Talabijin na USB a Amurka

 

An fara samun talabijin na USB a Amurka a shekarar 1948. A shekara ta 1989, gidaje miliyan 53 na Amurka sun sami biyan kuɗi na talabijin na USB, tare da kashi 60 cikin 100 na dukkan gidajen Amurka suna yin hakan a shekarar 1992. Yawancin masu kallon kebul a Amurka suna zaune a cikin unguwanni kuma suna da matsakaicin aji; talabijin na kebul ba ya zama ruwan dare a yankunan karkara, birane, da yankunan karye.

Dangane da rahotanni da Hukumar Sadarwa ta Tarayya ta fitar, biyan kuɗi na talabijin na gargajiya a Amurka ya kai kololuwa a shekara ta 2000, a jimlar biyan kuɗi miliyan 68.5. Tun daga wannan lokacin, biyan kuɗi na kebul sun kasance a hankali, sun sauka zuwa masu biyan kuɗi miliyan 54.4 a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2013. Wasu Masu ba da sabis na tarho sun fara bayar da talabijin, sun kai ga masu biyan kuɗi miliyan 11.3 tun daga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2013.

Tarihi

Tsarin farko

An yi iƙirarin cewa an kirkiro tsarin talabijin na farko a Amurka a 1948 a Mahanoy City, Pennsylvania ta hanyar John Walson don samar da siginar talabijin ga mutanen da karɓar su ba ta da kyau saboda tsaunuka masu tsawo da gine-gine da ke toshe siginar TV. Birnin Mahanoy ya dace da ayyukan CATV, tunda ana iya karɓar siginar talabijin ta hanyar antennas na saman dutse kuma ana sake watsa su ta hanyar "twin-lead" ko "ladder-lead"" kebul zuwa ga al'ummar kwarin da ke ƙasa (inda karɓar watsa shirye-shirye ya kasance matalauta sosai). An yi tambaya game da ikirarin "na farko" na Walson kuma ba za a iya tabbatar da ranar farawa da ya yi ikirarin ba. Majalisa ta Amurka da Ƙungiyar Talabijin ta Kasa sun amince da Walson kamar yadda ya kirkiro talabijin na USB a cikin bazara na 1948.

An haɓaka tsarin CATV a ƙarshen shekarun 1940 ta hanyar James F. Reynolds a garinsu na Maple Dale, Pennsylvania, wanda ya girma ya haɗa da Sandy Lake, Stoneboro, Polk, Cochranton, da Meadville.

Kodayake Gabashin Pennsylvania, musamman yankunan Schuylkill da Carbon a yankin kwal na anthracite, suna da yawancin tsarin CATV na farko, akwai wasu 'yan kasuwa na CATV da suka warwatse a duk faɗin Amurka. Ɗaya daga cikinsu shine James Y. Davidson na Tuckerman, Arkansas . Davidson shine manajan gidan wasan kwaikwayo na gida kuma yana gudanar da kasuwancin gyaran rediyo a gefe. A shekara ta 1949, ya kafa tsarin kebul don kawo siginar sabon tashar Memphis, Tennessee ga al'ummarsa, wanda ke da nisa sosai don karɓar siginar tare da antennas kawai.  

Leroy E. "Ed" Parsons ya gina tsarin talabijin na farko a Amurka wanda ya yi amfani da kebul na coaxial, amplifiers, da kuma antenna na al'umma don isar da siginar talabijin zuwa yankin da in ba haka ba ba ba zai iya karɓar siginar talabin watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin ba. A cikin 1948, Parsons ya mallaki tashar rediyo a Astoria, Oregon . Shekara guda da ta gabata shi da matarsa sun fara kallon talabijin a taron masu watsa shirye-shirye. A cikin bazara na 1948, Parsons ya koyi cewa gidan rediyo na KRSC (yanzu KKNW) a Seattle - kilomita 125 daga nesa - zai kaddamar da gidan talabijin da ya fadi. Ya gano cewa tare da babban eriya zai iya karɓar siginar KRSC a kan rufin Otal din Astoria kuma daga can ya gudu kebul na coaxial a fadin titin zuwa gidansa. Lokacin da tashar (yanzu KING-TV) ta fara watsawa a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1948, Parsons shine kadai a garin da zai iya ganin talabijin. A cewar Bob Sullivan na MSNBC, Parsons ya caji $ 125 sau ɗaya da kuma $ 3 a wata. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 1968, an amince da Parsons a matsayin mahaifin gidan talabijin na al'umma.

Tsarin kasuwanci na farko

In 1950, Robert Tarlton developed the first commercial cable television system in the United States. Tarlton organized a group of fellow television set retailers in Lansford, Pennsylvania, a town in the same region as Mahanoy City, to offer television signals from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania broadcast stations to homes in Lansford for a fee. The system was featured in stories in The New York Times, Newsweek and The Wall Street Journal. The publicity of this successful early system set off a wave of cable system construction throughout the United States, and Tarlton himself became a highly sought-after consultant.

Farkon akwatin mai canzawa na Jerrold daga ƙarshen 1970s.

Tarlton ya yi amfani da kayan aikin da sabon kamfani, Jerrold Electronics ya ƙera. Bayan ganin nasarar tsarin Tarlton a cikin 1950, shugaban Jerrold (kuma gwamnan Pennsylvania na gaba) Milton Shapp ya sake tsara kamfaninsa don gina kayan aiki don masana'antar kebul mai girma yanzu. A cikin 1952, Tarlton ya tafi aiki ga Jerrold, yana taimakawa wajen gina mafi yawan manyan tsarin da wannan kamfanin ya gina a cikin shekarun 1950. Tarlton kuma yana da alhakin horar da yawancin manyan masu aiki na tsarin kebul a cikin shekarun 1950. A shekara ta 2003, an shigar da Tarlton a cikin Cable Television Hall of Fame saboda aikinsa na gina kamfanin talabijin na farko da aka yada a Amurka.

