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Babban Kwamishinan Ƙananan Ƙasa

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
High Commissioner on National Minorities
position (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na High Commissioner (en) Fassara
Farawa 8 ga Yuli, 1992
Applies to jurisdiction (en) Fassara Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (en) Fassara
Muhimmin darasi minority rights (en) Fassara da peacebuilding (en) Fassara
Yadda ake kira mace Alta Comissionada per a les Minories Nacionals

Ofishin babban kwamishina mai kula da marasa rinjaye na kasa (HCNM) na OSCE yana da alhakin ganowa da kuma neman warware rikicin kabilanci da wuri wanda zai iya haifar da zaman lafiya, kwanciyar hankali ko dangantakar abokantaka tsakanin da tsakanin kasashe masu shiga na kungiyar tsaro da hadin gwiwa a Turai. .

An kirkiro ofishin ne a ranar 8 ga Yuli 1992, ta hanyar taron koli na Helsinki na taron kan tsaro da hadin gwiwa a Turai (CSCE), wanda yanzu ake kira (OSCE), HCNM ta mai da hankali kan yankin OSCE kuma za ta sanar da kungiyar inda halin da ake ciki. yana da damar haɓaka cikin rikici. [1] Ƙungiyar ta ƙunshi ƙasashe 57 masu shiga cikin Arewacin Amirka, Turai da Asiya. [2] Gabaɗaya ana ɗaukar kafa HCNM a matsayin “labarin nasara” [3] kuma kayan aiki mai amfani na rigakafin rikici. [4]

Tarihi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ƙirƙirar ofishin HCNM yana da alaƙa kai tsaye da yanayin siyasa a farkon shekarun 1990s. [5] Yakin Yugoslavia ya kasance rikice-rikicen kabilanci da suka barke bayan rugujewar katangar Berlin da na Kwaminisanci, wanda a karshe ya haifar da wargajewar kasar. Kokarin CSCE, Tarayyar Turai da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun kasa samar da zaman lafiya. Bacin rai na rashin iya hana irin wannan mummunan bala'i na ɗan adam ya sa gwamnatin Netherlands ta ba da shawarar matsayin HCNM. [6] Wannan ofishin zai yi niyya ne don hana tashe-tashen hankula dangane da tashe-tashen hankula da 'yan tsiraru. Dangane da bala'in Yugoslavia, an yi la'akari da ƙoƙarin kasa da kasa ya ci tura saboda ƙarancin sanin masu shiga tsakani na duniya game da yanayin ƙabilanci. [7] Hakan na nuni da cewa tashe-tashen hankula na kara ta'azzara saboda kasashen duniya ba su fahimci al'amuran da ke faruwa ba. Bugu da ari, duk wani taimako na duniya da aka bayar ya zo da latti. An fahimci cewa ya kamata a gano irin wannan tashe-tashen hankula tare da magance su da wuri-wuri domin hana rikidewa zuwa rikici mara iyaka. Rikicin Yugoslavia ya kuma bayyana a fili cewa tashe-tashen hankula da dama a duniya sun samo asali ne daga tashe-tashen hankula da suka shafi 'yan tsiraru na kasa. Dangane da haka ne aka gabatar da shawarar ofishin HCNM.

adawa da shawara[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An nuna damuwa da yawa game da samfurin da Netherlands ta gabatar. [8] Sakamakon haka, an aiwatar da manyan hani da dama ga aikin HCNM cikin wa'adin.

Jihohi sun yi rashin jituwa kan ko haƙƙoƙin tsiraru na ƙasa na ɗaya ne ko na ƙungiya. A ƙarshe, an sami bayyananniyar keɓance lokuta na mutum ɗaya ta hanyar sakin layi na 5(c) na umarnin HCNM. [9] Wannan ya hana Babban Kwamishinan yin la'akari da "cin zarafin alƙawuran CSCE dangane da mutum ɗaya daga cikin tsirarun ƙasa". Jihohi da yawa sun ji tsoron cewa HCNM za ta zama wani nau'in " mai kula da 'yan tsiraru" na kasa. Manufar ofishin ba shine ƙirƙirar sabon kayan aikin kare hakkin ɗan adam ba, amma don ƙirƙirar kayan aikin rigakafin rikici. [10] An jaddada hakan a taken ofishin: Babban Kwamishinan ‘ yan tsiraru na kasa, ba na ‘ yan tsiraru na kasa ba.

