin masana'antu ta hanyar iskar gas tun farkon karni na 19.^[7] Tun Da farko an sanya gawayi da peat gas don samar da iskar gas na gari don haskakawa da dafa abinci, tare da sanya hasken titi na farko na jama'a a a ranar 28 ga Janairu, shekarata 1807, ba da daɗewa ba don samar da hasken iskar gas na kasuwanci ga mafi yawan biranen masana'antu har zuwa ƙarshen karni 19th. karni lokacin da aka maye gurbinsa da hasken lantarki. Anci gaba da amfani da iskar gas da syngas a cikin tanderun fashewa kuma mafi mahimmanci wajen samar da sinadarai na roba inda ake amfani da shi tun daga shekarun 1920. Dubban shafuka sun bar ragowar masu guba. An gyara wasu shafuka, yayin da wasu kuma har yanzu gurɓatacce ne.^[8]

A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, musamman yakin duniya na biyu, bukatar man da iskar gas ke samarwa ya sake kunno kai saboda karancin man fetur. ^[9] An yi amfani da injinan gas na itace, da ake kira Gasogene ko Gazogene, don sarrafa motoci a Turai . A shekara ta 1945 akwai manyan motoci, motocin bas da injinan noma waɗanda ke amfani da iskar gas. An kiyasta cewa akwai motoci kusan kimanin 9,000,000 da ke aiki da iskar gas a duk fadin duniya.

Hanyoyin sinadaran

A cikin gasifier, abu na carbonaceous yana ɗaukar matakai daban-daban:

Tsarin bushewa ko bushewa yana faruwa a kusan kimanin 100 °C. Yawanci sakamakon tururi yana gauraya cikin kwararar iskar kuma yana iya kasancewa tare da halayen sinadarai ana gaba, musamma yanayin iskar gas na ruwa idan yanayin zafi ya yi yawa (duba mataki #5).
Tsarin pyrolysis (ko delatilization) yana faruwa a kusan kimanin 200-300 °C. Ana saki nau'i-nau'i kuma ana samar da char, yana haifar da asarar nauyi zuwa kashi 70 na kwal. Tsarin yana dogara ne akan kaddarorin kayan aikin carbonaceous kuma yana ƙayyade tsari da abun da ke ciki na cajar, wanda zai fuskanci halayen gasification.
Tsarin konewa yana faruwa yayin da samfuran da ba su da ƙarfi da wasu daga cikin char ɗin ke amsawa tare da iskar oxygen don samar da carbon dioxide da farko da ƙananan adadin carbon monoxide, wanda ke ba da zafi don halayen iskar gas na gaba. Barin C yana wakiltar fili mai ɗauke da carbon, ainihin abin da ke faruwa anan shine ${\rm {C}}+{\rm {O}}_{2}\rightarrow {\rm {CO}}_{2}$
Tsarin iskar gas yana faruwa yayin da char ke amsawa tare da tururi da carbon dioxide don samar da carbon monoxide da hydrogen, ta hanyar halayen. ${\rm {C}}+{\rm {H}}_{2}{\rm {O}}\rightarrow {\rm {H}}_{2}+{\rm {CO}}$ kuma ${\rm {C}}+{\rm {CO}}_{2}\rightarrow 2{\rm {CO}}$
Bugu da kari, canjin iskar gas mai jujjuyawa canjin iskar gas na ruwa-gas yana kaiwa ma'auni cikin sauri a yanayin zafi a cikin injin gas. Wannan yana daidaita adadin carbon monoxide, tururi, carbon dioxide da hydrogen. ${\rm {CO}}+{\rm {H}}_{2}{\rm {O}}\leftrightarrow {\rm {CO}}_{2}+{\rm {H}}_{2}$

A zahiri, ana shigar da ƙarancin iskar oxygen ko iska a cikin injin don ba da damar wasu abubuwan da ake buƙata don “ƙona” Kuma don samar da carbon dioxide da makamashi, wanda ke haifar da amsa ta biyu wanda ke juyar da ƙarin kayan halitta zuwa hydrogen da ƙarin carbon dioxide. . SannanƘarin halayen suna faruwa lokacin da aka kafa carbon monoxide da sauran ruwa daga kayan halitta sun amsa don samar da methane da wuce haddi carbon dioxide ( $4{\rm {CO}}+2{\rm {H}}_{2}{\rm {O}}\rightarrow {\rm {CH}}_{4}+3{\rm {CO}}_{2}$ ). Wannan halayen na uku yana faruwa da yawa a cikin reactors waɗanda ke haɓaka lokacin zama na iskar gas da kayan halitta, da zafi da matsa lamba. To Ana amfani da masu kara kuzari a cikin ingantattun reactors don haɓaka ƙimar amsawa, don haka matsar da tsarin kusa da ma'aunin amsa don ƙayyadadden lokacin zama.