Girman farko

Haɓakar talabijin na watsa shirye-shirye kyauta a cikin shekarun 1950 ya yi barazana sosai ga masana'antar nishaɗi da aka kafa ta hanyar ba da madadin al'ada na biyan kuɗi akai-akai don ganin fina-finai. An tattauna yiwuwar juya masu kallon talabijin kyauta zuwa masu kallon talabajin da aka biya tun da wuri. Misali, bayan talabijin na Amurka miliyan 25 da suka saurara wani nau'in kiɗa na <i id="mwZA">Cinderella</i> a cikin 1957, masu gudanarwa sun lissafa cewa da cibiyar sadarwa ta sami 25¢ ga kowane talabijin da aka saurara wasan kwaikwayon, da ya sami fiye da dala miliyan 6 ba tare da farashin rarrabawa ba. Koyaya, saboda matsaloli da yawa na shari'a, ka'idoji da fasaha, an yi amfani da talabijin na USB a Amurka a cikin shekaru 24 na farko kusan kawai don watsa tashoshin talabijin masu kasuwanci na ƙasa zuwa yankuna masu nisa da marasa isa. Har ila yau, ya zama sananne a wasu yankuna inda tsaunuka suka haifar da karɓar mara kyau a cikin iska. Shirye-shiryen asali akan kebul ya zo ne a cikin 1972 tare da deregulation na masana'antar.

A lokacin da Hukumar Sadarwa ta Tarayya (FCC) ta daskarewa a kan lasisin talabijin daga 1948 zuwa 1952, bukatar talabijin ta karu. Tun da ba a bayar da sabbin lasisin tashar talabijin ba, hanya daya tilo da aka cika bukatar, har ma a cikin al'ummomin da ke da tashoshin watsa shirye-shirye guda ɗaya ko fiye, ita ce ta Community Antenna Television (CATV) , kamar yadda aka sani da kebul na farko (wanda ake kira saboda rabawa na zahiri na babban eriya mai karɓa ta dukan al'umma).

Tsarin mulki

Tarihin siyasa

  A ranar 1 ga watan Agusta, 1949, T.J. Slowie, sakataren Hukumar Sadarwa ta Tarayya, ya aika da wasika ga Parsons yana neman ya "ba da cikakken bayani ga Hukumar game da yanayin tsarin da ka iya haɓaka kuma yana iya aiki. " Wannan shine farkon sanannen shigar FCC a cikin CATV.[to] Wani lauyan FCC, E. Stratford Smith, ya yanke shawarar cewa Hukumar za ta iya yin amfani da ikon mai ɗaukar kaya a kan CATV. FCC ba ta yi aiki a kan wannan ra'ayi ba, kuma Smith daga baya ya canza tunaninsa bayan ya yi aiki a masana'antar kebul na ɗan lokaci. Bugu da ƙari, shawarar Smith ta rinjayi abubuwan da ya samu na ba da shaida sau da yawa a cikin sauraron kwamitin Majalisar Dattijai na Amurka. Sanata, kuma kwamishinan FCC na gaba, Kenneth A. Cox ya halarci kuma ya shiga cikin waɗannan sauraron. Ya shirya rahoto ga Kwamitin Majalisar Dattijai kan Kasuwanci da Kasuwanci na Kasashen Waje game da CATV da tallafawa manufofin FCC na tashar talabijin a kowane al'umma.

A cikin 1959 da 1961, an gabatar da takardun kudi a Majalisa ta Amurka wanda zai ƙayyade rawar da FCC ke takawa a cikin manufofin CATV. Babban mai tsara wasu daga cikin waɗannan takardun kudi shine lauya Yolanda G. Barco . Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin mata masu gudanarwa na farko a cikin kebul, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin "babban lauya don abubuwan da ke cikin talabijin na kebul a lokacin shekarun da masana'antar ta fara". Kudin 1959, wanda ya sanya shi a bene na Majalisar Dattijai, zai iyakance ikon FCC ga tsarin CATV a cikin layi (ko kewayon watsa shirye-shirye) na tashar guda ɗaya; duk da haka, an kayar da lissafin. Kudin 1961 da FCC ta gabatar zai ba Hukumar iko akan CATV a matsayin CATV, kuma ba a matsayin mai ɗaukar hoto ko mai watsa shirye-shirye ba. Hukumar za ta iya karɓar dokoki da ka'idoji "a cikin sha'awar jama'a" don gudanar da CATV a kowane yanki da CATV da watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin suka rufe. Ba a taɓa ɗaukar mataki a kan wannan lissafin ba.