Jihohi da dama kuma sun nuna adawa da shigar da HCNM cikin lamuran ta'addanci. [11] A sakamakon haka, an hana HCNM yin la'akari da 'al'amurran da suka shafi tsirarun ƙasa a cikin yanayin da ya shafi ayyukan ta'addanci'. [12] Kasashen duniya sun kara yanke shawarar cewa HCNM ba za ta iya 'saba da kuma (...) amincewa da sadarwa daga kowane mutum ko kungiya da ke aikatawa ko amincewa da ta'addanci ko tashin hankali a bainar jama'a ba. [13] A wasu lokuta wannan magana ta zama hanyar da jihohi za su hana HCNM tsoma baki da matsalolin su na tsiraru. [14]

shubuha a cikin wa'adin[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Umurnin HCNM kamar yadda aka ayyana a taron koli na Helsinki a 1992 ya ƙunshi shubuhohi da yawa, wanda mafi mahimmancin su shine ma'anar " tsiraru na ƙasa ". Babu bayyanannen jagora da aka bayar a cikin wa'adin yadda ake fassara wannan kalma. Wannan ya kasance mafi yawa saboda ƙasashen CSCE masu shiga ba za su iya cimma yarjejeniya kan ma'anar " tsiraru na ƙasa ba", don haka sun zaɓi ba da wata ma'ana kwata-kwata.

Babban Kwamishina na farko, Max van der Stoel, ya mayar da hankali kan bayyanawa da ma'anar aikinsa. [15] Ya yi hakan ne ta hanyar tuntubar masana da yawa kan haƙƙin tsiraru da dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa, kuma ta haka ne ya samar da tsari da ayyuka don shawo kan shubuha a cikin aikin. Ta hanyar fayyace wa'adin, ya sami damar tunkarar rawar ta yadda ya ga ya dace. [16] Hanyar da van der Stoel ya bi ya zo ne don ayyana yadda magadansa suka tunkari rawar. Ma'anarsa na "ƙananan ƙasa" yana da abubuwa uku daban-daban. [17] Na farko, za a iya bambanta tsirarun ƙasa da sauran al'umma ta hanyar harshe, ƙabila ko al'adu. Na biyu, wannan ƴan tsirarun sun yi ƙoƙari don karewa da ƙarfafa waɗannan halaye waɗanda suka ƙunshi ainihin su. A ƙarshe, ya yi la'akari da sakin layi na 32 na 1990 CSCE Copenhagen Document, [18] wanda ya jaddada cewa kasancewa wani ɓangare na tsirarun ƙasa shine zaɓi na mutum ɗaya. [19] A tsarin da van der Stoel da magajinsa suka bi, babu wani buƙatu na cewa ƴan tsiraru na ƙasa su kasance tsiraru masu ƙima a cikin al'umma. [20] A yawancin lokuta tsirarun ƙasa za su kasance masu rinjaye a wasu ƙasashe ko yankuna.

Aiki[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Babban aikin HCNM shine ganowa da magance tashe-tashen hankula da suka shafi tsirarun ƙasa waɗanda zasu iya tasowa zuwa rikici. [21] Wannan ya haɗa da "gargaɗi na farko" na yuwuwar rikici da kuma "matakin farko" don wargaza tashin hankali. [22] Wa'adin ya ba wa HCNM izini don tantance 'rawarwar bangarorin da abin ya shafa kai tsaye, yanayin tashe-tashen hankula da abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan a ciki da kuma, in zai yiwu, sakamakon da zai iya haifar da zaman lafiya da kwanciyar hankali a cikin yankin OSCE'. [23] Muhimmin rawar da take takawa ba lallai ne ta warware dukkan rikice-rikicen da za a iya fuskanta gaba daya ba, a'a, ta tafiyar da su ta yadda rikici tsakanin kungiyoyi ba zai ta'azzara ba amma ya ragu. [24] Wannan ya haɗa da sasantawa da kuma gabatar da mafita mai dorewa.

