Yankin Kudi na gama-gari
Yankin Kudi na gama-gari | |||||
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currency union (en) | |||||
Bayanai | |||||
Ƙasa | Lesotho, Namibiya, Afirka ta kudu da Eswatini | ||||
Wuri | |||||
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Ƙungiyar Kuɗi ta gama gari ( CMA ), ta haɗa Afirka ta Kudu, Namibiya, Lesotho da Eswatini zuwa ƙungiyar kuɗi . Yana da alaƙa da Ƙungiyar Kwastam ta Kudancin Afirka (SACU).
Babban makasudin wannan ciniki shi ne, dukkan bangarorin za su samu ci gaba iri daya da ci gaban tattalin arziki mai adalci ta yadda za a yi mu'amala da su baki daya.[1]
Ko da yake Rand na Afirka ta Kudu yana da doka a duk jihohi, sauran ƙasashe membobin suna ba da kuɗin kansu: Lesotho loti, dalar Namibia da Swazi lilangeni . Duk da haka, ana musayar waɗannan daidai da Rand kuma babu wani canji na nan da nan. Dokokin musayar waje da manufofin kuɗi a duk cikin CMA suna ci gaba da nuna tasirin babban bankin Afirka ta Kudu .
Daga cikin membobin SACU, Botswana ne kawai a halin yanzu ba ya cikin CMA, bayan maye gurbin rand tare da pula a cikin 1976. Botswana na son aiwatar da manufofinta na hada-hadar kudi da kuma daidaita farashin musaya idan akwai wata matsala a nan gaba a tattalin arzikin da za ta shafi tattalin arzikinta ma.
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]CMA, wanda aka kafa a watan Yuli 1986,[2] ya samo asali ne daga yankin Rand Monetary Area (RMA), wanda aka kafa bisa ka'ida a cikin Disamba 1974;[3] Wadanda suka sanya hannu na karshen sune Afirka ta Kudu, Lesotho, da Swaziland.[4] A wannan shekarar Swaziland da Lesotho sun kafa nasu kudaden ƙasar, wanda yanzu ake kira lilangeni da loti, bi da bi. A shekara ta 1980 Lesotho ta kafa babban bankinta kuma ta fara fitar da kudin kasarta a farashi daya zuwa daya zuwa Rand.
Duk da yake shirye-shiryen na yau da kullun sun koma 1974, daga ƙarshe sun samo asali ne daga shirye-shiryen da ba na yau da kullun ba tun kafin kafuwar Tarayyar Afirka ta Kudu a 1910 da kuma lokacin da aka kafa Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu a 1921, fam ɗin Afirka ta Kudu ya zama kaɗai ke yawo. takardar shaidar doka a cikin yankunan da a yau suka samar da CMA tare da Bechuanaland (yanzu Botswana). Wannan tsari ya ci gaba lokacin da aka maye gurbin fam na Afirka ta Kudu da Rand na Afirka ta Kudu a 1961. Rashin fahimtar manufofin kuɗi, wani tsari na yau da kullun don tuntuɓar juna da raba raba gardama daga Afirka ta Kudu ga ƙananan yankuna ya haifar da tsawaita tattaunawa wanda a ƙarshe ya haifar da yarjejeniya ta 1974 na yau da kullun, duk da haka Botswana ta yanke shawarar kin shiga cikin shirye-shiryen da aka tsara kuma ta bi tsarin kuɗi mai zaman kanta tare da. babban bankinsa.
A cikin 1989 CMA ta canza ƙuntatawa ta musanya saboda wasu iyakoki a cikin jujjuya ma'auni sakamakon ƙarewar yarjejeniyar ɗayan ɗayan. An maye gurbin CMA da Yankin Kuɗi na Multilateral na yanzu (MMA) a cikin Fabrairu 1992, lokacin da Namibiya ta shiga ƙungiyar kuɗi a hukumance. A cikin 1993 Namibiya ta fitar da kudinta, dalar Namibia .
