Yarjejeniyar haƙƙin muhalli
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Ƙaramin ɓangare na |
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Lissafin haƙƙoƙi, wani lokacin ana kiran sanarwar haƙƙoƙi ko yarjejeniyar haƙƙin mallaka, jerin 'yancin mafi mahimmanci ga' yancin ƙasa. Manufar ita ce don kare waɗannan haƙƙoƙin daga cin zarafi daga jami'an gwamnati da ƴan ƙasa masu zaman kansu.
Takaddun kuɗaɗen haƙƙin na iya zama tushen tushe ko ba a ɗora su ba . Ba za a iya gyara ko soke wani daftarin doka na haƙƙin ɗan majalisa ta hanyar tsarin yau da kullun ba, a maimakon haka yana buƙatar babban rinjaye ko kuri'ar raba gardama; dan sau da yawa wani bangare ne na kundin tsarin mulkin kasa, don haka yana bin matakai na musamman da suka shafi gyaran kundin tsarin mulkin kasar.
Tarihi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Tarihin sharuɗɗan shari'a da ke tabbatar da wasu haƙƙoƙi ga wasu ƙungiyoyi ya koma tsakiyar zamanai da kuma a baya. Misali shi ne Magna Carta, Yarjejeniyar Shari'a ta Ingilishi da aka amince da ita tsakanin Sarki da Baroninsa a shekarata 1215. A farkon zamanin zamani, an sami sabunta sha'awar Magna Carta . Alkalin dokar gama gari na Ingila Sir Edward Coke ya farfado da ra'ayin 'yancin da ya danganci zama dan kasa ta hanyar jayayya cewa a tarihi 'yan Ingila sun sami irin wannan hakkokin . Ƙaddamar da Haƙƙin a shekarar 1628, Dokar Habeas Corpus a shekarata 1679 da Bill of Rights 1689 sun kafa wasu hakkoki a cikin doka.
A cikin Amurka, Dokar Haƙƙin Ingilishi na ɗaya daga cikin tasirin da aka yi kan sanarwar Haƙƙin 1776 na Virginia, wanda hakan ya rinjayi sanarwar 'yancin kai na Amurka daga baya waccan shekarar. Bayan da aka amince da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka a cikin shekarata 1789, an ƙaddamar da Dokar Haƙƙin Amurka a shekarar 1791.
An yi wahayi zuwa ga zamanin wayewar kai, Sanarwa na Haƙƙin Dan Adam da na ɗan ƙasa ya tabbatar da kasancewar haƙƙoƙi. Majalisar dokokin Faransa ta amince da ita a cikin shekarata 1789 a lokacin juyin juya halin Faransa .
Ƙarni na 20 ya ga ƙungiyoyi dabam-dabam suna zana waɗannan takardu na farko don yin tasiri sa’ad da suke tsara Yarjejeniya Ta Duniya na ’Yancin ’Yan Adam, Yarjejeniyar Turai Kan ’Yancin Bil Adama da Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan ’yancin yara .
Keɓancewa a cikin dimokuradiyya na Yamma[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Kundin tsarin mulkin Burtaniya ya kasance ba a canza shi ba. Koyaya, Dokar Haƙƙin a shekarata 1689 wani ɓangare ne na dokar Burtaniya. Dokar Kare Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta 1998 kuma ta haɗa haƙƙoƙin da ke cikin Yarjejeniyar Turai kan Haƙƙin Dan Adam a cikin dokokin Burtaniya. Cin zarafi na baya-bayan nan na 'yanci, dimokuradiyya da bin doka ya haifar da bukatu na sabon cikakken kundin hakkin Birtaniyya wanda wata sabuwar kotun koli mai zaman kanta ta amince da shi mai ikon soke dokokin gwamnati da manufofin da suka saba wa ka'idojinta.
Ostiraliya ita ce kawai ƙasar doka ta gama gari wacce ba ta da kundin tsarin mulki ko na tarayya na haƙƙin haƙƙin kare 'yan ƙasa, kodayake ana ci gaba da muhawara a yawancin jihohin Australia. A shekara ta 1973, babban lauyan gwamnatin tarayya Lionel Murphy ya gabatar da kudirin dokar kare hakkin dan Adam a majalisa, ko da yake ba a taba zartar da shi ba. A cikin shekarata 1984, Sanata Gareth Evans ya kafa lissafin haƙƙoƙin, amma a shekarar 1985, Sanata ta Majalisar Dokoki, wacce ta wuce ta wuce majalisar dattijai . [1] Tsohon Firayim Ministan Australiya John Howard ya yi gardama kan wani kudirin doka na kare hakkin Australia bisa hujjar cewa zai mika mulki daga zababbun 'yan siyasa zuwa alkalai da masu rike da mukamai da ba a zabe su ba . Victoria, Queensland da Babban Birnin Australiya (ACT) su ne kawai jihohi da yankuna da ke da Dokar Haƙƙin Dan Adam. Duk da haka, ƙa'idar doka da ke cikin tsarin shari'a na Ostiraliya, na neman tabbatar da cewa an fassara dokar don kada a tsoma baki tare da ainihin haƙƙin ɗan adam, sai dai idan doka ta yi niyyar tsoma baki.