A ƙarshe, aikin Babban Kwamishinan na ɗaya ne na diflomasiyya mai hanawa. [25] Dole ne ta ba da gargadin farko game da tashe-tashen hankula da kuma daukar matakin da ya dace don hana duk wani tashin hankali. Tashin hankali tsakanin ƙungiyoyin al'umma daban-daban na iya tasowa akan abubuwa daban-daban, kamar ƙabila, addini, ko harshe. [26] HCNM tana aiki ne don warware waɗannan tashe-tashen hankula da kuma samun haɗin kai tsakanin al'umma, kafin waɗannan tashe-tashen hankula su ƙaru zuwa rikice-rikice. HCNM na farko, Max van der Stoel, ya yi nuni da cewa, ya kamata HCNM ta yi niyya don hana tashe-tashen hankula a cikin rikice-rikicen makamai, amma kuma ya kamata su fahimci cewa a wasu lokuta lamarin na iya wuce yanayin diflomasiyya. [27] Inda za a iya magance tashe-tashen hankula cikin dogon lokaci, dole ne a dauki hanyar da ta fi dacewa. Wannan na iya haifar da Babban Kwamishinan ya ba da sanarwar gargadin wuri ga Majalisar Dindindin, tare da bukatar OSCE da ta ba ta umarni na 'ad hoc' don rigakafin rikice-rikice. [28] An ba da sanarwar gargaɗin farko a ƙarƙashin sakin layi na 15 na wa'adin sau ɗaya kawai a baya, dangane da rikicin Kosovo na 1999. [29]

Domin inganta haɗin kai tsakanin al'umma, HCNM dole ne ya ba da shawara kuma ya dauki matakan da suka dace. Ya kamata a gudanar da bincike mai mahimmanci game da takamaiman al'umma da ƙabilun da abin ya shafa don a ba da amsa mai kyau ga lamarin. Van der Stoel ko da yaushe yana yin shiri sosai don kowace jiha, sau da yawa ta hanyar shirya taron bita na kwana ɗaya ko biyu tare da manyan masana a fannoni da dama da suka dace. [30] Muhimmancin wannan tsari ya taso ne sakamakon gazawar da kasashen duniya suka yi a lokacin yakin Yugoslavia, inda rashin fahimtar yanayin kabilanci daga masu shiga tsakani na kasa da kasa kan haifar da tabarbarewar lamarin. [31]

Aikin da manyan kwamishinonin suka yi tun farkon wannan aikin ana ganin ya yi nasara sosai. [32] Matsayin yana buƙatar ƙwarewa, kayan aiki da gogewa a cikin sa ido kan yanayi na yuwuwar tashin hankali, da kuma fahimtar alamun haɓakawa. [33] Irin wannan ilimi da fasaha na da kima dangane da rigakafin rikice-rikicen da ya shafi tsiraru, domin galibi wadannan yanayi suna da matukar hadari da sarkakiya. Babu wani tashin hankali tsakanin ƙabilun da ya yi daidai, kuma kowannensu zai ƙunshi abubuwa daban-daban da tasirin tarihi da al'adu. Don haka akwai buqatar wani ofishi mai kwazo da ya kware kuma ya mai da hankali kan al'amuran tsiraru. [34]

Hanyoyin da ake amfani da su wajen rigakafin rikici[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

HCNM na amfani da dabaru daban-daban don cimma manufarta na rigakafin rikici. Babban Kwamishinan yana aiki kafada da kafada da jihar da abin ya shafa da kuma shugabannin bangarorin da abin ya shafa. Yayin da HCNM a ƙarshe ba za ta iya aiwatar da duk wani aiki na dole ba, akwai hanyoyi da yawa da HCNM za ta iya taimakawa lamarin. [35]

Babban Kwamishinan zai taimaka wajen hana tashe-tashen hankula ta hanyar gabatar da mafi ƙanƙanta na haƙƙin tsiraru, wanda ya kamata jihar da sauran masu rinjaye su kiyaye. Hakanan za ta iya taimakawa wajen aiwatar da waɗannan ƙa'idodi da taimaka musu su zama al'ada a wannan jihar. Akwai shawarwari guda bakwai na jigogi waɗanda za su iya samar da dandamali don ingantacciyar alaƙa tsakanin ƙabilun da kuma taimakawa wajen rage tashin hankali. Waɗannan sun haɗa da shawarwari game da ilimi, haƙƙin harshe, shiga, dangin dangi, aikin ɗan sanda a cikin al'ummomin kabilu daban-daban, ƙananan harsuna a cikin kafofin watsa labarai, da haɗin kai da rigakafin rikice-rikice. [36] HCNM na yawan ba da shawarar cewa jihohi su dauki matakan kare tsirarun harsuna, saboda wannan yana daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da rikici tsakanin kabilu. [37] Koyaya, OSCE da HCNM kuma suna haɓaka manufofin haɗin kai, wanda ke ƙoƙarin daidaitawa tsakanin kariyar al'adun tsiraru da haɓaka ainihin ainihin gama gari. Wannan ya ƙunshi manufofin haɗin kai kamar ƙarfafawa don koyon yaren jihar. [38] Babban Kwamishinan ya kuma inganta ilimin harsuna marasa rinjaye na kasa da ayyukan addini a matsayin hanyar hana rikici. [39] Wannan wata hanya ce ta haɓaka fahimtar bambance-bambance a tsakanin al'ummomi da kuma kawar da ra'ayi game da wasu kabilu. [40]