Tsari

Yawancin nau'ikan gasifiers suna samuwa a halin yanzu don amfanin kasuwanci: ƙayyadaddun gado na yanzu, ƙayyadaddun gado mai haɗin gwiwa, gado mai ruwa, kwararar ruwa, plasma, da radical kyauta. ^[10] ^[11] ^[12]

Kafaffen gado mai jujjuyawar yanzu ("daftarin sama") gasifier

Kafaffen gado na man carbonaceous (misali gawayi ko biomass) ta inda "wakilin gasification" (turi, oxygen da/ko iska) ke gudana a cikin daidaitaccen tsari na yanzu. ^[13] Ana cire toka ko dai a cikin yanayin bushewa ko a matsayin slag . Masu amfani da iskar gas ɗin suna da ƙaramin rabo na tururi zuwa carbon,^[14] samun yanayin zafi sama da yanayin haɗin toka. Yanayin gasifier yana nufin cewa man fetur dole ne ya kasance yana da ƙarfin injiniya kuma dole ne ya kasance maras yisti don ya zama gado mai lalacewa, ko Kuma da yake abubuwan da suka faru na kwanan nan sun rage waɗannan ƙuntatawa zuwa wani matsayi. Abin don irin wannan nau'in gasifier yana da ɗan ƙaramin ƙarfi. Canjin yanayin zafi yana da girma yayin da yanayin zafi a cikin fitowar gas ya yi ƙasa kaɗan. Koyaya, shiyasa wannan yana nufin cewa samar da kwalta da methane suna da mahimmanci a yanayin yanayin aiki na yau da kullun, don haka dole ne a tsaftace samfuran gas da yawa kafin amfani. Kuma Za a iya sake yin fa'idar kwalta zuwa injin reactor.

A cikin gasification na lafiya, undensified biomass kamar shinkafa hulls, wajibi ne a busa iska a cikin reactor ta hanyar fan. Wannan yana haifar da yawan zafin jiki na iskar gas, har zuwa kimanin 1000 C. Sama da yankin gasification, an kafa gado mai kyau da kuma zafi mai zafi, kuma yayin da ake hura iskar gas ta cikin wannan gadon, yawancin hadaddun hydrocarbons sun rushe zuwa sassa masu sauƙi na hydrogen. da kuma carbon monoxide.

Kafaffen gado mai haɗin gwiwa ("ƙasa daftarin") gasifier

Kama da nau'in counter-na yanzu, amma gas ɗin gas ɗin gas ɗin yana gudana a cikin daidaitaccen tsari tare da man fetur (a ƙasa, saboda haka sunan "ƙasa daftarin gasifier"). Sannan kuma Ana buƙatar ƙara zafi zuwa ɓangaren sama na gado, ko dai ta hanyar kone ƙananan man fetur ko daga wuraren zafi na waje. Gas ɗin da aka samar yana barin gasifier a yanayin zafi mai yawa, kuma yawancin wannan zafi sau da yawa ana canjawa wuri zuwa ga man gas ɗin da aka ƙara a saman gadon, yana haifar da ingantaccen makamashi akan matakin tare da nau'in counter-current. Tunda duk kwalta dole ne su wuce ta wurin gado mai zafi na char a cikin wannan tsarin, Kuma matakan kwalta sun yi ƙasa sosai fiye da nau'in na yanzu.