Mafi mahimmanci fiye da matakin Majalisa wajen tantance manufofin Hukumar Sadarwa ta Tarayya CATV sune shari'o'in kotu da sauraron FCC. A cikin Frontier Broadcasting Co. v. Collier, masu watsa shirye-shirye sun yi ƙoƙari su tilasta wa FCC yin amfani da ikon ɗaukar kaya na yau da kullun a kan tsarin CATV 288 a cikin jihohi 36. Masu watsa shirye-shiryen sun ci gaba da cewa CATV ya saba wa Rahoton FCC na shida da Umurni, wanda ya ba da shawarar akalla tashar talabijin guda ɗaya a kowane al'umma. A shekara ta 1958, FCC ta yanke shawarar cewa CATV ba mai ɗaukar kaya ba ne na yau da kullun tunda mai biyan kuɗi bai ƙayyade shirye-shiryen ba. Carter Mountain Transmission Corp., mai ɗaukar hoto na yau da kullun wanda ya riga ya watsa siginar talabijin ta hanyar microwave zuwa tsarin CATV a cikin garuruwan Wyoming da yawa, yana so ya ƙara siginar ta biyu ga garuruwa biyu kuma ya ƙara sigina biyu ga garin da ba a taɓa amfani da shi ba. Wata tashar talabijin a wani gari ta yi adawa da wannan kuma ta yi zanga-zanga ga FCC a kan lalacewar tattalin arziki. Wani mai jarrabawa ya goyi bayan Carter Mountain, amma Hukumar ta goyi bayan gidan talabijin. An kai karar daukaka kara, kuma Hukumar Sadarwa ta Tarayya ta ci nasara. "Gaskiyar cewa babu mai watsa shirye-shirye da ya fice daga iska saboda gasar CATV a lokacin da gwamnati ta koma fadada ikonta (ko kuma ba ta da wani tun lokacin) bai tsaya ga fadada ikon sarrafawa ba. cewa wasu tasirin tattalin arziki sun isa kawai a matsayin tushen damuwa da gwamnati". FCC ta sake soke mai jarrabawar sauraro don goyon bayan masu watsa shirye-shirye a cikin "San Diego Case". Tsarin CATV a San Diego, California yana so ya shigo da tashoshin daga Los Angeles, wasu daga cikinsu za a iya gani a San Diego; tashoshin talabijin a San Diego ba sa son a shigo da siginar. Tashoshin talabijin sun ci nasara, ba tare da barin sigina a kan layin kebul na gaba a San Diego da kewayenta ba. Tunanin FCC shine kare tashoshin UHF na yanzu da na gaba a San Diego. (Daya daga cikin masu gabatarwa na talabijin na USB shine KSA-TV)

A cikin Rahoton Farko da Umurni na Hukumar Sadarwa ta Tarayya akan CATV, FCC ta ba kanta ikon tsara CATV. An tsara wannan rahoto da oda don kare tashoshin talabijin a cikin ƙananan garuruwa. Ya yi wannan ta hanyar sanya dokoki biyu, wanda ya ɗan canza nau'i: ɗayan yana buƙatar tsarin CATV ya ɗauki duk tashoshin gida wanda tsarin CATV yake a cikin A- (mafi kyawun karɓar) na tashar. Na biyu ya haramta shigo da shirye-shirye daga tashar da ba ta cikin gida ba wacce ke kwaikwayon shirye-shiryen a tashar cikin gida idan aka nuna kwafin ko dai kwanaki 15 kafin ko bayan watsa shirye-shiryenta na cikin gida. Wannan rahoto na 1965 ya yi la'akari da haka: 1) CATV ya kamata ya ɗauki tashoshin cikin gida saboda kari na CATV, ba maye gurbin ba, tashoshin gida; kuma, rashin jigilar tashoshin na cikin gida yana ba da fa'ida tun lokacin da mutane ba za su canza daga kebul zuwa eriya don ganin tashar cikin gida ba; 2) rashin jigilar kaya "yaɓin da ya saba da sha'awar jama'a"; kuma, 3) Sauƙin CATV na shirye-shiryen gida ta hanyar sigina mai nisa ba daidai ba ne tunda masu watsa shirye-shirye da CATV ba su yi gasa don shirye-shiryenta a kan daidaitattun ma'a daidai ba; FCC da aka ba.

Rahoton na biyu da oda na 1966 sun yi wasu ƙananan canje-canje a cikin Rahoton farko da oda kuma sun kara da babban tsari. An tsara wannan don kare tashoshin UHF a cikin manyan birane. Sabuwar dokar ta hana shigo da sigina masu nisa zuwa manyan kasuwannin 100, don haka CATV a wannan lokacin ya zama mai fa'ida ne kawai a biranen da ba su da karɓa. A shekara ta 1968, Kotun Koli ta tabbatar da haƙƙin FCC na yin dokoki da ka'idoji game da CATV. A cikin yanke shawara game da Amurka v. Southwestern Cable, "San Diego Case", ya ce "ikon Hukumar a kan 'dukkanin sadarwa ta jihohi ... sadarwa ta waya ko rediyo' ya ba da izinin tsara tsarin CATV".

Jirgin ruwa

An fara samun talabijin na USB a Amurka a shekarar 1948. A shekara ta 1989, gidaje miliyan 53 na Amurka sun sami biyan kuɗi na talabijin na USB, tare da kashi 60 cikin 100 na dukkan gidajen Amurka suna yin hakan a shekarar 1992. Yawancin masu kallon kebul a Amurka suna zaune a cikin unguwanni kuma suna da matsakaicin aji; talabijin na kebul ba ya zama ruwan dare a yankunan karkara, birane, da yankunan karye.

Talabijin na jama'a

  An fara samun talabijin na USB a Amurka a shekarar 1948. A shekara ta 1989, gidaje miliyan 53 na Amurka sun sami biyan kuɗi na talabijin na USB, tare da kashi 60 cikin 100 na dukkan gidajen Amurka suna yin hakan a shekarar 1992. Yawancin masu kallon kebul a Amurka suna zaune a cikin unguwanni kuma suna da matsakaicin aji; talabijin na kebul ba ya zama ruwan dare a yankunan karkara, birane, da yankunan karye.