Lissafin lissafin haƙƙin haƙƙin mallaka[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Gabaɗaya[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Title | Effective Year | Realm | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Charter of Liberties | 1100 | England | rights of inheritance and marriage, amnesty, and environmental protection (forest) |
Magna Carta | 1215 | England | rights for barons |
Great Charter of Ireland | 1216 | Ireland | rights for barons |
Golden Bull of 1222 | 1222 | Hungary | rights for nobles |
Statute of Kalisz | 1264 | Poland: Kingdom of Poland | Jewish residents' rights |
Charter of Kortenberg | 1312 | Belgium | rights for all citizens "rich and poor" |
Dušan's Code | 1349 | Serbia | |
Twelve Articles | 1525 | Germany | |
Pacta conventa | 1573 | Poland | |
Henrician Articles | 1573 | Poland | |
Petition of Right | 1628 | England | |
Bill of Rights 1689 Claim of Right Act 1689 |
1689 | England Scotland |
This applied to all British Colonies of the time, and was later entrenched in the laws of those colonies that became nations - for instance in Australia with the Colonial Laws Validity Act 1865 and reconfirmed by the Statute of Westminster 1931 |
Virginia Declaration of Rights | 1776 | USA: state of Virginia | June 1776, Preamble to the United States Declaration of Independence, July 1776 |
Chapter 1 of the Pennsylvania Constitution | 1776 | USA: state of Pennsylvania | July 1776 |
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen | 1789 | France | |
Bill of Rights of the United States Constitution | 1791 | USA | completed in 1789, ratified in 1791 |
Declaration of the Rights of the People | 1811 | Venezuela | |
Article I of the Constitution of Connecticut | 1818 | USA: state of Connecticut | |
Constitution of Greece | 1822 | Epidaurus | |
Hatt-ı Hümayun | 1856 | Ottoman Empire | |
Article I of the Constitution of Texas | 1875 | USA: state of Texas | |
Basic rights and liberties in Finland | 1919 | Finland[ana buƙatar hujja] | |
Articles 13-28 of the Constitution of Italy | 1947 | Italy | |
Universal Declaration of Human Rights | 1948 | United Nations | |
Fundamental rights and duties of citizens in People's Republic of China | 1949 | China: People's Republic of China | |
Fundamental Rights of Indian citizens | 1950 | India | |
European Convention on Human Rights | 1953 | Europe: 47 Council of Europe member states | drafted in 1950 |
Part I of the Constitution of Portugal | 1976 | Portugal | |
Implied Bill of Rights (a theory in Canadian constitutional law) | 1982 | Canada | [ana buƙatar hujja] for the date |
Canadian Bill of Rights | 1960 | Canada | |
International Bill of Human Rights | 1976 | United Nations | |
Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms | 1976 | Canada: province of Quebec | |
Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms | 1982 | Canada | |
Declaration of the Basic Duties of ASEAN Peoples and Governments | 1983 | Asia | Signed in Manila by the Regional Council on Human Rights in Asia, the first to draft a pan-Asian declaration of human rights |
Article III and XIII of the Constitution of the Philippines | 1987 | Philippines | The Bill of Rights encapsulating Article III regulates duties and responsibilities of the government toward the rights of citizens, while Article XIII is specifically about human rights and social justice |
Article 5 of the Constitution of Brazil | 1988 | Brazil | |
New Zealand Bill of Rights Act | 1990 | New Zealand | |
Charter of Fundamental Rights and Basic Freedoms of the Czech Republic | 1991 | Czech Republic | |
Hong Kong Bill of Rights Ordinance | 1991 | China: Hong Kong | |
Chapter 2 of the Constitution of South Africa | 1996 | South Africa | entitled "Bill of Rights" |
Human Rights Act 1998 | 1998 | United Kingdom | |
Human Rights Act 2004 | 2004 | Australia: Australian Capital Territory | |
Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union | 2005 | European Union | |
Victorian Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities | 2006 | Australia: state of Victoria | |
Chapter Four of the Constitution of Zimbabwe | 2013 | Zimbabwe | |
Queensland Human Rights Act 2018 | 2019 | Australia: state of Queensland |
Takaddun da aka yi niyya na musamman[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- Dokar Haƙƙin Mabukaci
- Dokar Hakkokin Mara Gida
- Dokar Haƙƙin Mai Biyan Haraji
- Dokar Hakkokin Ilimi ,
- Dokar Hakkokin Tsohon Sojoji
- GI Bill of Rights, wanda aka fi sani da GI Bill
- Dokar 'Yan Luwadi, Taron Ƙungiyoyin 'Yan Luwadi na Arewacin Amirka ne suka tsara
- Dokar Haƙƙin Laburare, Ƙungiyar Laburare ta Amirka ta buga
- Dokar Haƙƙin Muhalli ko Ajanda 21
- Kudirin Hakki na Mahalicci, marubutan ban dariya da masu fasaha
- Dokar Haƙƙin Mai Ba da gudummawa, don masu ba da agaji
- Kudirin Hakkokin Jami'an Doka
- Dokar Haƙƙin Masu Zaɓe ta California, daidaitawa da Dokar Haƙƙin Zaɓe
- Dokar Musulunci ta Hakkokin Mata a Masallacin
- New Jersey Dokar Haƙƙin Haƙƙin Cin Hanci da Rashawa
- Kudirin Haƙƙin Masu Katin Kiredit, wanda ke ƙunshe a cikin Dokar CARD na shekarata 2009
- Dokokin Haƙƙin Masu Ci Gaban Cin Duri da Jima'i (Dokar Haƙƙin Masu Ci Gaba da Jima'i )
Duba wasu abubuwan[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- Ƙirar Haƙƙin Biritaniya
- Haƙƙin da ba za a iya tauyewa ba
- Dokar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Duniya
- Ka'idojin kare hakkin bil'adama na duniya
- Hakkokin halitta
- Tsarin doka
- Dokar Hakki na Biyu
Manazarta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
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