Zuma
| Zuma | |
|---|---|
confectionery (en)  , syrup (en) , secretion or excretion (en) , fodder (en) da shelf-stable food (en) | |
 | |
| Kayan haɗi | nectar (en) ruwa |
| Tarihi | |
| Mai tsarawa | Apis mellifera (mul) da Apis (mul) |
Zuma abu ne mai dadi da tsami wanda nau'ikan ƙudan zuma da yawa suka yi, wanda aka fi sani da su ƙudan zuma ne.[1] Ana yin zuma kuma ana adana shi don ciyar da mazaunan ƙudan zuma. Ƙudan zuma suna samar mai zuma ta hanyar tattarawa sannan kuma suna tsaftace ɓoyayyun sukari na tsire-tsire (mafi yawa furanni) ko ɓoyayyen wasu kwari, kamar ƙudan zuma na aphids. Wannan gyare-gyare yana faruwa a cikin ƙudan zuma, ta hanyar regurgitation da aikin enzymatic, da kuma lokacin adanawa a cikin rufin, ta hanyar ruwa wanda ke mai da hankali ga sukari na zuma har sai ya yi kauri da viscous.
Ƙudan zuma suna adana zuma a cikin rufin. A cikin rufin akwai tsari da aka yi da ƙudan zuma da ake kira honeycomb. Gidan zuma ya ƙunshi daruruwan ko dubban sel na hexagonal, inda ƙudan zuma ke fitar da zuma don adanawa. Sauran nau'ikan ƙudan zuma masu samar da zuma suna adana abu a cikin tsari daban-daban, kamar tukwane da aka yi da albasa da resin da ƙudan zamba ba ta da ƙudan.[1]
Ana tattara zuma don amfani da mutum daga yankunan ƙudan zuma na daji, ko kuma daga ƙudan zumeji na gida. Zuma da ƙudan zuma ke samarwa shine mafi mashahuri ga mutane, godiya ga samar da kasuwanci a duniya da wadatarsu.[2] Kiwon ƙudan zuma an san shi da kiwon ƙudan ƙudan zumewa ko kiwon ƙanƙara, tare da noman ƙudan zuman ƙudan zomo wanda ba a san shi da Meliponiculture.
Zuma yana da da daɗi saboda yawan monosaccharides fructose da glucose. Yana da kusan nau'in ɗanɗano kamar sucrose (sukari tebur).[3] Ɗaya daga cikin madaidaiciyar tablespoon (14 mL) na zuma yana ba da kusan 43 kilocalories (180 kJ) ) na Makamashi na abinci. Yana da kyawawan halaye na sinadarai don yin burodi da dandano na musamman lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi azaman mai zaki.[3] Saboda yawan sukari da kuma matakin pH mai ƙamshi da yawa ba za su iya girma a ciki ba kuma, idan aka adana shi yadda ya kamata, zuma saboda haka ba ya lalacewa.[4] Samfurori na zuma da aka gano a cikin abubuwan tarihi sun tabbatar da cin abinci har ma bayan dubban shekaru.
Amfani da zuma da samarwa suna da dogon tarihi daban-daban, tare da farkonsa a zamanin da. Hotunan kogo da yawa a cikin Cuevas de la Araña a Spain suna nuna mutane suna neman zuma aƙalla shekaru 8,000 da suka gabata.[5] Duk da yake <i id="mwcw">Apis mellifera</i> kwari ne na Tsohon Duniya, yawancin meliponiculture na New World stingless ƙudan zuma sun kasance ana yin su ne tun kafin zamanin Columbus.