Ruwan daɗaɗɗen gadon reactor

Man fetur yana da ruwa a cikin iskar oxygen da tururi ko iska. Sannan Ana cire tokar a bushe ko a matsayin babban agglomerates wanda ke lalata ruwa. Yanayin zafi yana da ƙasa kaɗan a busassun ash gas, don haka mai dole ne ya kasance mai ɗaukar nauyi sosai; ƙananan garwashi sun dace musamman. The agglomerating gasifiers da dan kadan mafi girma zafi, kuma sun dace da mafi girma matsayi garwashi. Abubuwan da ake samu na man fetur ya fi na ƙayyadaddun gado, amma bai kai na iskar gas ɗin da aka shigar ba. Ingantaccen juzu'i na iya zama ƙasa kaɗan saboda haɓakar kayan carbonaceous. Kuma Ana iya amfani da sake yin fa'ida ko konewar daskararrun na gaba don ƙara juyawa. Na'urorin gas ɗin gado masu ruwa sun fi amfani ga mai da ke haifar da toka mai lalata sosai wanda zai lalata bangon gasifiers na slagging. Haƙoran halittu gabaɗaya sun ƙunshi manyan matakan toka mai lalata.

Ruwan gas na gado yana amfani da kayan gado marasa ƙarfi a yanayin ruwa wanda ke haɓaka zafi da rarraba kwayoyin halitta a cikin gasifier. Sannan A wani yanayi mai ruwa, saurin ruwan sama ya fi ƙaramar saurin ruwa da ake buƙata don ɗaga kayan gado a kan nauyin gadon. An raba gas ɗin gado mai ruwa zuwa Bed Fluidized Bed (BFB), Circulating Fluidized Bed (CFB) da Dual Fluidized Bed (DFB) gasifiers.

Intrained kwarara gasifier

Busasshiyar daskararre mai ƙarfi, man ruwa mai atomized ko slurry mai yana da iskar iskar oxygen (mafi ƙarancin yawa: iska) a cikin halin yanzu. Kuma Wasu Abubuwan halayen gasification suna faruwa a cikin gajimare mai yawa na barbashi masu kyau. Yawancin gawayi sun dace da irin wannan nau'in gas ɗin saboda yanayin yanayin aiki mai yawa kuma saboda ƙwayoyin kwal sun rabu da juna sosai.

Matsakaicin yanayin zafi da matsi kuma yana nufin cewa za'a iya samun mafi girman abin da ake buƙata, duk da haka ƙarfin zafi ya ɗan ragu kaɗan kamar yadda gas ɗin dole ne a sanyaya kafin a iya tsaftace shi da fasahar data kasance. Hakanan yanayin zafi yana nufin cewa kwalta da methane ba sa cikin iskar gas; duk da haka buƙatun iskar oxygen ya fi na sauran nau'ikan gasifiers. To Duk masu shigar da iskar gas ɗin da ke gudana suna cire babban ɓangaren tokar a matsayin ƙwaƙƙwal kamar yadda zafin aiki ya yi sama da zafin ash fusion.

Ana samar da ƙaramin juzu'in toka ko dai a matsayin busasshiyar tokar ƙuda ko kuma a matsayin baƙar ƙuda mai launin ƙuda. Wasu man fetur, musamman wasu nau'ikan kwayoyin halitta, na iya samar da slag wanda ke lalata bangon ciki na yumbu wanda ke ba da kariya ga bangon gasifier na waje. To Duk da haka wasu nau'ikan masu kwararar gas ba su mallaki bangon ciki na yumbu ba amma suna da ruwa na ciki ko bango mai sanyaya tururi wanda aka lulluɓe da wani ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan shinge. Wadannan nau'ikan gasifiers ba sa fama da slags masu lalata.

Wasu man fetur suna da toka tare da yanayin yanayin haɗuwa da toka sosai. A cikin wannan yanayin galibi ana haɗe dutsen farar ƙasa da man fetur kafin gasification. Ƙara ɗan dutsen farar ƙasa yawanci zai wadatar don rage yanayin yanayin haɗuwa. Dole ne barbashin mai ya zama ƙanƙanta da yawa fiye da na sauran nau'ikan gasifiers. Wannan yana nufin dole ne a nitse mai, wanda ke buƙatar ɗan ƙaramin ƙarfi fiye da sauran nau'ikan gasifiers. Kuma Ya zuwa yanzu mafi yawan amfani da makamashi da ke da alaƙa da iskar gas ɗin da ke gudana ba wai niƙa mai bane amma samar da iskar oxygen da ake amfani da shi don iskar gas.