A farkon shekarun 1980s, ana kirkirar shirye-shiryen gida daban-daban tare da abubuwan da ke cikin gida a duk faɗin Amurka a yawancin manyan Kasuwancin talabijin. Kafin a sami damar talabijin na jama'a, ɗaya daga cikin tashoshin farko na Time Inc. ya kasance a Columbus, Ohio, inda Richard Sillman ya zama darektan talabijin mafi ƙanƙanta a ƙasar yana da shekaru

Shirye-shiryen

Kayan waya na asali

Shirye-shiryen talabijin na USB galibi ana raba su tsakanin talabijin mai mahimmanci da na musamman. Cibiyoyin sadarwar kebul na asali galibi sune waɗanda ke da jigilar kaya a kan mafi ƙasƙanci na masu samar da talabijin da yawa. A zamanin talabijin na analog, ana watsa waɗannan tashoshin ba tare da wani ɓoyewa ko wasu hanyoyin ɓoyewa ba. Wadannan cibiyoyin sadarwa na iya bambanta a cikin tsari, daga waɗanda ke da niyya ga masu sauraro na al'ada, zuwa cibiyoyin sadarwar musamman waɗanda ke mai da hankali kan takamaiman nau'o'i, yawan jama'a, ko niches. Cibiyoyin sadarwar kebul na asali sun dogara da haɗuwa da kuɗin jigilar kowane mai biyan kuɗi wanda mai ba da sabis ya biya, da kuma kudaden shiga daga tallace-tallace da aka sayar akan sabis ɗin, a matsayin tushen kudaden shiga.

Ɗaya daga cikin cibiyoyin sadarwa na farko na "babban kebul" shine TBS - wanda aka kafa shi da farko a matsayin tashar tauraron dan adam na Tashar talabijin mai zaman kanta (WPCH-TV ta yanzu) a Atlanta, Jojiya. TBS za ta zama farkon farawa ga wasu manyan kamfanonin kebul na asali ta mai shi, Ted Turner, gami da CNN - Tashar labarai ta farko ta awanni 24. Wani cibiyar sadarwa ta farko ita ce CBN Satellite Service, sabis na Talabijin na Kirista wanda mai wa'azin talabijin Pat Robertson ya ƙaddamar a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1977 a matsayin ma'aikatar talabijin ta Cibiyar watsa shirye-shiryen Kirista, wanda aka isar da shi ta hanyar tauraron dan adam a matsayin hanyar da ta fi dacewa don rarraba shirye-shirye. Shekaru da yawa, Sabis ɗin Satellite na CBN (daga baya aka sake masa suna CBN Cable Network a 1984) ya haɗu da shirye-shiryen addini tare da sakewa na jerin shirye-shirye na talabijin na gargajiya don cika jadawalin sa'o'i 24. Cibiyar sadarwa ta canza sunanta zuwa The CBN Family Channel a cikin 1988 (an sake duba shi zuwa The Family Channel a 1990 da zarar CBN ta juya shi zuwa wani kamfani mai zaman kansa, International Family Entertainment). Daga baya aka sake masa suna Fox Family a cikin 1998 bayan an samo shi ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Fox Entertainment Group da Saban Entertainment, sannan ABC Family bayan sayarwa ta 2001 ga Iyalin ABC The Walt Disney Company, kuma a ƙarshe zuwa sunansa na yanzu, Freeform a cikin 2016.

Kayan waya mai daraja

  Asalin kebul na farko ya kasance a wurare biyu: tsarin talabijin na farko na shekarun 1950 da 1960 da ƙananan ƙoƙarin masu amfani da kebul na farkon (CATV) don ƙara ƙarin tashoshi ga tsarin su waɗanda ba a samo su daga siginar iska ba. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, kebul mai daraja yana nufin cibiyoyin sadarwa - kamar Home Box Office (HBO), Cinemax, Showtime, The Movie Channel, Flix, Starz, MoviePlex, da Epix - wanda ke motsawa ko ɓoye siginarsu don kawai waɗanda ke biyan ƙarin kuɗin kowane wata ga tsarin kebul ɗin su iya duba su bisa doka (ta hanyar amfani da akwatin mai canzawa). Saboda shirye-shiryen su kyauta ne na kasuwanci (sai dai ga gabatarwa tsakanin shirye-shirye don abubuwan da ke cikin cibiyoyin sadarwa), waɗannan cibiyoyin sadarwar suna da umarni mafi girma daga tsarin kebul. Ayyukan Premium suna da hankali don bayar da sabis ɗin da ba a ɓoye shi ba ga wasu masu ba da kebul masu halarta a lokacin ɗan gajeren lokaci kyauta don ba da damar waɗanda ba su karɓi sabis na kyauta don gwada shirye-shiryen sa, a ƙoƙarin masu biyan kuɗi ga mai ba da gudummawa don yin la'akari da samun biyan kuɗi ga sabis ɗin da aka bayar don ci gaba da kallon shi bayan lokacin preview.