Har ila yau HCNM za ta mayar da hankali wajen inganta sadarwa tsakanin bangarorin da abin ya shafa da suka hada da shugabannin jihar da shugabannin kungiyoyin kasa da kasa masu adawa da juna. [41] Wannan ya haɗa da taimakon hanyoyin shawarwari da tabbatar da sa hannu ta duk bangarorin da abin ya shafa. Lokacin ƙirƙirar rawar, an gane cewa mafi yawan abin da ke haifar da ƙiyayya tsakanin kabilanci shine rashin wadatar sadarwa ko kuma gurbatacce. [42] HCNM tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kafa layukan sadarwa mai inganci kafin dangantakar abokantaka ta fara tasowa.

Domin samar da zaman lafiya a cikin al'umma babban kwamishinan yana ƙoƙari don tabbatar da cewa dukkanin ƙungiyoyin tsiraru sun isa su shiga cikin rayuwar jama'a, kuma suna da wakilci na gaskiya a matakin ƙasa, yanki da ƙananan hukumomi. Ta hanyar tabbatar da cewa ƙungiyoyin tsiraru sun shiga cikin hanyoyin yanke shawara kuma suna jin daɗin wani matakin tasiri, jihohi na iya hana waɗannan ƙungiyoyin zama saniyar ware. Haɗin kai mai inganci yana kuma samar da magunguna ga ƙungiyoyin da suke ganin ana tauye musu haƙƙinsu, kuma ta yin hakan na iya hana irin waɗannan ƙungiyoyin neman magunguna ta hanyar tashin hankali.

Mahimmanci, duk gwamnatoci na iya amfani da haƙƙin ƙin yarda da shiga cikin Babban Kwamishinan, kuma suna iya hana ta shiga ƙasar. A irin wannan yanayin, HCNM za ta sanar da OSCE. [43]

Shiga cikin Ukraine[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

HCNM na farko, Max van der Stoel, yana da hannu a rikicin ƙabilanci a Ukraine tsakanin ƴan tsirarun Rashawa da gwamnatin Ukraine daga 1994 zuwa 2001. Aikin da ya yi a wannan lokacin an yi la'akari da shi a matsayin babban nasara wajen rage tashin hankali da gina hanyoyin magance zaman lafiya. Wannan rikici yana da yawa kuma ya jaddada mahimmancin samar da mafita mai dorewa a cikin neman zaman lafiya. [44] Bayan wargajewar Tarayyar Soviet da 'yancin kai a 1991, tashin hankali ya fara tashi yayin da Ukraine ke neman tabbatar da asalinta. [45] Musamman ma, waɗannan ɓangarorin da ba su da daɗi sun faru ne sakamakon mamayar tarihi da Rasha ta yi akan Ukraine, da kuma yaɗuwar harshen Rashanci a rayuwar Ukrain. Duk da yake ba HCNM ba ce kawai mai tasiri wajen gudanarwa da warware waɗannan batutuwa ba, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kafa motsi don samun zaman lafiya. [46]

Sassauci na umarnin HCNM da yanayin rawar da ya ba van der Stoel damar shiga cikin tashe-tashen hankula a Ukraine a farkon matakin. Ya iya ƙera dabara da ƙirƙira don magance matsalolin da suka taso a wannan matakin. Nasarar da ya samu a wurin yana da nasaba da ikonsa na gina alakar amana da bangarorin da abin ya shafa da kuma tinkarar duk wasu batutuwa daga rashin son kai.

