Wayana harshe
ayana (wanda kuma ake kira Ojana, Ajana, Aiana, Ouyana, Uajana, Upurui, Oepoeroei, Roucouyen, Oreocoyana, Orkokoyana, Urucuiana, Urukuyana, da Alucuyana a cikin wallafe-wallafen) yare ne na dangin Cariban, wanda mutanen Wayana ke magana, waɗanda ke zaune galibi a kan iyakar Guiana ta Faransa, Brazil, da Suriname.
Brazil, suna zaune a gefen kogin Paru da Jari, a Suriname, tare da kogin Tapanahoni da Paloemeu, kuma a Guiana na Faransa, tare da Kogin Maroni da masu goyon bayanta.
Ba a san ainihin adadin Wayana ba. Batun yana da rikitarwa saboda ana yin ƙididdiga a kowace ƙasa. Ethnologue lissafa masu amfani da yaren 1,700 har zuwa 2012 da 1,900 kabilun Wayana a duk ƙasashe, ta amfani da ƙidaya daga 2006 da 2012. Socioambental, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta ta Brazil, ta lissafa 1,629 kabilun Wayana, ta amfani da ƙididdiga daga 2002 da 2014. [1] Ƙididdigar ƙabilar Wa ya ƙara rikitarwa saboda kusanci da Wayana ke da shi tare da wasu kabilun a yankin, musamman Aparai a Brazil, har zuwa lokacin ana ɗaukar su ƙungiya ɗaya, Wayana-Aparai .
Tarihi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Ana ɗaukar Wayana a matsayin haɗuwa da ƙananan kabilun, bayan sun haɗa da Upurui, Kukuyana, Opagwana, da Kumarawana, da sauransu. Suna kyakkyawar alaƙa da Aparai, waɗanda suka zauna tare da su kuma suka yi aure aƙalla shekaru 100 a Brazil, kodayake duka Aparai da Wayana suna ɗaukar kansu kabilun daban-daban, suna bambanta kansu ta hanyar harshe da al'adu. Akwai 'yan Aparai a yankin Wayana a wajen Brazil.
Wannan yanayin na musamman shine sakamakon hulɗar Turai da rikice-rikicen kabilanci a cikin ƙarni huɗu da suka gabata. Cu[1] ta tilasta raguwar yawan ƙananan kabilun su haɗu da Wayana a cikin karni na 18 don ƙara rayuwa. [1] ila yau, a cikin karni na 18, a lokacin isowar Turai a cikin Brazil, Wayana, wanda asalin yankin ya zama Arewacin Brazil, ya fara ƙaura zuwa Suriname da Guiana na Faransa saboda rikice-rikice da suka haifar da kai tsaye daga mulkin mallaka. A sakamakon haka, akwai yankuna uku na Wayana a yau. S Wayana a Brazil sun kulla alaƙa da Aparai, waɗanda suka yi ƙaura zuwa yankinsu, kuma suna ci gaba da kula da zumunci da alaƙar kasuwanci tare da Wayana a Suriname da Guiana na Faransa.
Wayana (da Aparai) suna da hannu sosai tare da kasuwanci, musamman tare da Meikolo (Black Maroons), da kuma 'yan kasuwa na Brazil da Surinam har zuwa ƙarshen karni na 19. [1] cikin karni na 20, Wayana ta fara aiki a hakar roba, kuma ta fara zama a ƙauyuka, ta kawo karshen hanyar rayuwarsu ta al'ada. A tsakiyar karni, masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje (ciki har da aikin SIL daga 1962 zuwa 1992) da cibiyoyin gwamnati sun fara samun kasancewarsu a yankin Wayana-Aparai na Brazil, suna aiwatar da ayyukan kiwon lafiya da ilimi na gwamnati. FUNAI ta ci gaba da aiki, kuma ta ba da taimako a yankin tun 1973.
Iyalin harshe[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Harsunan Cariban - wanda Wayana ta kasance - ana rarraba su a duk faɗin Arewacin Kudancin Amurka, a Arewacin Brazil, Venezuela, Guyana, Guiana ta Faransa, da Suriname, tare da masu magana a Colombia da Tsakiyar Brazil. Akwai kimanin harsunan Caribbean 25, tare da nassoshi sama da 100 a cikin wallafe-wallafen tarihi. Yawancin yarukan Cariban da aka ambata a cikin wallafe-wallafen, da wasu da ba a sani ba ga Turawa, sun ƙare saboda hulɗar Turai. An kiyasta yawan masu magana da dukkan harsunan Cariban zuwa 60,000 zuwa 100,000, kodayake fiye da rabin suna magana da harshen Carib daidai, Makushi, Pemong, ko Kapong (na ƙarshe 3 suna da alaƙa). Yawancin yarukan Caribbean suna masu magana 100 zuwa 3,000.
Takardun harsunan da suka ƙare da sauran ba su da yawa a lokuta da yawa, wanda ya ƙunshi jerin kalmomi tare da fassarar sauti mara kyau da ƙaramin bayanin ilimin lissafi. Rarraba harsunan Cariban zuwa rassa sabo haka yana da wahala, kodayake ayyukan bincike da yawa na baya-bayan nan suna gyara rashin daidaitattun bayanai na harsunan Caribbean masu rai. Kaufman ya ɗauki Wayana (1994, kamar yadda Gildea ya ambata, 2003) don zama wani ɓangare na reshen tsakiya da ya tsara, amma wani rarrabuwa na baya-bayan nan (Gildea, 2005) [2] ya ɗauki shi har yanzu yana neman reshe.
Bincike kan Wayana[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Wayana, idan aka kwatanta da yawancin takwarorinta na Caribbean, an bayyana shi sosai. Ayyukan farko a kan Wayana sun kasance jerin kalmomin Crevaux (1882, kamar yadda Tavares ya ambata, 2005), Coudreau (1892), da De Goeje (1909, kamar yadda Tavars ya ambata, 2005. De Goeje kuma ya buga wani harshe mara cikakke wanda ke ba da cikakken bayani game da wasu fannoni na Wayana a cikin 1946 (kamar yadda Tavares ya ambata, 2005). [3] Walter Jackson 1972 "A Wayana Grammar" ya gina a kan wannan harshe kuma ya bayyana wasu kuskuren da ke cikin bayanin De Goeje na morphology da phonology, amma har yanzu ya bar yawancin bambance-bambance na morphological da syntactic ba tare da taɓa su ba.