HBO ita ce cibiyar sadarwa ta farko ta gaskiya (ko "kabil-kabil") da kuma cibiyar sadarwa na farko da aka nufa don rarraba kebul a kan yanki ko ƙasa; duk da haka, akwai sanannun masu gabatarwa ga kebul mai daraja a cikin masana'antar talabijin mai biyan kuɗi waɗanda ke aiki a cikin shekarun 1950 da 1960 (tare da wasu tsarin da ke ci gaba har zuwa 1980), da wasu yunkurin masu watsa shirye-shiryen kyauta a cikin shekarun 1970 da 1980 waɗanda suka ninka yayin da tushen masu biyan kuɗi suka ƙi a cikin waɗannan masu kallo suka fara zuwa karɓar abubuwan da kebul masu aiki a cikin wannan lokacin. A lokacin da yake jariri, bayan ƙaddamar da shi a kan tsarin Wilkes-Barre na Service Electric Cable, Pennsylvania, a ranar 8 ga Nuwamba, 1972, HBO ta kasance tana ba da shirye-shiryen biyan kuɗi ga tsarin CATV a Pennsylvania da New York, ta amfani da fasahar microwave don watsa shirye-shiryenta ga masu samar da kebul da MMDS. A shekara ta 1975, HBO ta zama cibiyar sadarwar kebul ta farko da za a isar da ita a duk fadin kasar ta hanyar watsawar tauraron dan adam. Kodayake irin wannan jujjuyawar ba ta da yawa, wasu tashoshin kebul na yau da kullun sun samo asali ne a matsayin sabis na musamman, gami da Disney Channel (daga 1983 zuwa 1997), AMC (daga 1984 zuwa 1988), da Bravo (daga 1982 zuwa 1994); wasu daga cikin waɗannan ayyukan sun sauya zuwa samfurin tallace-tallace bayan sun sauya ga tsarin da ba a ɓoye ba. Sauran ayyuka masu daraja (kamar su farkon kokarin HBO na Take 2 da Festival, Home Theater Network da Spotlight) sun kasance na 'yan shekaru, kawai don kasawa saboda rashin iya yin gasa da ayyukan da aka kafa waɗanda ke da rarraba mafi girma da kuma yawan masu Bikin kuɗi.

Tun da yake ba a watsa tashoshin talabijin na USB a kan bakan jama'a ba, ba sa ƙarƙashin ƙa'idodin FCC akan kayan lalata. Cibiyoyin sadarwar Premium gabaɗaya suna ba da cikakken hoto na laifuka, jima'i da tashin hankali; wasu ayyuka masu daraja - kamar Cinemax da The Movie Channel (waɗanda suka ɗauki irin waɗannan shirye-shiryen a matsayin wani ɓangare na jadawalin dare na ƙarshe) da kuma Playboy TV, ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan kebul na farko da suka dace da manya - har ma sun ba da batsa mai laushi a matsayin wani bangare na shirye-shiryenta.

Duk da yake babu ka'idojin FCC da ke amfani da abun ciki a kan hanyoyin sadarwar kebul na asali, mutane da yawa suna sarrafa abubuwan da ke cikin shirye-shiryen su saboda ƙaddamar da yawan jama'a, ko kuma saboda tsammanin mai kallo da mai tallatawa, musamman game da harshe mara kyau da tsirara. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, duk da haka, wasu cibiyoyin sadarwa sun zama masu sauƙin kai ga abubuwan da aka watsa a lokacin da aka fara watsawa da kuma dare. Bugu da kari, wasu tashoshin, irin su FX, sun sanya kansu tare da jagorancin shirye-shirye na asali wanda ya fi kama da sabis na farko, tare da mai da hankali kan ƙarin "matasa" da jerin abubuwan da mahalicci ke jagoranta don taimakawa jawo hankalin yabo mai mahimmanci da mahimman masu kallo. Turner Classic Movies ya watsa shirye-shiryen da ba a yanke su ba kuma ba tare da tallace-tallace ba na fina-finai na wasan kwaikwayo waɗanda suka nuna tsirara, abubuwan jima'i, tashin hankali da lalata, kamar yadda SundanceTV da IFC da ke tallafawa yanzu, wanda tsohon ya fara ne a matsayin sabis na kyauta, ya rabu da Showtime. Tashoshin asali marasa cinikayya sun saba da kimanta gabatarwar fina-finai ta amfani da Jagororin Iyaye na TV, maimakon tsarin kimantawa na Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA).

A cikin katin waya

  Tun daga farkon karni na 21, wasu sun ba da shawarar dokokin da za su buƙaci masu samar da kebul su ba masu biyan su nasu "à la carte" zaɓin tashoshi. Ba kamar daidaitattun kunshin biyan kuɗi da ake bayarwa a halin yanzu ba, samfurin à la carte yana buƙatar abokin ciniki ya yi rajista ga kowane tashar ɗai-ɗai. Ba a bayyana yadda wannan zai iya shafar farashin biyan kuɗi a kan duka ba, amma zai ba da damar iyaye su tantance halaye na kallon ɗansu ta hanyar cire duk wani tashar da suka ɗauka ba daidai ba ne daga biyan kuɗin su. Bayar da irin wannan biyan kuɗi na mutum zai kasance mai rikitarwa kuma yana da aiki mai yawa ta amfani da kebul na analog, amma yaduwar karɓar kebul na dijital da fasahar IPTV yanzu sun sa ya fi dacewa.

Fasahar analog ta ba da damar masu samar da kebul don bayar da daidaitattun kunshin biyan kuɗi ta amfani da matattarar matattarar ƙasa da matattara. Filin low-pass yana barin sakonni mafi ƙanƙanta yayin cire sakonni mafi girma. Yin amfani da irin wannan tacewa, mai ba da kebul ya ba da biyan kuɗi na "tushen tattalin arziki" (tushen gida kawai; waɗannan suna bayyana a siginar mafi ƙanƙanta, wanda aka nuna ta lambobin tashar mafi ƙanchanta) da biyan kuɗi "na asali" (tashunan gida tare da ƙananan tashoshin ƙasa tare da mita kawai sama da tashoshin gida). An yi amfani da matattarar Notch don tacewa daga tashoshi daga siginar kebul na analog (alal misali, ana iya "notched" tashoshi 45-50 kuma mai biyan kuɗi har yanzu yana karɓar tashoshi ƙasa da 45 da sama da 50). Wannan ya ba da damar masu samar da kebul su buɗe daidaitattun tashoshin tashoshin ga mai biyan kuɗi, amma tacewa ba hanya ce mai yiwuwa don ba kowane mai biyan kuɗi zaɓin kansa na tashoshin ba.