Kafawa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Ta hanyar ƙudan zuma
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ana samar mai zuma ta ƙudan zuma waɗanda suka tattara ruwan 'ya'yan itace ko zuma. Ƙudan zuma suna darajar zuma don sukari, wanda suke cinyewa don tallafawa aikin metabolism gaba ɗaya, musamman na tsokoki na tashi yayin neman abinci, kuma a matsayin abinci ga tsutsarsu. Don wannan ƙudan zuma suna adana zuma don samar da kansu a lokacin cin abinci na yau da kullun da kuma lokacin lean, kamar a cikin hunturu.[6][7] A lokacin da ƙudan zuma ke amfani da wani ɓangare na ruwan tsami suna tattarawa don ƙarfafa tsokoki na tashi. Yawancin ruwan 'ya'yan itace da aka tattara ba a amfani da su don ciyar da kwari kai tsaye amma a maimakon haka an ƙaddara su ne don sakewa, narkewar enzymatic, kuma a ƙarshe adanawa na dogon lokaci a matsayin zuma.[6] A lokacin sanyi ko kuma lokacin da wasu tushen abinci ba su da yawa, manya da ƙudan zuma suna cin zuma da aka adana, wanda ya fi ƙarfin makamashi kamar yadda aka yi shi.[7]
Bayan barin rufin, ƙudan zuma mai cin abinci yana tattara ruwan 'ya'yan itace mai cike da sukari ko zuma. Nectar daga furen gabaɗaya yana da abun ciki na ruwa na 70 zuwa 80% kuma yana da ƙarancin viscous fiye da zuma da aka gama, wanda yawanci yana da abun cikin ruwa a kusa da 18% . [8] Rashin ruwa na honeydew daga aphids da sauran kwari na gaskiya yana kusa da ruwan da waɗannan kwari ke ci kuma yawanci ya fi narkewa fiye da ruwan tsami. Ɗaya daga cikin tushe ya bayyana abun da ke cikin ruwa na honeydew kamar kusan 89% .[9] Ko yana cin abinci a kan nectar ko honeydew, ƙudan zuma yana shan waɗannan ruwa mai gudana ta hanyar proboscis, wanda ke isar da ruwa zuwa cikin zuma ko "amfanin zuma". Wannan rami yana kwance sama da ciki na abinci, wanda na ƙarshe ya narke pollen da sukari da ƙudan zuma ke cinyewa don abincin kansa.
A cikin Apis mellifera, ciki na zuma yana riƙe da kimanin 40 MG na ruwa. Wannan kusan rabin nauyin ƙudan zuma ne. Tattara wannan adadi a cikin ruwan tsami na iya buƙatar ziyarar fiye da furanni dubu ɗaya. Lokacin da ruwan 'ya'yan itace ya yi yawa, zai iya ɗaukar ƙudan zuma fiye da sa'a ɗaya na aiki mara iyaka don tattara isasshen ruwan 'ya-ya'yan ta don cika amfanin zuma. Enzymes na matse da sunadarai daga glandar hypopharyngeal na ƙudan zuma suna ɓoyewa cikin ruwan tsami da zarar yana cikin ciki na zuma. Wadannan abubuwa sun fara raba sukari mai rikitarwa kamar sucrose da starches zuwa sukari mai sauƙi kamar glucose da fructose. Wannan tsari dan kadan yana ƙara abun da ke cikin ruwa da kuma acidity na ɗanɗano mai narkewa.[6][10]
Da zarar sun cika, ƙudan zuma masu cin abinci suna komawa cikin rufin. A can suna fitowa kuma suna canja wurin ruwan 'ya'yan itace zuwa ƙudan zuma. Da zarar ya kasance a cikin ciki na zuma, ƙudan zuma suna fitar da ruwan tsami, akai-akai suna samar da kumfa tsakanin mandibles, suna hanzarta narkewa da kuma mayar da hankali. Wadannan kumfa suna haifar da babban yanki na sama da girma kuma ta wannan hanyar ƙudan zuma suna narkar da wani ɓangare na ruwan tsami a cikin iska mai dumi na rufin.[6][11]
Ƙudan zuma suna samar da ƙungiyoyin sarrafa zuma. Wadannan kungiyoyi suna aiki a cikin ragowar, tare da ƙudan zuma guda ɗaya da ke ba da ruwan da aka sarrafa don yin kumfa sannan kuma ya ba da ruwa mai tsabta ga wasu. Zai iya ɗaukar minti 20 na ci gaba da sakewa, narkewa da kumburi har sai samfurin ya kai ingancin ajiya.[1] Ana sanya sabon zuma a cikin ƙwayoyin zuma, waɗanda aka bar su ba tare da rufewa ba. Wannan zuma har yanzu yana da ruwa mai yawa, har zuwa 70%, dangane da yawan ruwan tsami da aka tattara. A wannan matakin gyaransa ruwan da ke cikin zuma yana da isasshen cewa yisti mai yisti zai iya haifuwa a ciki, tsari wanda, idan an bar shi ba tare da kulawa ba, zai cinyewa sabon zuma da sauri.[2] Don yaki da wannan, ƙudan zuma suna amfani da ikon da ba a saba gani ba tsakanin kwari: ƙarni na zafi.
