Dogon harsuna

 

Dangantaka ta waje

Shaidar da ke danganta Dogon da dangin Nijar-Congo galibi lambobi ne da wasu mahimman kalmomi. An gabatar da ra'ayoyi daban-daban, suna sanya su tare da Gur, Mande, ko kuma a matsayin reshe mai zaman kansa, na karshe yanzu shine hanyar da aka fi so. Harsunan Dogon suna nuna raguwa kadan na tsarin aji na yawancin Nijar-Congo, wanda ke jagorantar masana harsuna don kammala cewa mai yiwuwa sun rabu da Nijar-Kongo da wuri.  ^{[citation needed}

Dogon is both lexically and structurally very different from most other [Niger–Congo] families. It lacks the noun-classes usually regarded as typical of Niger–Congo and has a word order (SOV) that resembles Mande and Ịjọ, but not the other branches. The system of verbal inflections, resembling French is quite unlike any surrounding languages. As a consequence, the ancestor of Dogon is likely to have diverged very early, although the present-day languages probably reflect an origin some 3–4000 years ago. Dogon languages are territorially coherent, suggesting that, despite local migration histories, the Dogon have been in this area of Mali from their origin.

Dogon is certainly a well-founded and coherent group. But it has no characteristic Niger–Congo features (noun-classes, verbal extensions, labial-velars) and very few lexical cognates. It could equally well be an independent language family.

Harsunan Bamana da Fula sun yi tasiri sosai a kan Dogon, saboda dangantakarsu ta al'adu da ƙasa.

Blench (2015) ya yi hasashen cewa harsunan Bangime da Dogon na iya samun tushe daga reshe "ya bace" na Nilo-Saharan wanda ya rabu da wuri daga Proto-Nilo-Sacharan, kuma yana kiran wannan reshe "Plateau".

Rarrabawar ciki

Harsunan Dogon kananan dangin harsuna ne da ke da alaka da juna wadanda Mutanen Dogon na Mali ke magana kuma suna iya kasancewa cikin Iyalin Nijar-Congo da aka tsara. Akwai kusan masu magana da 600,000 na harsuna goma sha biyu. Su harsuna ne na sauti, kuma mafi yawansu, kamar Dogul, suna da sautuna biyu, amma wasu, kamar Donno So, suna da uku. Tsarin kalmomin su na asali shine batun-abu-kalma.

Harshen Dogon da aka fi nazarin shi ne harshen escarpment Toro So na Sanga, saboda karatun Marcel Griaule a can kuma saboda an zabi Toro So a matsayin daya daga cikin harsuna goma sha uku na kasar Mali. Yana da fahimtar juna tare da wasu nau'ikan tsaunuka. Koyaya, harsunan filayen - Tene Ka, Tomo Ka, da Jamsay, waɗanda ba a fahimta da Toro don haka - suna da ƙarin masu magana.

Harshen Bangime ( Ba géŋri mɛ), wasu suna ɗaukarsa reshe ne mai banbanci na Dogon kuma wasu suna iya ware harshe (Blench 2005b). 

Calame-Griaule (1956)

Calame-Griaule ya bayyana cewa shi ne na farko da ya yi aiki da nau'ikan Dogon daban-daban. Calame-Griaule (1956) ya rarraba harsuna kamar haka, tare da masauki da aka ba su ga harsunan da aka gano tun daga lokacin (an ruwaito sabbin harsunan Dogon a karshen shekara ta 2005), ko kuma tun daga lokacin an nuna cewa suna da fahimtar juna (kamar yadda Hochstetler ya tabbatar da yarukan tsaunuka). Harsunan da aka saba amfani da su guda biyu suna da alamomi.

• Filayen Dogon: Jamsai,* Tego, Filayen Yamma (magana: Togo kã, Tengu kã, Tomo kã)
• Escarpment Dogon (magana: Yanayi na baya,* Tommo don h, Donno sɔ aka Kamma sɔ)  
• Yammacin Dogon: Duleri, Mombo, Ampari-Penange; Budu
• Arewacin Filayen Dogon: Bondum, Dogul
• Yanda
• Nanga: Naŋa, Bankan Tey (Walo), Ben Tey
• Tebul

Douyon da Blench (2005) sun ba da rahoton ƙarin iri-iri, wanda har yanzu ba a rarraba shi ba:

• Ana Tiŋa.

Blench ya lura cewa adadi mai yawa a kan sunaye yana nuna cewa Budu ya fi kusa da Mombo, don haka an hada shi a matsayin West Dogon a sama. Ya kuma lura cewa Walo-Kumbe yayi kama da Naŋa; Hochstetler yana zargin cewa yana iya zama Naŋa. Ana iya raba kamanceceniya tsakanin waɗannan harsuna tare da Yanda. Wadannan duk ba a san su sosai ba.

