Yankin Gabashin Beirut
 Yankin Gabashin Beirut | ||||
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Yankin Gabashin Beirut, wanda kuma aka fi sani da Kfarshima - Madfoun [1] ko Marounistan, yanki ne na geopolitical da kiristoci ke mamaye da shi wanda ya wanzu a Lebanon daga 1976 [2] har sai da sannu a hankali ya rushe bayan yarjejeniyar Taif da kuma karshen yarjejeniyar kasar. yakin basasa . [3] Yana daya daga cikin yankuna irin na jiha a lokacin yakin, wanda mayakan sa-kai na kasar Labanon (LF) ke iko da shi, kuma an raba shi a Beirut babban birnin kasar Labanon, daga yammacin Beirut mai rinjayen Musulman ta hanyar Green Line, wanda ya ke wajen arewa babban birnin kasar don hada yankin. na Keserwan har zuwa birnin Byblos a bakin tekun yamma da arewacin Dutsen Lebanon zuwa arewa maso gabas. Ta yi iyaka da yankin Zgharta zuwa arewa, wanda ke karkashin ikon mayakan kiristoci masu adawa da juna, wato Marada Brigade da ke rike da wani yanki da ake kira Arewa Canton . [3] [4]
Gabashin Beirut yanki ne mai cin gashin kansa, wanda galibin sojojin Syria da ke Lebanon ba sa nan. [5] Tana da nata na'urar tsaro da na doka, tare da LF kuma tana ba wa mazauna yankin sabis na tallafi, gami da jigilar jama'a, ilimi da kiwon lafiya da sauransu. [3] Kanton yana da fiye da kashi 60% na karfin masana'antu na ƙasar. [6] A cikin 1976, don ba da kuɗin yaƙin da take yi, LF ta kafa "Taslin Kasa" don sarrafa kudaden shiga, musamman ta hanyar harajin kai tsaye ga al'ummar Canton, da sauran hanyoyin. [3]
Fage
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Samfuri:Campaignbox Lebanese Civil WarYayin da gwamnatin tsakiya ta wargaje sannan gwamnatocin da ke hamayya da juna ke ikirarin mallakar kasa, bangarori daban-daban da mayakan sa kai sun fara samar da ingantattun gwamnatocin jihohi a yankunansu. Waɗannan an san su da <i id="mwNg">cantons</i>, larduna masu kama da Switzerland . Marounistan na ɗaya daga cikin gundumomi na farko da suka kafa. Yankin Progressive Socialist Party, wanda galibi yayi hidima ga al'ummar Druze, shine " Hukumar Kula da Dutsen Dutse ", wacce aka fi sani da Jebel-el-Druze (sunan da a da ake amfani da shi don jihar Druze a Siriya). An san yankin Marada da ke kusa da Zgharta da sunan "Arewa Canton". [7] [8]
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Yaƙin tsakanin Kiristanci
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tigers Resistance
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Dangantaka tsakanin hukumar siyasa ta NLP da rundunar sojan Tigers ta yi tsami bayan tsohon, karkashin jagorancin Camille Chamoun, ya goyi bayan tsoma bakin sojan Syria a watan Yuni a waccan shekarar yayin da na karshen, wanda dan Camille Dany Chamoun ya jagoranta, ya yi adawa da shi. Tsoron cewa dakarun sa-kai na jam'iyyarsu sun fice daga ikonsa, Camille cikin dabara ya kyale abokan hamayyarsa na Kataeb su shiga cikin Dakarun Sojojin Lebanon (LF) karkashin Bachir Gemayel . [9] Ƙin amincewa da Dany ya yi na barin Tigers a haɗa shi ya haifar da wani hari na Phalangist a kan hedkwatar sojojinsa a Safra a ranar 7 ga Yuli, 1980, wanda ya haifar da kisan kiyashi wanda ya lashe rayukan mutane 500, ciki har da fararen hula da 80 na Dany's (wasu majiyoyin jihohi). adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai mayakan Tigers 150). [10] [11] [12] [13]
Yaƙin 'Yanci da Miƙa yanki ga LAF