Ƙudan zuma suna daga cikin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin da za su iya haifar da zafi mai yawa. Suna amfani da wannan ikon don samar da yanayin zafin jiki a cikin ɗakunan su. Yanayin zafi yawanci yana kusa da 35 °C (95 °F) ° C (95 ° F) a cikin wuraren ajiyar zuma. Ana sarrafa wannan zafin jiki ko dai ta hanyar samar da zafi tare da jikinsu ko cire shi ta hanyar ruwa. Rashin ruwa yana cire ruwa daga zuma da aka adana, yana jawo zafi daga mazaunin. Ƙudan zuma suna amfani da fuka-fukan su don sarrafa sanyaya. Kayan fuka-fuki da aka daidaita yana motsa iska a fadin zuma mai laushi, yana fitar da ruwa da zafi. Rashin iska na rufin yana fitar da ruwa da zafi zuwa duniyar waje.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- 1 2 Crane, Eva (1990). "Honey from honeybees and other insects". Ethology Ecology & Evolution. 3 (sup1): 100–105. doi:10.1080/03949370.1991.10721919. ISSN 0394-9370.
- ↑ Empty citation (help)
- 1 2 National Honey Board. "Carbohydrates and the Sweetness of Honey" (PDF). honey.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 1, 2011. Retrieved November 11, 2025.
- ↑ Mundo, Melissa A (2004). "Growth inhibition of foodborne pathogens and food spoilage organisms by select raw honeys". Int J Food Microbiol. 97 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.03.025. PMID 15527912.
- ↑ Crane, Eva (1983) The Archaeology of Beekeeping, Cornell University Press, ISBN 0-8014-1609-4
- 1 2 3 4 Suarez, R. K.; Lighton, J. R.; Joos, B.; Roberts, S. P.; Harrison, J. F. (29 October 1996). "Energy metabolism, enzymatic flux capacities, and metabolic flux rates in flying honeybees". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 93 (22): 12616–12620. Bibcode:1996PNAS...9312616S. doi:10.1073/pnas.93.22.12616. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 38041. PMID 8901631.
- 1 2 "Honey and Bees". Archived from the original on 5 March 2010. Retrieved 17 November 2015.
- ↑ "Did you know there's water in honey?". South Mountain Bees. Archived from the original on 13 July 2024. Retrieved 24 September 2022.
- ↑ Lamb, K. P. (1 February 1959). "Composition of the honeydew of the aphid Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) feeding on swedes (Brassica napobrassica DC.)". Journal of Insect Physiology (in Turanci). 3 (1): 1–13. Bibcode:1959JInsP...3....1L. doi:10.1016/0022-1910(59)90054-X. ISSN 0022-1910.
- ↑ Rossano, Rocco; Larocca, Marilena; Polito, Teresa; Perna, Anna Maria; Padula, Maria Carmela; Martelli, Giuseppe; Riccio, Paolo (7 November 2012). "What Are the Proteolytic Enzymes of Honey and What They Do Tell Us? A Fingerprint Analysis by 2-D Zymography of Unifloral Honeys". PLOS ONE. 7 (11). Bibcode:2012PLoSO...749164R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0049164. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3492327. PMID 23145107.
- ↑ Standifer, L. N. (2020). "Fact sheets". Mid-Atlantic Apiculture Research and Extension Consortium. Archived from the original on 4 October 1999. Retrieved 13 July 2023.