Plasma gasifier

A cikin na'urar gas ɗin plasma ana ciyar da wutar lantarki mai ƙarfi zuwa wuta, yana haifar da babban zafin jiki. Ana dawo da ragowar inorganic a matsayin gilashi kamar abu.

Kayan abinci

Akwai adadi mai yawa na nau'ikan kayan abinci daban-daban don amfani a cikin gasifier, kowannensu yana da halaye daban-daban, gami da girman, siffa, yawa mai yawa, abun cikin danshi, abun ciki na makamashi, abun da ke tattare da sinadarai, halayen haɗin ash, da Kuma kamannin duk waɗannan kaddarorin. Sannan Ana amfani da gawayi da coke na man fetur azaman kayan abinci na farko don yawancin manyan tsire-tsire masu iskar gas a duniya. Bugu da ƙari, ana iya samar da iskar gas iri-iri na biomass da sharar da aka samu, tare da pellets na itace da guntu, itacen sharar gida, robobi da aluminium, Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), Man Fetur (RDF), sharar gona da masana'antu, sludge na najasa., canza ciyawar, masarar iri da aka jefar, injinan masara da sauran ragowar amfanin gona duk ana amfani da su.

Chemrec ya haɓaka wani tsari don gasification na baƙar fata barasa .

Sharar gida

Gas ɗin sharar gida yana da fa'idodi da yawa akan ƙonewa:

Ana iya yin babban tsaftar bututun hayaki mai fa'ida akan syngas maimakon mafi girma yawan iskar gas bayan konewa.
Za a iya samar da wutar lantarki a cikin injuna da injin turbin gas, waɗanda suke da arha da inganci fiye da sake zagayowar tururi da ake amfani da su a cikin ƙonawa. Hatta ƙwayoyin mai ana iya amfani da su, amma waɗannan suna da matsananciyar buƙatu game da tsabtar iskar.
Sarrafa sinadarai ( Gas zuwa ruwa ) na syngas na iya samar da wasu abubuwan da ake amfani da su na roba maimakon wutar lantarki.
Wasu hanyoyin samar da iskar gas suna magance tokar da ke ɗauke da ƙarfe masu nauyi a yanayin zafi sosai ta yadda za a fitar da ita cikin sigar gilashi da kwanciyar hankali.

Babban ƙalubale ga fasahohin samar da iskar gas shine a kai ga ingantaccen ingantaccen ƙarfin lantarki. Babban ingancin jujjuya syngas zuwa wutar lantarki yana fuskantar babban amfani da wutar lantarki a cikin sarrafa sharar gida, yawan amfani da iskar oxygen mai tsafta (wanda galibi ana amfani dashi azaman gasification), Kuma da tsabtace gas. Wani ƙalubalen da ke fitowa fili yayin aiwatar da matakai a rayuwa ta ainihi shine samun dogayen sabis na sabis a cikin tsire-tsire, ta yadda ba lallai ba ne a rufe shukar kowane ƴan watanni don tsaftace reactor.

Masu rajin kare muhalli sun kira gasification "ƙonawa a ɓoye" kuma suna jayayya cewa fasahar har yanzu tana da haɗari ga ingancin iska da lafiyar jama'a. "Tun daga shekarata 2003 da yawa shawarwari don wuraren kula da sharar gida suna fatan yin amfani da ... fasahohin gas ɗin sun kasa samun amincewar ƙarshe don aiki lokacin da iƙirarin masu ba da aikin ba su jure wa binciken jama'a da gwamnati na mahimman da'awar ba," a cewar Global Alliance for Incinerator Alternatives. . Wurare ɗaya da ta yi aiki daga shekarar 2009-2011 a Ottawa tana da "hatsarin hayaki" 29 da "zubewa" 13 a cikin waɗannan shekaru ukun. Hakanan ya sami ikon yin aiki kusan kashi 25% na lokacin.

An ba da shawarar matakai da yawa na sharar iskar gas, amma kaɗan har yanzu an gina su kuma an gwada su, kuma kaɗan ne kawai aka aiwatar yayin da tsire-tsire ke sarrafa sharar gaske, kuma galibi a hade tare da mai.