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A ranar 1 ga Afrilun 1990, lokacin Yaƙin 'Yanci, gwamnatin Elias Hrawi ta umarci Fleet Admiral Elie Hayek da ya karɓe barikin LF a cikin gundumar. Wannan wani bangare ne na yarjejeniya tsakanin Samir Geagea da Hrawi inda sojoji za su karbe kashi 2/3 na yankin ta hanyar soja da siyasa (sauran kashi 1/3 shine yankin Arewa da Achrafieh a Gabashin Beirut), amma rundunar mayakan sa kai 10,000 za ci gaba da kasancewa har yanzu. [14]
Amma Michel Aoun, ya fito fili ya bayyana cewa ba zai amince da hannu ko wata kawance tsakanin LF da gwamnatin Hrawi ba. Yayin da Yaƙin Kawar da Yaƙin ke yi wa Gabashin Beirut da kewayensa (har zuwa Metn), an fara aiwatar da aikin ne a gundumar Keserwan - a matakin Nahr el-Kalb - har zuwa Barbara. [15]
A watan Mayu, duk da haka, LF ta karbe dukkan gabar teku daga Jounieh zuwa Beirut daga sojojin Aoun, tare da yanke hanyoyin samar da ruwa gaba daya. [16] Bugu da kari, Geagea ya sanya Hayek a wani barikin LF da ke Jounieh a matsayin wata alama ta shirinsa na yin cudanya da gwamnati, inda ya ki amincewa da Aoun na duk wani kawancen Hrawi-LF. [17] Wadannan abubuwan da suka faru, hade da goyon bayan sojojin Syria, sun canja ra'ayinsu sosai wajen amincewa da yarjejeniyar Taif da gwamnatinta.
Taimako da ganewa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ko da yake ba a amince da yankin a matsayin kasa mai cikakken iko ko yankin gudanarwa ba, har yanzu yankin ya sami goyon bayan kasashen waje daga Amurka . [18]
Tattalin Arziki
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An yi la'akari da yawancin manazarta a matsayin mafi kyawun tsarin duk 'yan bindiga " fiefs " a cikin dukan Lebanon, cibiyar sadarwa na kamfanonin kasuwanci da ke karkashin jagorancin "Chef" Boutros Khawand ne ke gudanar da shi, wanda ya haɗa da amincewar kwakwalwar GAMMA Group, da Kamfanin kwamfuta na DELTA, da kuma riko da SONAPORT. [19] Ƙarshen yana gudana tun 1975 tashar jiragen ruwa na kasuwanci na Jounieh da Beirut, ciki har da sanannen ɓoye "Dock Five" ( Faransanci : Cinquième basin ), kusa da Karantina KRF's HQ, wanda Phalange ya fitar da ƙarin kudaden shiga ta hanyar haraji da kuma gudanar da makamai- ma'amala ayyuka. [20] [21]
Wilton Wynn, wakilin TIME, ya ziyarci yankin Kirista a 1976, a daidai lokacin da aka kafa ta. Ya bayar da rahoton cewa, idan aka kwatanta da kauyukan da ke wajen karamar hukumar, a garuruwa da kauyukan Maronite, babu wani shara da ya cika tituna, iskar gas ya kai kashi biyar cikin biyar na farashin da ake karba a yammacin Beirut kuma ana sarrafa farashin biredi daidai gwargwado da farashin da aka yi kafin yakin.
Pierre Gemayel International Airport
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Canton kuma yana da tashar jirgin sama da aka gina a ɓoye, filin jirgin sama na Pierre Gemayel, wanda aka buɗe a cikin 1976 a Hamat, arewacin Batroun, kuma yana da gidan rediyon kansa, Muryar Lebanon ( Larabci : Iza'at Sawt Loubnan ) ko La. Voix du Liban (VDL) a cikin Faransanci, wanda aka kafa a wannan shekarar. [22] Duk da haka, ba a taɓa amfani da filin jirgin ba don ayyukan farar hula. Duk da cewa an faci titin jirginsa da ya lalace sosai, a halin yanzu sojojin saman Lebanon ne kawai ke amfani da filin jirgin tare da jirage masu saukar ungulu na Puma da jirgin sama na Super Tucano . A halin yanzu kuma makarantar sojoji ta musamman tana amfani da filin jirgin.
