Yarjejeniyar Gabaɗaya akan Tariffs da Ciniki
Yarjejeniyar gabaɗaya kan kuɗin fito da ciniki ( GATT ) yarjejeniya ce ta doka tsakanin ƙasashe da yawa,waɗanda gabaɗayan manufarsu ita ce haɓaka kasuwancin ƙasa da ƙasa ta hanyar rage ko kawar da shingen kasuwanci kamar haraji ko ƙima .A cewar gabatarwarsa, manufarsa ita ce "raguwa mai yawa na haraji da sauran shingen kasuwanci da kawar da abubuwan da ake so,bisa ga fa'ida da fa'ida."
An fara tattauna batun GATT ne a yayin taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan kasuwanci da samar da ayyukan yi wanda kuma ya kasance sakamakon gazawar gwamnatocin da suka yi shawarwari wajen kafa kungiyar cinikayya ta kasa da kasa (ITO).Kasashe 23 ne suka sanya hannu a Geneva a ranar 30 ga Oktoba 1947,kuma an yi amfani da shi na wucin gadi 1 ga Janairu 1948. Ya ci gaba da aiki har zuwa ranar 1 ga Janairun 1995,lokacin da aka kafa kungiyar cinikayya ta duniya (WTO)bayan yarjejeniyar da kasashe 123 suka yi a Marrakesh a ranar 15 ga Afrilun 1994,a zaman wani bangare na yarjejeniyar zagaye na biyu na Uruguay .WTO ita ce magajin GATT,kuma ainihin rubutun GATT (GATT 1947)har yanzu yana aiki a ƙarƙashin tsarin WTO,bisa ga gyare-gyaren GATT 1994.Kasashen da ba su shiga cikin 1995 ga GATT suna buƙatar cika mafi ƙarancin sharuɗɗan da aka rubuta a cikin takamaiman takaddun kafin su yarda; a cikin Satumba 2019,jerin ya ƙunshi kasashe 36.
Kungiyar GATTda magajinta na WTO,sun yi nasarar rage haraji.Matsakaicin matakan jadawalin kuɗin fito na manyan mahalarta GATT sun kasance kusan 22% a cikin 1947,amma sun kasance 5% bayan zagayen Uruguay a 1999.[1]Masana sun danganta wani ɓangare na waɗannan canje-canjen kuɗin fito ga GATT da WTO.[2][3]
Tarihi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Yarjejeniyar Gabaɗaya akan Tariffs da Ciniki yarjejeniya ce ta kasuwanci tsakanin ƙasa da ƙasa.An sabunta ta a cikin jerin shawarwarin kasuwanci na duniya wanda ya kunshi zagaye tara tsakanin 1947 da 1995.Kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Duniya ta sami nasara sosai a cikin 1995 a cikin kasuwancin kasa da kasa.
A cikin shekarun 1940,Amurka ta nemi kafa tsarin cibiyoyi da yawa bayan yakin,wanda daya daga cikinsu zai sadaukar da kansa ga sake gina kasuwancin duniya.[4]A cikin 1945 da 1946,Amurka ta ɗauki kwararan matakai don samar da irin wannan ƙungiya,tare da ba da shawarar yin taro don yin shawarwari kan yarjejeniyar kasuwanci.[4]An fara aiwatar da GATT ne a taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Ciniki da Aiki (UNCTE)na 1947,inda Kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Duniya (ITO)ta kasance daya daga cikin ra'ayoyin da aka gabatar.An yi fatan za a gudanar da ITO tare da Bankin Duniya da Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya (IMF).Fiye da kasashe 50 ne suka yi shawarwari da ITO tare da shirya yarjejeniyar kafa ta,amma bayan ficewar Amurka wadannan shawarwarin sun ruguje.
Zagayen farko[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
An gudanar da zaman shirye-shirye lokaci guda a UNCTE dangane da GATT.Bayan da yawa daga cikin waɗannan zama,ƙasashe 23 sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar GATT a ranar 30 ga Oktoba 1947 a Geneva,Switzerland.Ya fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Janairu,1948.
Annecy Zagaye: 1949[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
An yi zagaye na biyu a shekara ta 1949 a Annecy,Faransa.Kasashe 13 ne suka halarci zagayen. Babban abin da aka fi mayar da hankali a tattaunawar shi ne karin rage haraji,kusan 5,000 gaba daya.