Gwamnati ta gayyaci HCNM zuwa Ukraine a cikin Fabrairu 1994. A cikin Ukraine a wancan lokacin an sami wasu batutuwa marasa rinjaye da ke haifar da tashin hankali. HCNM tana da hannu wajen gudanar da dangantaka tsakanin 'yan tsiraru na Rasha da masu rinjaye na Ukrain, matsayin Crimea a cikin Ukraine, da sake tsugunar da Tatars na Crimean . [47] Mahimmanci, an hana saukowa cikin mummunan rikici a kowane fanni. Koyaya, yayin da aikin HCNM ya yi nasara sosai, ya kuma fallasa gazawar rawar. Gwamnatin Ukrainian ba ta son aiwatar da yawancin shawarwarin nasa, duk da cewa ta kasance a shirye don yin hulɗa tare da HCNM. [48] Sabili da haka, yayin da HCNM a ƙarshe ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen rigakafin rikice-rikice a Ukraine, ikonsa na samar da mafita mai dorewa a duk yankunan tashin hankali yakan iyakance. [49]

Kwamishinonin[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Duba kuma[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  • Cibiyar Haɗawa da Ci gaba don Bayani da Bincike

Manazarta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  1. ↑ OSCE HCNM Mandate, at http://www.osce.org/hcnm/107878. Retrieved 13 April 2016
  2. ↑ OSCE Participating States, at http://www.osce.org/states. Retrieved 13 April 2016
  3. ↑ Ghebali, V-Y. (2009) The High Commissioner on National Minorities after 15 Years: Achievements, Challenges and Promises. Security and Human Rights: 20(2), 111 at 111
  4. ↑ Bloed, A. (2013) The High Commissioner on National Minorities: Origins and Background. Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe: 12(3), 15 at 15
  5. ↑ Bloed, A. (2013) The High Commissioner on National Minorities: Origins and Background. Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe: 12(3), 15 at 15
  6. ↑ Bloed, A. (2013) The High Commissioner on National Minorities: Origins and Background. Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe: 12(3), 15 at 16
  7. ↑ Bloed, A. (2013) The High Commissioner on National Minorities: Origins and Background. Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe: 12(3), 15 at 17
  8. ↑ Bloed, A. (2013) The High Commissioner on National Minorities: Origins and Background. Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe: 12(3), 15 at 17
  9. ↑ Conference for Security and Cooperation in Europe, ‘CSCE Helsinki Document 1992: The Challenges of Change’. Part II, paragraph 5(c), at http://www.osce.org/mc/39530?download=true
  10. ↑ Bloed, A. (2013) The High Commissioner on National Minorities: Origins and Background. Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe: 12(3), 15 at 18
  11. ↑ Bloed, A. (2013) The High Commissioner on National Minorities: Origins and Background. Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe: 12(3), 15 at 19
  12. ↑ Conference for Security and Cooperation in Europe, ‘CSCE Helsinki Document 1992: The Challenges of Change’. Part II, paragraph 5(b), at http://www.osce.org/mc/39530?download=true
  13. ↑ Conference for Security and Cooperation in Europe, ‘CSCE Helsinki Document 1992: The Challenges of Change’. Part II, paragraph 25, at http://www.osce.org/mc/39530?download=true
  14. ↑ Bloed, A. (2013) The High Commissioner on National Minorities: Origins and Background. Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe: 12(3), 15 at 19
  15. ↑ Bloed, A. (2013) The High Commissioner on National Minorities: Origins and Background. Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe: 12(3), 15 at 21
  16. ↑ Bloed, A. (2013) The High Commissioner on National Minorities: Origins and Background. Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe: 12(3), 15 at 22
  17. ↑ Zellner, W. (2013) Working without Sanctions: Factors Contributing to the (Relative) Effectiveness of the OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities. Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe: 12(3), 25 at 29
  18. ↑ Confoerence for Security and Cooperation in Europe, ‘Document of the Copenhagen Meeting of the Conference on the Human Dimension of the CSCE’ 1990, paragraph 32, at http://www.osce.org/odihr/elections/14304?download=true
  19. ↑ Zellner, W. (2013) Working without Sanctions: Factors Contributing to the (Relative) Effectiveness of the OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities. Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe: 12(3), 25 at 29
  20. ↑ Zellner, W. (2013) Working without Sanctions: Factors Contributing to the (Relative) Effectiveness of the OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities. Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe: 12(3), 25 at 29
  21. ↑ OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities, at http://www.osce.org/hcnm. Retrieved 13 April 2016
  22. ↑ Conference for Security and Cooperation in Europe, ‘CSCE Helsinki Document 1992: The Challenges of Change’. Part II, paragraph 3, at http://www.osce.org/mc/39530?download=true
  23. ↑ Conference for Security and Cooperation in Europe, ‘CSCE Helsinki Document 1992: The Challenges of Change’. Part II, paragraph 11(b), at http://www.osce.org/mc/39530?download=true
