Sonnet
 Sonnet | |
|---|---|
poetic form (en)  da literary genre (en) | |
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na |
forme fixe (en) |
| Ƙasa da aka fara | Daular Sicily |
| Mai ganowa ko mai ƙirƙira |
Giacomo da Lentini (en) |
| Time of discovery or invention (en) | 13 century |
| Gudanarwan |
sonnetist (en) |
Sonnet wani nau'i ne na waƙa wanda ya samo asali daga waƙar da aka tsara a court Mai Tsarki na Sarkin Roma Frederick II a cikin Sicilian birnin Palermo. Mawaki na ƙarni na 13 kuma notary Giacomo da Lentini an lasafta shi da ƙirƙirar sonnet, kuma Makarantar mawaƙa ta Sicilian waɗanda suka kewaye shi sannan suka yada fom ɗin zuwa mainland. Farkon sonnets, duk da haka, ba sa rayuwa a cikin ainihin yaren Sicilian, amma sai bayan an fassara su zuwa yaren Tuscan.
Kalmar "sonnet" ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Italiyanci sonetto (lit. "karamin waƙa", wanda aka samo daga kalmar Latin sous, ma'ana sauti). Zuwa karni na 13 ya nuna waka mai layi goma sha hudu wadanda suka biyo bayan tsari da tsari mai tsauri.
A cewar Christopher Blum, a lokacin Renaissance, sonnet ta zama "yanayin zabi na nuna soyayya". [1] A wannan lokacin, kuma, an ɗauki fom ɗin a cikin wasu yankuna da yawa na yaren Turai kuma daga ƙarshe an ɗauki kowane batu abin karɓa ga marubutan sonnets. Rashin haƙuri tare da tsarin da aka saita ya haifar da bambance-bambance masu yawa a cikin ƙarni, ciki har da watsi da iyakar quatorzain har ma da waƙoƙin gaba ɗaya a zamanin yau.
Romance languages[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Italiyanci[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
An yi imanin cewa Giacomo da Lentini, shugaban makarantar Sicilian karkashin Sarkin sarakuna Frederick II ne ya kirkiro sonnet. Peter Dronke ya yi tsokaci cewa akwai wani abu mai mahimmanci ga sassauƙan tsarin sa wanda ya ba da gudummawar rayuwa fiye da yankin sa. Siffar ta ƙunshi nau'i-nau'i na quatrains da ke biye da tercets guda biyu tare da tsarin waƙa mai ma'ana ABABABAB CCDCD, inda ake aiwatar da hankali a cikin sabuwar hanya bayan Midway break. [2] William Baer ya ba da shawarar cewa layukan farko na takwas na farko na sonnets na Sicilian sun yi kama da na Sicilian folksong stanza mai layi takwas da aka sani da Strambotto. Da wannan, da Lentini (ko duk wanda ya ƙirƙira fom) ya ƙara tercets biyu zuwa Strambotto don ƙirƙirar sabon sigar sonnet mai layi 14. [3]
Sabanin haka, Hassanally Ladha ya yi iƙirarin cewa tsarin Sicilian sonnet da abun ciki ya zana waƙar Larabci kuma ba za a iya bayyana shi a matsayin "ƙirƙirar" ta Giacomo da Lentini ko wani memba na Makarantar Sicilian ba. Ladha ya lura cewa "a cikin farkon Sicilian, sonnet evinces wallafe-wallafen adabi da kuma epistemological lamba tare da qasida", [4] kuma ya jaddada cewa sonnet ba ya fito lokaci guda tare da zaton ta ma'anar 14-layi tsarin. "A bayyane yake, ƙoƙarin rufe sonnet daga magabata na Larabci ya dogara ne akan ma'anar sabuwar waƙar da Giacomo ba ta dace ba: tsira a cikin karni na goma sha uku, wakokinsa ba su bayyana a cikin goma sha huɗu ba, amma sai dai layi shida, ciki har da hudu. layuka, kowanne da hemistiches biyu da “tercets” biyu kowanne a cikin layin da ya shimfida sama da layuka biyu. [5] A ra'ayi na Ladha, sonnet ya fito a matsayin ci gaba na al'adar sha'awar soyayya a ko'ina cikin duniyar Bahar Rum kuma yana da alaƙa da wasu nau'i kamar Sicilian strambotto, Provencal canso, Andalusi Larabci muwashshah da zajal, da kuma qasida. [6]
Guittone d'Arezzo ya sake gano nau'in sonnet kuma ya kawo shi zuwa Tuscany inda ya daidaita shi zuwa yaren Tuscan lokacin da ya kafa Siculo-Tuscan, ko makarantar waƙoƙin Guittonian (1235-1294). Ya rubuta kusan 250 sonnets. Daga cikin rundunar sauran mawaƙan Italiyanci waɗanda suka biyo baya, sonnets na Dante Alighieri da Guido Cavalcanti sun fito fili, amma daga baya mafi shahara kuma mafi tasiri shine Petrarch.