Wata shuka (a Chiba, Japan ta yin amfani da tsarin Thermoselect ) tana sarrafa sharar masana'antu tare da iskar gas da kuma tsabtace iskar oxygen tun shekara ta 2000, amma har yanzu ba ta rubuta ingantaccen samar da makamashi daga tsarin ba.

A cikin shekarar 2007 Ze-gen ya gina wurin nuna sharar iskar gas a New Bedford, Massachusetts . An tsara wurin don nuna iskar gas na takamaiman rafukan sharar da ba na MSW ba ta amfani da iskar gas ɗin ƙarfe na ruwa . Wannan wurin ya zo ne bayan yaɗuwar adawar jama'a ta tanadi tsare-tsare na irin wannan shuka a Attleboro, Massachusetts . A yau Ze-gen ya bayyana ya ƙare, kuma an saukar da gidan yanar gizon kamfanin a cikin shekarata 2014.

Hakanan a cikin Amurka, a cikin shekarata 2011 an gwada tsarin plasma wanda PyroGenesis Canada Inc. ya bayar don samar da iskar gas mai daskarewa na birni, datti mai haɗari da sharar kwayoyin halitta a sansanin Rundunar Sojojin Sama na Musamman na Hurlburt Field Florida. Kamfanin, wanda ya kashe dala miliyan 7.4 don ginawa, an rufe shi kuma an sayar da shi a wani gwanjon ruwa na gwamnati a watan Mayu shekarar 2013. Kudin budewa shine $25. An rufe tayin nasara.

Aikace-aikace na yanzu

Ana iya amfani da Syngas don samar da zafi da kuma samar da wutar lantarki da injiniyoyi. Kamar har sauran iskar gas, mai samar da iskar gas yana ba da iko mafi girma akan matakan wutar lantarki idan aka kwatanta da ingantaccen mai, yana haifar da ingantaccen aiki da tsabta.

Hakanan za'a iya amfani da Syngas don ƙarin sarrafawa zuwa mai ko sinadarai.

Zafi

Gasifiers suna ba da zaɓi mai sassauƙa don aikace-aikacen thermal, kamar yadda za'a iya sake dawo dasu cikin na'urorin da ake kunna iskar gas kamar tanda, tanda, tukunyar jirgi, da sauransu, inda syngas na iya maye gurbin burbushin mai. Adadin dumama na syngas gabaɗaya suna kusa da 4-10 MJ/m ³ .

Wutar Lantarki

A halin yanzu ana amfani da iskar gas na masana'antu da farko don samar da wutar lantarki daga burbushin man fetur kamar kwal, inda ake kona sinadarai a cikin injin turbin gas. Hakanan ana amfani da iskar gas ta masana'antu wajen samar da wutar lantarki, ammonia da albarkatun ruwa (mai) ta amfani da Integrated Gasification Combined Cycles ( IGCC ), tare da yuwuwar samar da methane da hydrogen don ƙwayoyin mai. IGCC kuma hanya ce mafi inganci ta kama CO ₂ idan aka kwatanta da fasahar zamani. Tushen nunin IGCC suna aiki tun farkon shekarata 1970s kuma wasu daga cikin tsire-tsire da aka gina a cikin shekarata 1990s yanzu suna shiga sabis na kasuwanci.

Haɗewar zafi da ƙarfi

A cikin ƙananan kasuwanci da aikace-aikacen gine-gine, inda tushen itace ya kasance mai ɗorewa, kimanin 250-1000 kWe da sababbin tsire-tsire na carbon biomass gasification an shigar da su a Turai waɗanda ke samar da syngas kyauta daga itace kuma suna ƙone shi a cikin injuna masu jujjuyawa da aka haɗa da janareta tare da dawo da zafi. . Irin wannan nau'in shuka ana kiransa sau da yawa azaman itace biomass CHP unit amma shuka ce mai tsari daban-daban guda bakwai: sarrafa biomass, isar da mai, iskar gas, tsaftace gas, zubar da shara, samar da wutar lantarki da dawo da zafi.