Don bayar da sabis na "à la carte" ta amfani da siginar analog, mai ba da kebul zai iya yin amfani da kowane tashar kuma ya aika da mai fasaha zuwa gidan kowane mai biyan kuɗi don cire zaɓin tashoshin su a kan akwatin saiti. Kowane canji abokin ciniki na kebul na analog da aka yi a cikin biyan kuɗi zai buƙaci ƙarin ziyarar gida don sake tsara akwatin saiti. Bayar da abokin ciniki zaɓin tashoshin su a la carte ya zama mafi tsada tare da zuwan kebul na dijital, saboda ana iya tsara akwatin mai canzawa na dijital daga nesa. IPTV (watau, isar da tashoshin TV a kan intanet ko cibiyar sadarwa ta IP) har ma da karancin aiki, isar tashoshin ga mabukaci ta atomatik.

A halin yanzu, tsarin isar da kebul na dijital da tauraron dan adam tare da biyan kuɗi na daidaitawa suna ba da dama ga cibiyoyin sadarwar da ke ba da sabis da masu sauraro marasa rinjaye don isa ga miliyoyin gidaje, kuma mai yiwuwa, miliyoyin masu kallo. Tun da yake à la carte na iya tilasta wa kowane tashar sayar da shi, irin waɗannan cibiyoyin sadarwar suna damuwa cewa za su iya fuskantar raguwar kudaden biyan kuɗi da kudaden talla, kuma ana iya fitar da su daga kasuwanci. Yawancin masu samar da kebul / tauraron dan adam saboda haka ba sa son gabatar da tsarin kasuwanci na à la carte. Suna tsoron zai rage zaɓin kallon abun ciki gaba ɗaya, yana sa sabis ɗin su ya zama da ƙarancin sha'awa ga abokan ciniki. Wasu sun yi imanin cewa zabin à la carte na iya kara yawan tallace-tallace ta hanyar ba da damar masu biyan kuɗi da ba su da tsada a cikin kasuwar kebul. Wasu masu samar da kebul / tauraron dan adam na iya so su sayar da tashoshi a la carte, amma kwangilar su tare da masu shirye-shiryen sau da yawa suna buƙatar tsarin daidaitawa.

Cable na dijital

  Farawa a ƙarshen shekarun 1990s, ci gaba a cikin sarrafa siginar dijital (da farko Motorola's DigiCipher 2 video compression technology a Arewacin Amurka) ya haifar da fadada aiwatar da ayyukan kebul na dijital. Talabijin na kebul na dijital yana ba da ƙarin tashoshin talabijin da yawa a kan wannan bandwidth, ta hanyar canza tashoshin kebul zuwa siginar dijital sannan a matsa siginar. A halin yanzu, yawancin tsarin suna ba da tsarin kebul na analog / dijital. Wannan yana nufin suna ba da wasu tashoshin analog ta hanyar sabis na kebul na asali tare da ƙarin tashoshin da aka samar ta hanyar sabis ɗin kebul na dijital.

Ana gabatar da tashoshin kebul na dijital kamar yadda suke iya ba da hoto mai inganci fiye da takwarorinsu na analog. Wannan sau da yawa gaskiya ne, tare da ingantaccen ci gaba a cikin ƙudurin chroma (layi 120 don NTSC da 270 don dijital). Koyaya, matsa lamba ta dijital tana da halin sauƙaƙe ingancin hoton talabijin, musamman na tashoshin da suka fi matsawa sosai. Pixelation da sauran kayan tarihi galibi suna bayyane.

Akwatin saiti

  An fara samun talabijin na USB a Amurka a shekarar 1948. A shekara ta 1989, gidaje miliyan 53 na Amurka sun sami biyan kuɗi na talabijin na USB, tare da kashi 60 cikin 100 na dukkan gidajen Amurka suna yin hakan a shekarar 1992. Yawancin masu kallon kebul a Amurka suna zaune a cikin unguwanni kuma suna da matsakaicin aji; talabijin na kebul ba ya zama ruwan dare a yankunan karkara, birane, da yankunan karye.

Kudin talabijin na USB da shirye-shiryen shirye-shirye

  Tsarin talabijin na USB yana tilasta kuɗin kowane wata dangane da adadin da ingancin tashoshin da aka bayar. Ana ba masu biyan kuɗi na talabijin na USB kunshe-kunshe daban-daban na tashoshi wanda mutum zai iya biyan kuɗi. Kudin kowane kunshin ya dogara da nau'in tashoshin da aka bayar (na asali vs. premium) da kuma yawan. Wadannan kudaden sun rufe kudaden da aka biya ga tashoshin kebul na kowane don haƙƙin ɗaukar shirye-shiryen su, da kuma farashin aiki da kiyaye tsarin talabijin na kebul don sakonninsu su iya kaiwa gidajen masu biyan kuɗi. Ƙarin kuɗin talabijin na USB da haraji galibi ana amfani da su ta hanyar gwamnatocin gida, jihohi, da tarayya.