  24. ↑ Zellner, W. (2013) Working without Sanctions: Factors Contributing to the (Relative) Effectiveness of the OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities. Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe: 12(3), 25 at 17
  25. ↑ Zellner, W. (2013) Working without Sanctions: Factors Contributing to the (Relative) Effectiveness of the OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities. Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe: 12(3), 25 at 26
  26. ↑ OSCE HCNM Conflict prevention and resolution, at http://www.osce.org/hcnm/117648. Retrieved 13 April 2016
  27. ↑ Zellner, W. (2013) Working without Sanctions: Factors Contributing to the (Relative) Effectiveness of the OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities. Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe: 12(3), 25 at 27
  28. ↑ Ghebali, V-Y. (2009) The High Commissioner on National Minorities after 15 Years: Achievements, Challenges and Promises. Security and Human Rights: 20(2), 111 at 113 CHECK
  29. ↑ CHECK Ghebali, V-Y. (2009) The High Commissioner on National Minorities after 15 Years: Achievements, Challenges and Promises. Security and Human Rights: 20(2), 111 at 115
  30. ↑ Bloed, A. (2013) The High Commissioner on National Minorities: Origins and Background. Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe: 12(3), 15 at 21
  31. ↑ Bloed, A. (2013) The High Commissioner on National Minorities: Origins and Background. Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe: 12(3), 15 at 17
  32. ↑ Wolff, S. (2013) Twenty Years On and Twenty Years Ahead: The Continuing Relevance of the OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities. Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe: 12(3), 63 at 75
  33. ↑ Wolff, S. (2013) Twenty Years On and Twenty Years Ahead: The Continuing Relevance of the OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities. Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe: 12(3), 63 at 64
  34. ↑ Wolff, S. (2013) Twenty Years On and Twenty Years Ahead: The Continuing Relevance of the OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities. Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe: 12(3), 63 at 64
  35. ↑ Zellner, W. (2013) Working without Sanctions: Factors Contributing to the (Relative) Effectiveness of the OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities. Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe: 12(3), 25 at 30
  36. ↑ Wolff, S. (2013) Twenty Years On and Twenty Years Ahead: The Continuing Relevance of the OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities. Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe: 12(3), 63 at 65
  37. ↑ OSCE HCNM Minority and majority languages, at http://www.osce.org/hcnm/107883. Retrieved 13 April 2016
  38. ↑ Zanker, F. (2010) Integration as Conflict Prevention: Possibilities and Limitations in the experience of the OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities. Security and Human Rights, 21(3) 220 at 221
  39. ↑ OSCE HCNM Education and conflict prevention, at http://www.osce.org/hcnm/107882. Retrieved 13 April 2016
  40. ↑ OSCE HCNM Education and conflict prevention, at http://www.osce.org/hcnm/107882. Retrieved 13 April 2016
  41. ↑ Ghebali, V-Y. (2009) The High Commissioner on National Minorities after 15 Years: Achievements, Challenges and Promises. Security and Human Rights: 20(2), 111 at 113
  42. ↑ Ghebali, V-Y. (2009) The High Commissioner on National Minorities after 15 Years: Achievements, Challenges and Promises. Security and Human Rights: 20(2), 111 at 115
  43. ↑ Conference for Security and Cooperation in Europe, ‘CSCE Helsinki Document 1992: The Challenges of Change’. Part II, paragraph 28, at http://www.osce.org/mc/39530?download=true
  44. ↑ Kachuyevski, A. (2012) The Possibilities and Limitations of Preventive Action: The OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities in Ukraine. International Negotiation: 17(3) 389 at 389
  45. ↑ Kachuyevski, A. (2012) The Possibilities and Limitations of Preventive Action: The OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities in Ukraine. International Negotiation: 17(3) 389 at 391
  46. ↑ Kachuyevski, A. (2012) The Possibilities and Limitations of Preventive Action: The OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities in Ukraine. International Negotiation: 17(3) 389 at 393
  47. ↑ Kachuyevski, A. (2012) The Possibilities and Limitations of Preventive Action: The OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities in Ukraine. International Negotiation: 17(3) 389 at 393
  48. ↑ Kachuyevski, A. (2012) The Possibilities and Limitations of Preventive Action: The OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities in Ukraine. International Negotiation: 17(3) 389 at 393
  49. ↑ Kachuyevski, A. (2012) The Possibilities and Limitations of Preventive Action: The OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities in Ukraine. International Negotiation: 17(3) 389 at 394
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