Soja
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Rundunar sojojin kasar Lebanon mai dauke da mutane 12,000 ne suka kare yankin, wadanda Amurka ke da wadataccen kayan aiki, tare da mayakan sa kai 5,000 karkashin Samir Geagea da 1,000 na Rundunar Kataeb, da Isra'ila ke tallafawa. Sojojin sun kuma hada da 'yan kungiyar Tigers da kuma masu gadin Cedars . [18]
Mayakan na zaune ne a wani yanki mai tsaunuka wanda ya ba su karfin gwiwa kan fadada Syria a yammacin kasar. [18]
A cikin shahararrun al'adu
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Wasan da aka karkatar da shi "Min Kfarshima lal Madfoun" yana ba da labarin wata mata 'yar Maronia ta yi tafiya daga Kfarchima zuwa Madfoun, ta fara daga Tabaris a Akrafieh, ta ramin Nahr El Kalb sannan Jounieh kuma daga karshe Jbeil.
Duba kuma
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Rundunar Kataeb
- Sojojin kasar Lebanon
- Yakin basasar Lebanon
- Gaban Lebanon
- Sojojin Lebanon (tsage)
- Jami'an Tsaron Cikin Gida
- Rundunar 'Yanci ta Zgharta
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "Geagea : Ceux qui m'avaient emprisonné sont aujourd'hui eux-mêmes derrière les barreaux".
- ↑ Yom 2016.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Kingston & Spears 2004.
- ↑ Barak, The Lebanese Army – A National institution in a divided society (2009), pp. 100-101.
- ↑ Evron 2013.
- ↑ Ayalon & Harris 1991.
- ↑ Harik, Judith P. (1993). "Change and Continuity among the Lebanese Druze Community: The Civil Administration of the Mountains, 1983-90". Middle Eastern Studies. 29 (3): 377–398. doi:10.1080/00263209308700957. ISSN 0026-3206. JSTOR 4283575.
- ↑ Born violent: Armed political parties and non-state governance in Lebanon’s civil war
- ↑ Rabah, Conflict on Mount Lebanon: The Druze, the Maronites and Collective Memory (2020), p. 143.
- ↑ Katz, Russel, and Volstad, Armies in Lebanon (1985), p. 8.
- ↑ Gordon, The Gemayels (1988), p. 58.
- ↑ McGowan, Roberts, Abu Khalil, and Scott Mason, Lebanon: a country study (1989), p. 240.
- ↑ Hoy and Ostrovsky, By Way of Deception (1990), p. 302.
- ↑ Full text of "Arab Times, 1990, Kuwait, English"
- ↑ Mideast Mirror 22 Oct. 1990, 23
- ↑ "Both sides pounded the Christian enclave daily claiming the lives of 615 people died, and more than 2,000 were wounded, half of them civilians". 21 October 2014.
- ↑ "Le procès dans l'affaire Murr prendra fin lundi avec les plaidoieries de Karam et du chef des FL Naïm qualifie d'illégale la procédure judiciaire et Rizk souligne le ralliement de Geagea à Taëf(photos)". 8 March 1997.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 "A Setback for Syria in Lebanon". Los Angeles Times (in Turanci). 1986-02-02. Retrieved 2022-06-19. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":02" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Gordon, The Gemayels (1988), pp. 58–59.
- ↑ Menargues, Les Secrets de la guerre du Liban (2004), p. 47.
- ↑ Traboulsi, Identités et solidarités croisées dans les conflits du Liban contemporain; Chapitre 12: L'économie politique des milices: le phénomène mafieux (2007), page unknown.
- ↑ Fisk, Pity the Nation: Lebanon at War (2001), p. 179.
Bayanan kula
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]