Man fetur na sufuri

Ana iya sarrafa injunan dizal akan yanayin mai biyu ta amfani da iskar gas. Canjin dizal na sama da kashi 80% a manyan lodi da 70-80% a ƙarƙashin bambance-bambancen kaya na yau da kullun ana iya samun sauƙin samu. ^[15] Injunan kunna wuta da ƙwanƙwaran man mai oxide na iya aiki akan iskar gas 100%. ^[16] ^[17] ^[18]^[19]^[20] Za a iya amfani da makamashin injina daga injina misali tuƙi na ruwa don ban ruwa ko don haɗawa da madaidaicin wutar lantarki.

Yayin da ƙananan sikelin gas suka wanzu fiye da shekaru 100, akwai ƴan hanyoyin samun na'ura mai shirye don amfani. Ƙananan na'urori yawanci ayyukan DIY ne. Koyaya, a halin yanzu a ƙasar Amurka, kamfanoni da yawa suna ba da injin gas don sarrafa ƙananan injuna.

Sabunta makamashi da makamashi

A ka'ida, gasification na iya ci gaba daga kusan kowane nau'in halitta, gami da biomass da sharar filastik . Sakamakon syngas za a iya kone su. A madadin, idan syngas yana da tsabta sosai, ana iya amfani dashi don samar da wutar lantarki a injunan gas, injin turbines ko ma man fetur, ko kuma canza shi da kyau zuwa dimethyl ether (DME) ta hanyar rashin ruwa na methanol, methane ta hanyar Sabatier dauki, ko dizal-kamar. Man fetur na roba ta hanyar tsarin Fischer-Tropsch. A yawancin tafiyar da iskar gas yawancin abubuwan da ba a haɗa su ba na kayan shigarwa, kamar karafa da ma'adanai, ana kiyaye su a cikin toka. Kuma A wasu matakai na gasification (slagging gasification) wannan ash yana da nau'i na gilashi mai ƙarfi tare da ƙananan kaddarorin leaching, amma samar da wutar lantarki a slagging gasification yana da ƙasa (wani lokaci mara kyau) kuma farashin ya fi girma.

Ba tare da la'akari da nau'in man fetur na ƙarshe ba, iskar gas da kanta da sarrafawa na gaba ba sa fitarwa kai tsaye ko tarko iskar gas kamar carbon dioxide. Yin amfani da wutar lantarki a cikin gasification da tsarin juyawa na syngas na iya zama mahimmanci ko da yake, kuma yana iya haifar da watsi da CO ₂ a kaikaice; a slagging da plasma gasification, da wutar lantarki amfani iya ma wuce duk wani ikon samar daga nau'in syngas.

Konewar syngas ko mai da aka samu yana fitarwa daidai adadin carbon dioxide kamar yadda zai fito daga konewar man na farko kai tsaye. Gas na biomass da konewa na iya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tattalin arzikin makamashi mai sabuntawa, Kuma saboda samar da kwayoyin halitta yana kawar da adadin CO ₂ daga sararin samaniya kamar yadda ake fitarwa daga iskar gas da konewa. Yayin da sauran fasahohin fasahar halittu irin su biogas da biodiesel ke tsaka tsaki na carbon, iskar gas a ka'ida na iya gudana akan nau'ikan kayan shigarwa iri-iri kuma ana iya amfani da su don samar da nau'ikan abubuwan fitarwa iri-iri.

A halin yanzu akwai ƴan masana'antu sikelin biomass gasification shuke-shuke. Tun 2008 a Svenljunga, Sweden, a biomass gasification shuka haifar har zuwa 14 MW _th, wadata masana'antu da kuma jama'ar Svenljunga tare da aiwatar tururi da gundumar dumama, bi da bi. Mai iskar gas yana amfani da makamashin biomass kamar CCA ko itacen sharar da aka dasa a ciki da kuma sauran nau'ikan itacen da aka sake fa'ida don samar da syngas da ake konewa a wurin. ^[21] A cikin shekarata 2011 ana shigar da irin wannan injin gas, mai amfani da nau'ikan mai, a masana'antar CHP ta Munkfors Energy Archived 2017-06-14 at the Wayback Machine . Kamfanin na CHP zai samar da 2MW _e (lantarki) da 8 MW _th ( dumama gundumomi ). ^[22]

Misalan ayyukan nuni sun haɗa da:

The 32 MW dual fluidized bed gasification of the GoBiGas project in Gothenburg, Sweden, produced around 20 MW of substitute natural gas from forest residues and fed it into the natural gas grid since December 2014. The plant was permanently closed due to technical and economical problems in April 2018. Göteborg Energi had invested 175 million euro in the plant and intensive attempts to sell the plant to new investors had failed for a year.
Those of the Renewable Energy Network Austria, including a plant using dual fluidized bed gasification that has supplied the town of Güssing with 2 MW of electricity, produced utilising GE Jenbacher reciprocating gas engines and 4 MW of heat, generated from wood chips, since 2001. The plant was decommissioned in 2015.
Go Green Gas' pilot plant in Swindon, UK has demonstrated methane production from waste feedstocks at 50 kW. The project has prompted the construction of a £25million commercial facility that aims to generate 22GWh per annum of grid-quality natural gas from waste wood and refuse derived fuel, due for completion in 2018.
Chemrec's pilot plant in Piteå that produced 3 MW of clean syngas from entrained flow gasification of black liquor. The plant was closed down permanently due to financial problems in 2016
The High Temperature Winkler (HTW), a pressurized circulating fluidized bed gasification process. During the 1990s HTW was tested with a variety of different feedstocks, including low-rank coals and various forms of biomass; wood, refuse derived fuel (RDF) and municipal solid waste (MSW). The last HTW facility closed permanently in 2002. Since 2015 tests of the process continues at a 0.1 t/h pilot unit at Darmstadt University, while a redesigned full-scale unit is under erection in Amsterdam

Duba wasu abubuwan

Gas din kwal
Konewar gado mai ruwa
Tarihin samar da iskar gas
Isle of Wight iskar gas
Jerin fasahohin maganin datti
Zubar da shara ta Plasma
Gas mai sabuntawa
Gas na ruwa
Tushen wutan lantarki na waje
Chemical looping sake fasalin da gasification

Manazarta

↑ National Non-Food Crops Centre. "Review of Technologies for Gasification of Biomass and Wastes, NNFCC project 09/008" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-08-10. Retrieved 2011-06-24.
↑ The Clean and Renewable Energy Source, biomass.uk.com, accessed 16.05.11 Archived 2011-09-10 at the Wayback Machine
↑ Thermal Gasification of Biomass, International Energy Agency Task 33 Archived 2011-05-09 at the Wayback Machine, http://www.gastechnology.org, accessed 16.05.11
↑ "Plasma gasification: Clean renewable fuel through vaporization of waste". www.waste-management-world.com. January 7, 2009. Archived from the original on 2015-10-29. Retrieved May 16, 2011.
↑ Giddey, S.; Badwal, S.P.S.; Kulkarni, A.; Munnings, C. (June 2012). "A comprehensive review of direct carbon fuel cell technology". Progress in Energy and Combustion Science. 38 (3): 360–399. doi:10.1016/j.pecs.2012.01.003.
↑ Chris Higman and Maarten van der Burgt. Gasification, Second Edition, Elsevier (2008).
↑ Breault, Ronald W. (23 February 2010). "Gasification Processes Old and New: A Basic Review of the Major Technologies". Energies. 3 (2): 216–240. doi:10.3390/en3020216.
↑ "A century later, utilities still face billions in potential liabilities from obsolete manufactured gas plants". Utility Dive. 11 October 2021.
↑ Gas Generator Project Archived 2006-06-18 at the Wayback Machine History of the Gasogene technology
↑ Beychok, M.R., Process and environmental technology for producing SNG and liquid fuels, U.S. EPA report EPA-660/2-75-011, May 1975
↑ Beychok, M.R., Coal gasification for clean energy, Energy Pipelines and Systems, March 1974
↑ Beychok, M.R., Coal gasification and the Phenosolvan process, American Chemical Society 168th National Meeting, Atlantic City, September 1974
↑ Thanapal SS, Annamalai K, Sweeten J, Gordillo G, (2011), “Fixed bed gasification of dairy biomass with enriched air mixture”. Appl Energy, doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2011.11.072
↑ Samfuri:Cite conference
↑ Gasification Appliances Review, 04.02.08
↑ Electricity from wood through the combination of gasification and solid oxide fuel cells, Ph.D. Thesis by Florian Nagel, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, 2008
↑ Characterization of biomass producer gas as fuel for stationary gas engines in combined heat and power production, Ph.D. Thesis by Jesper Ahrenfeldt, Technical University of Denmark March 2007
↑ Electricity from wood through the combination of gasification and solid oxide fuel cells, Ph.D. Thesis by Florian Nagel, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, 2008
↑ Characterization of biomass producer gas as fuel for stationary gas engines in combined heat and power production, Ph.D. Thesis by Jesper Ahrenfeldt, Technical University of Denmark March 2007
↑ High temperature electrolyte supported Ni-GDC/YSZ/LSM SOFC operation on two-stage Viking gasifier product gas Archived 2008-12-17 at the Wayback Machine, Ph. Hofmann et al. in Journal of Power Sources 173 (2007) 357–366
↑ SFC – Soot Free Combustion: large scale biomass gasification, 03.03.11
↑ Munkfors Energy invests in new combined heat and power plant, 03.03.11

Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

[nnfcc-1] National Non-Food Crops Centre. "Review of Technologies for Gasification of Biomass and Wastes, NNFCC project 09/008" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-08-10. Retrieved 2011-06-24.

[2] The Clean and Renewable Energy Source, biomass.uk.com, accessed 16.05.11 Archived 2011-09-10 at the Wayback Machine

[3] Thermal Gasification of Biomass, International Energy Agency Task 33 Archived 2011-05-09 at the Wayback Machine, http://www.gastechnology.org, accessed 16.05.11

[4] "Plasma gasification: Clean renewable fuel through vaporization of waste". www.waste-management-world.com. January 7, 2009. Archived from the original on 2015-10-29. Retrieved May 16, 2011.

[5] Giddey, S.; Badwal, S.P.S.; Kulkarni, A.; Munnings, C. (June 2012). "A comprehensive review of direct carbon fuel cell technology". Progress in Energy and Combustion Science. 38 (3): 360–399. doi:10.1016/j.pecs.2012.01.003.

[6] Chris Higman and Maarten van der Burgt. Gasification, Second Edition, Elsevier (2008).

[7] Breault, Ronald W. (23 February 2010). "Gasification Processes Old and New: A Basic Review of the Major Technologies". Energies. 3 (2): 216–240. doi:10.3390/en3020216.

[8] "A century later, utilities still face billions in potential liabilities from obsolete manufactured gas plants". Utility Dive. 11 October 2021.

[9] Gas Generator Project Archived 2006-06-18 at the Wayback Machine History of the Gasogene technology

[10] Beychok, M.R., Process and environmental technology for producing SNG and liquid fuels, U.S. EPA report EPA-660/2-75-011, May 1975

[11] Beychok, M.R., Coal gasification for clean energy, Energy Pipelines and Systems, March 1974

[12] Beychok, M.R., Coal gasification and the Phenosolvan process, American Chemical Society 168th National Meeting, Atlantic City, September 1974

[13] Thanapal SS, Annamalai K, Sweeten J, Gordillo G, (2011), “Fixed bed gasification of dairy biomass with enriched air mixture”. Appl Energy, doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2011.11.072

[14] Samfuri:Cite conference

[15] Gasification Appliances Review, 04.02.08

[16] Electricity from wood through the combination of gasification and solid oxide fuel cells, Ph.D. Thesis by Florian Nagel, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, 2008

[17] Characterization of biomass producer gas as fuel for stationary gas engines in combined heat and power production, Ph.D. Thesis by Jesper Ahrenfeldt, Technical University of Denmark March 2007

[18] Electricity from wood through the combination of gasification and solid oxide fuel cells, Ph.D. Thesis by Florian Nagel, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, 2008

[19] Characterization of biomass producer gas as fuel for stationary gas engines in combined heat and power production, Ph.D. Thesis by Jesper Ahrenfeldt, Technical University of Denmark March 2007

[20] High temperature electrolyte supported Ni-GDC/YSZ/LSM SOFC operation on two-stage Viking gasifier product gas Archived 2008-12-17 at the Wayback Machine, Ph. Hofmann et al. in Journal of Power Sources 173 (2007) 357–366

[21] SFC – Soot Free Combustion: large scale biomass gasification, 03.03.11

[22] Munkfors Energy invests in new combined heat and power plant, 03.03.11

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