Tsarin tsarin sonnet ɗin Italiyanci na yau da kullun yayin da yake haɓaka ya haɗa da sassa biyu waɗanda tare suka samar da ƙaramin nau'i na "hujja". Na farko, octave ya samar da "shawarwari", wanda ke bayyana "matsala" ko "tambaya", sannan kuma sestet (tercets biyu) wanda ke ba da shawarar "ƙuduri". Yawanci, layi na tara yana fara abin da ake kira "juyawa", ko "volta", wanda ke nuna alamar motsi daga shawara zuwa ƙuduri. Ko da a cikin sautin sauti waɗanda ba su bi tsarin matsala/ƙuduri ba, layi na tara yakan nuna alamar “juyawa” ta hanyar nuna canjin sautin, yanayi, ko matsayin waƙar.
Daga baya, tsarin ABBA ABBA ya zama ma'auni na sonnets na Italiyanci. Da sestet akwai yuwuwa daban-daban guda biyu: CDE CDE da CDC CDC. A cikin lokaci, an gabatar da wasu bambance-bambancen akan wannan tsarin waƙar, kamar CDC DCD ko CDE DCE. Petrarch yakan yi amfani da tsarin ABBA ABBA don octave, sannan ko dai CDE CDE ko CDC CDC rhymes a cikin sestet.
A farkon karni na 14 akwai misalan farko na jerin sonnet wanda aka haɗe game da jigo ɗaya. Wannan jerin Folgore da San Geminiano ne ke wakilta akan watannin shekara, [7] ya biyo bayan jerin sa a ranakun mako. A kwanan baya kadan, Dante ya buga La Vita Nuova, wani sharhin labari wanda ya bayyana sonnets da sauran nau'o'in lyrical da suka shafi ƙaunar mawaƙa ga Beatrice. [8] Yawancin sonnets akwai Petrarchan (anan ana amfani dashi azaman salon salo kawai tunda Dante ya riga ya rigaya Petrarch). Babi na VII yana ba da sonnet "O voi che per la via", tare da sestets biyu (AABAAB AABAAB) da quatrains guda biyu (CDDC CDDC), da Ch. VIII, "Morte villana", tare da sestets guda biyu (AABBBA AABBBA) da quatrains guda biyu (CDDC CDDC). Petrarch ya bi sawun sa daga baya a cikin karni na gaba tare da 366 sonnets na Canzionere, wanda ya ba da tarihin ƙaunarsa na tsawon rayuwarsa ga Laura. [9]
Manazarta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- ↑ Christopher O. Blum, "A Poet of the Passion of Christ", Crisis Magazine, 2 April 2012.
- ↑ Peter Dronke, The Medieval Lyric, Hutchinson University Library, 1968, pp.151-4
- ↑ William Baer (2005), Sonnets: 150 Contemporary Sonnets, University of Evansville Press, pp. 153-154.
- ↑ Ladha, Hassanaly, "From Bayt to Stanza: Arabic Khayāl and the Advent of Italian Vernacular Poetry": Exemplaria: Vol 32, No 1 (tandfonline.com), p. 17. Retrieved 7 July 2021
- ↑ Empty citation (help)Ladha, Hassanaly, "From Bayt to Stanza: Arabic Khayāl and the Advent of Italian Vernacular Poetry": Exemplaria : Vol 32, No 1 (tandfonline.com) , p. 17. Retrieved 7 July 2021
- ↑ Ladha, Hassanaly (2 January 2020). "Ladha, p. 15" . Exemplaria . 32 (1): 1–31. doi :10.1080/10412573.2020.1743523 . S2CID 221178512 .Empty citation (help)
- ↑ " Of the months", translated by Dante Gabriel Rossetti,
- ↑ La Vita Nuova (The New Life), A. S. Kline, Poetry in Translation 2000-02
- ↑ "Petrarch: The Canzonieri", A. S. Kline, Poetry in Translation 2002