Yawancin tsarin kebul sun raba jerin tashar su ("ƙasa") zuwa kunshin tashar uku ko hudu. Dokar dole ne a ɗauka ta buƙaci duk tsarin talabijin na kebul su ɗauki duk tashoshin watsa shirye-shiryen kasuwanci na cikin gida masu ƙarfi a cikin Kasuwar talabijin da aka tsara a kan layin su, sai dai idan waɗancan tashoshin sun zaɓi kiran izinin sake watsawa da neman diyya, a wannan yanayin mai ba da kebul zai iya ƙin ɗaukar tashar (musamman idan mai ba da sabis ɗin yana jin cewa yawan ɗaukar matsakaicin farashin wani matakin zai haifar da karuwar mai biyan kuɗi zuwa matakan da zai iya haifar da yiwuwar barin sabis ɗin).

Hakanan ana buƙatar tsarin talabijin na USB don bayar da kunshin biyan kuɗi wanda ke ba da waɗannan tashoshin watsa shirye-shirye a ƙarancin kuɗi fiye da daidaitattun biyan kuɗi. Kayan shirye-shiryen asali da tsarin talabijin na kebul ke bayarwa yawanci ana kiransa "babban kebul" kuma yana ba da damar yin amfani da tashoshin talabijin masu yawa, da kuma cibiyoyin talabijin (misali, ABC, CBS, NBC, Fox, The CW, MyNetworkTV, Telemundo, Univision, UniMás, PBS), tashoshin jama'a, ilimi, da gwamnati, tashoshin sabis na kyauta ko masu arha kamar C-SPAN da yawa da aka sadaukar da su ga masu cinikin gida. Wasu masu samarwa na iya samar da ƙananan cibiyoyin sadarwar kebul na ƙasa a cikin layin su na asali. Yawancin tsarin suna bambance-bambance tsakanin kebul na asali, wanda ke da mazauna, tashoshin cin kasuwa na gida da tashoshin talabijin na gida, da fadada asali (ko "ma'auni"), wanda ke ɗauke da mafi yawan sanannun hanyoyin sadarwar kebul na ƙasa. Yawancin layin kebul na asali suna da kusan tashoshi 20 gabaɗaya, yayin da fadada tushen yana da damar tashar kusan tashoshi 70. A karkashin ka'idojin Amurka, farashin kebul na asali na iya sarrafawa ta hukumomi a matsayin wani ɓangare na yarjejeniyar su. Standard, ko fadada asali, kebul ba ya ƙarƙashin kulawar farashi.

Baya ga kunshe-kunshe na asali, duk tsarin suna ba da kunshe-kan tashar tashar da ke ba da ko dai cibiyar sadarwa guda ɗaya (alal misali, HBO) ko cibiyoyin sadarwa masu yawa don farashi ɗaya (alaltar, HBO da Showtime tare). A ƙarshe, yawancin tsarin kebul suna ba da tashoshin biyan kuɗi inda masu amfani zasu iya kallon fina-finai, abubuwan da suka faru, wasanni da sauran shirye-shirye don ƙarin kuɗi don kallo ɗaya a lokacin da aka tsara (wannan shine babban wurin da batsa ke watsawa akan kebul na Amurka). Wasu tsarin kebul sun fara bayar da shirye-shiryen buƙata, inda kwastomomi zasu iya zaɓar shirye-shirye daga jerin abubuwan da suka haɗa da fitowar fina-finai na baya-bayan nan, kide-kide, wasanni, shirye-shiryin talabijin na farko da na musamman kuma fara shirin a duk lokacin da suke so, kamar suna kallon DVD ko tef na VHS (ko da yake wasu ayyukan buƙata, yawanci waɗanda cibiyoyin watsa shirye-shiryenta, suna ƙuntata ikon ci gaba da sauri ta hanyar shirin). Wasu daga cikin hadayu suna da farashi mai kama da hayar fim a kantin sayar da bidiyo yayin da wasu ke da kyauta. Abubuwan da ake buƙata a hankali suna maye gurbin biyan kuɗi na gargajiya don abubuwan da aka riga aka rubuta; biyan kuɗi ya kasance sananne ga abubuwan da suka faru na wasanni na gwagwarmaya (boxing, mixed martial arts da gwagwarmayar ƙwararru).

Yawancin tsarin kebul suna aiki a matsayin masu mallakar gaske a Amurka. Duk da yake a halin yanzu dokar tarayya ta haramta franchises na musamman, kuma 'yan kalilan ne suka kasance na musamman, sau da yawa kamfani daya ne kawai ke ba da sabis na kebul a cikin al'umma. Masu ginin da yawa a Amurka, ban da kamfanonin tarho tare da kayan aikin da ke akwai, a al'adance suna da matsala mai tsanani a cikin lambobin shiga kuɗi da kasuwa. Masu ginin sun sami nasara a kasuwar MDU, inda aka kafa dangantaka tare da masu gidaje, wani lokacin tare da kwangila da yarjejeniyar keɓancewa ga gine-gine, wani lokacin ga fushin masu haya. Haɓakar tsarin watsa shirye-shiryen tauraron dan adam kai tsaye wanda ke ba da irin wannan shirye-shirye ta amfani da ƙananan masu karɓar tauraron dan Adam, da kuma Verizon FiOS da sauran kamfanoni na baya-bayan nan ta masu ɗaukar musayar gida kamar U-verse, sun kuma ba da gasa ga tsarin talabijin na kebul.