A cikin 2002 an gabatar da sabon tsarin raba kudaden shiga a cikin SACU, wanda ya haɗa da ɓangaren haɓakawa. A shekara ta 2003 Swaziland ta sake ba da izinin yin amfani da Rand a matsayin kwangilar doka don samun sauƙin musayar tsakanin waɗannan ƙasashe.
Tsarin hukumomi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Yarjejeniyar kudin da aka kulla tsakanin wadannan kasashen na daya daga cikin muhimman batutuwan da ke cikin yarjejeniyar. Kamar yadda aka fitar a baya, kowace kasa na da ‘yancin samun kudadenta na kasa. Waɗannan kudaden kuɗi ne kawai na doka a cikin ƙasashensu. Koyaya, Rand na Afirka ta Kudu yana da taushi a cikin CMA.
Bisa yarjejeniyar kasashen CMA za su iya samun damar shiga kasuwannin hada-hadar kudi na Afirka ta Kudu, amma a karkashin wasu sharudda. Za su iya samun damar yin amfani da kuɗi da kasuwannin babban birnin kawai ta hanyar sanya hannun jarin da aka tsara ko amintattun tsare-tsaren da cibiyoyin kuɗi za su iya riƙe a Afirka ta Kudu daidai da ƙa'idodin tsattsauran ra'ayi tsakanin ƙasashen LNS.
Biyan biyan diyya sun dogara ne akan tsarin daidai da samfurin da adadin rand da aka kiyasta yana yawo a cikin ƙasa memba da abin ya shafa. Rabon shine kashi 2/3 na yawan amfanin gona na shekara bisa ga mafi yawan hannun jarin gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu. An kafa wannan rabon bisa la'akari da babban fayil na kadarorin ajiyar da ya ƙunshi duka na dogon lokaci da na ɗan gajeren lokaci, yana ɗaukan cewa zai kasance ƙasa da dogon lokaci.
Kasuwancin Zinariya da na waje al'amura biyu ne a cikin kasuwancin. Matsalar ita ce za su iya ba da izinin ciniki na waje na asali na gida. Waɗannan ma'amaloli za su sami ƙa'idodi iri ɗaya kamar waɗanda ke faruwa daga ma'amaloli tsakanin CMA da Afirka ta Kudu. Zinariya da rasidun musaya daga mutanen gida buƙatun ne don mika wuya na gida. Har ila yau, babu ƙuntatawa kan mu'amalolin duniya tsakanin waɗanda ba mazauna ba.[5][6]
Adabi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Jian-Ye Wang; Iyabo Masha; Kazuko Shirono; Leighton Harris (2007-07-01). "The Common Monetary Area in Southern Africa: Shocks, Adjustment, and Policy Challenges" (PDF). IMF Working Paper Series (7/158).
Nassoshi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Masha, Iyabo; Wang, Jian-Ye; Shirono, Kazuko; Harris, Leighton (2007). "The Common Monetary Area in Southern Africa: Shocks, Adjustment, and Policy Challenges". SSRN Electronic Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.1007907. ISSN 1556-5068.
- ↑ "Business Year Book - 05". Archived from the original on 2006-11-18. Retrieved 2008-10-15. SWAZILAND BUSINESS YEAR BOOK 2005
- ↑ "ASC | Library | African Studies Thesaurus | Search the thesaurus - African Studies Thesaurus". Archived from the original on 2006-11-21. Retrieved 2008-10-15. African Studies Thesaurus
- ↑ [1] Archived 2008-10-30 at the Wayback Machine"South Africa’s experience of regional currency areas and the use of foreign currencies", Lambertus van Zyl
- ↑ Masha, Iyabo; Wang, Jian-Ye; Shirono, Kazuko; Harris, Leighton (2007). "The Common Monetary Area in Southern Africa: Shocks, Adjustment, and Policy Challenges". SSRN Electronic Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.1007907. ISSN 1556-5068.
- ↑ Jian-Ye, Wang; Iyabo, Masha; Kazuko, Shirono; Leighton, Harris (2007). "The Common Monetary Area in Southern Africa: Shocks, Adjustment, and Policy Challenges" (PDF). International Monetary Fund. WP/07/158: 11.