Kudin biyan kuɗi

  Yawancin tashoshin kebul suna cajin masu samar da kebul "farashin biyan kuɗi," don ɗaukar abubuwan da suke ciki. Kudin da mai ba da sabis na kebul dole ne ya biya ga tashar talabijin ta kebul na iya bambanta dangane da ko tashar ta asali ce ko mafi girma da kuma shahararren wannan tashar. Saboda ba a buƙatar masu ba da sabis na kebul su ɗauki duk tashoshin kebul, suna iya tattauna kuɗin da za su biya don ɗaukar tashar. Yawanci, tashoshin kebul da suka fi shahara suna da umarni mafi girma. Misali, ESPN yawanci yana cajin $ 10 a kowane wata don cibiyoyin sadarwar sa ($ 7 don babban tashar kadai), wanda ya fi girma daga kowane tashar kebul na Amurka, wanda ba a kwatanta da tashoshin manyan, kuma yana tashi da sauri. Sauran tashoshin kebul da ake kallo da yawa sun sami damar yin umarni da kudaden sama da 50 cents ga kowane mai biyan kuɗi a kowane wata; tashoshin na iya bambanta sosai a cikin kudade dangane da idan an haɗa su a cikin yarjejeniyar kunshin tare da wasu tashoshi.

Kididdiga

 

Masu biyan kuɗi na Cable TV

Jimlar masu biyan kuɗi na USB ta Amurka ta shekara

Shekara	Masu biyan kuɗi na Cable TV	Masu biyan kuɗi na kamfanin tarho TV
Janairu 1970	4,500,000
Janairu 1975	9,800,000
Janairu 1980	16,000,000
Janairu 1984	30,000,000
Janairu 1985	32,000,000
Janairu 1986	37,500,000
Janairu 1987	41,100,000
Janairu 1988	44,000,000
Janairu 1989	47,500,000
Janairu 1990	50,000,000
Disamba 1990	51,700,000
Disamba 1991	53,400,000
Disamba 1992	55,200,000
Disamba 1993	57,200,000
Disamba 1994	59,700,000
Disamba 1995	62,100,000
Disamba 1996	63,500,000
Disamba 1997	64,900,000
Disamba 1998	66,100,000
Disamba 1999	67,300,000
Disamba 2000	68,500,000
Yunin 2001	66,732,000
[Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9]	66,472,000
Yunin 2003	66,050,000
Yunin 2004	66,100,000
Yunin 2005	65,400,000
[Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9]	65,300,000
Disamba 2006	65,400,000	300,000
Disamba 2007	64,900,000	1,300,000
Disamba 2008	63,700,000	3,100,000
Disamba, 2009	62,100,000	5,100,000
Disamba, 2010	59,800,000	6,900,000
Disamba, 2011	58,000,000	8,500,000
Disamba 2012	56,400,000	9,900,000
Disamba 2013	54,400,000	11,300,000
Disamba 2014	53,700,000	13,200,000
Disamba 2015	63,223,000	13,041,000
Disamba 2016	52,800,000	11,500,000
Disamba 2017	51,900,000	10,600,000
Disamba 2018	93,400,000
Disamba 2019	88,600,000
Disamba 2020	83,800,000
Disamba 2021	80,000,000
Disamba 2022	76,000,000

Dubi kuma

 

• Babban cibiyoyin talabijin guda uku
• Sadarwa a Amurka
• Tashar talabijin ta huɗu
• Babban ma'anar talabijin a Amurka
• Jerin tashoshin talabijin a Amurka
• Jerin cibiyoyin talabijin na USB da tauraron dan adam na Amurka
• Jerin hanyoyin sadarwar talabijin na Amurka
• Jerin kasuwannin talabijin na Amurka
• Multichannel talabijin a Amurka
• Talabijin na tauraron dan adam a Amurka
• Talabijin a Amurka
• Labaran talabijin a Amurka
• Labaran USB na Amurka
• Kyaftin watsa shirye-shiryen Midnight

Bayani

• Caruso, Thomas P da Mark R Harsch . "Hadin gwiwar hadin gwiwa a cikin masana'antun Cable da Videotex". Jagorancin Jagora a cikin Gudanarwa, Makarantar Gudanarwa ta Sloan, Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts (MIT), Yuni 1984.
• Eisenmann, Thomas R., "Cable TV: Daga Antennas na Al'umma zuwa Birane masu Wutar Lantarki", Harvard Business School Weekly Newsletter, Yuli 10, 2000
• Lockman, Brian da Dan Sarvey . Masu gabatarwa na Telebijin na Cable. [Hasiya]
• Moss, Mitchell L.; Payne, Frances, "Can Cable Keep Its Promise?", New York Affairs, Volume 6, Number 4. Jami'ar New York. 1981
• [Hasiya] Rise of Cable Programming in the United States: Juyin Juya Halin? Austin, TX: Jami'ar Texas Press, 2003.
• [Hasiya] Talabijin a cikin Multichannel Age: Takaitaccen Tarihin Talabijin. [Hasiya]
• Parsons, Patrick R. Blue Skies: Tarihin Talabijin na Cable . Philadelphia: Haikali na UP, 2008.
• Parsons, Patrick R da Robert M. Frieden . Masana'antar Talabijin da Satellite. [Hotuna a shafi na 9]
• Smith, Ralph Lee, "The Wired Nation", mujallar The Nation, Mayu 18, 1970
• Smith, Ralph Lee, The Wired Nation; Cable TV: babbar hanyar sadarwa ta lantarki. [Hasiya]   ISBN 0-06-090243-4
• Southwick, Thomas P. Sigina mai nisa: Yadda Cable TV ya canza Duniya ta Sadarwa. Overland Park, KS: Primedia Intertec, 1998.

Haɗin waje

• Janar Cable Television Industry da Dokar Bayanan Gaskiya ta FCC
• Top 25 MSO