Glottolog 4.3 ya hada rarrabuwa daga Moran & Prokić (2013) da Hochstetler (2004). Moran & Prokić (2013) suna jayayya game da rabuwa ta gabas zuwa yamma a cikin Dogon, tare da Yanda Dom Dogon, Tebul Ure Dogon, da Najamba-Kindige a matsayin asalin yarukan Dogon na yamma waɗanda suka zama masu kama da yarukan Dogons na gabashin saboda hulɗa mai zurfi.

• Yammacin Yamma
  • Yammacin Dogon
    • Ampari Dogon
    • Bunoge Dogon
    • Mombo Dogon
    • Penange Dogon
    • Tiranige Diga Dogon
  • Arewacin Filayen Dogon
    • Dogul Dom Dogon
    • Yanda-Bondum-Tebul
      • Najamba-Kindige: Bondum Dom, Kindige, Najamba
      • Tebul Ure Dogon
      • Yanda-Ana
        • Ana Tinga Dogon
        • Yanda Dom Dogon
• Yankin Gabas
  • Dogon mai tsawo
    • Donno Don Dogon
    • Tommo So Dogon
    • Toro So Dogon: Ibi So, Ireli, Sangha So, Yorno So, Youga So
  • Nangan Dogon
    • Bankan Tey Dogon
    • Ben Tey Dogon
    • Nanga Dogon
  • Filayen Dogon
    • Jamsay Dogon: Bama, Domno, Gono, Guru, Perge Tegu
    • Toro Tegu Dogon
    • Yammacin Filayen Dogon
      • Tengou-Togo Dogon: Gimri Kan, Tengu Kan, Tenu Kan, Togo Kan, Woru Kan
      • Tomo Kan Dogon

Kwatanta kalmomin kamus na asali na yarukan Dogon, tare da Bangime:

Harshe	Wurin da yake	ido	kunne	hanci	hakora	harshe	baki	jini	kasusuwa	itace	ruwa	cin abinci	sunan
Yorno-So		Bayyanawa:	Suguwa	Sinanci	ɛ̌n	nɛ́nɛ́, nɛ́̌ː	Kafin nan, kafin nan	ìllîː	kǐː	náː	dǐː	Kaː	Bohy
Toro Tegu	Tabi	Ya yi la'akari da cewa	Surguru	Cibiyar	Ya yi amfani da shi	Ya kasance	Ka	neŋ	Ciyawa	naː, X na	ní	Ya fi haka haruffa	ìsǒŋ
Ben Tey	Beni	Rashin lafiya	inda	Yanayi	Harshen da aka yi amfani da shi	Halãmdɛː	mǒː, m̀bǒː	Goro.	CIRNYYYY	náː, nàː-dûm	Nishina:	Rashin amfani	Rashin jin daɗi:
Yanda Dom	Yanda	Ya ce,	Yanayin	Kìnzà	An haife shi	Snowmdà	Ƙaddamarwa, MBO	Ya kamata a yi amfani da shi	Manna	Sai dai, sai dai, sai kuma	ciki	ʔə́ñɛ́ ~ ʔəñɛ́-lì	a cikin
Jamsay	Douentza	Rashin lafiya	Sunu	da'irar	Birni da aka yi amfani da shi	Snow	Kaː	Snowyn	CIRI	náː	níː	Rashin amfani da shi:	bón
Perge Tegu	Pergué	Bayyanawa	Sunugunni	Kírné	Birni da aka yi amfani da shi	Hanyar da za a yi amfani da ita	Kaː	Snowm	Mursar	náː	níː	Rashin amfani da shi:	sórnú
Gurú	Kiri	Bayyanawa	Ba zato ba tsammani	Kírné	Birni da aka yi amfani da shi	Snow	Kaː	Snowyn	Mursar	Ayyuka	níː	Rashin amfani da shi:	bón
Nanga	Yana tafiya	Bayyanawa	Yanayi mai suna	kírnê	N'auka, k'auka	Sannu a hankali	nɔ̌ː	Gondugu	Mursar	deː, nàː dueː	Nishina:	Giraː	N'aurar da ke cikin
Bankan-Tey	Walo	Bayyanawa	Sunu	da'irar	Yaro da kuma	Kalmomin	mbǔː	Goro.	Mutanen da ke cikin	nàː-dûm	Nishina:	Rashin amfani	Nashin kansa
Najamba	Kubewel-Adia	Ya ce ya ce	súnùː ~ súnìː	kìnjâː ~ kìnjɛ̂ː	ìnɔ̌ː ~ ìnɛ̌ː	nɛ̌ndɔː ~ nɛ̌̀ː	ìbí-ŋgé ~ ìbí	Cön-ge ~ Cön	kìná-ŋgó ~ kìná	da aka yi amfani da shi a matsayin mai suna	íŋgé ~ íŋgé, ínjé ~ ínjé	kwɛ́	inèn ~ inèn
Tommo-So	Tongo-Tongo	Bayyanawa	Suguulu	Kenu	Tun da farko	A bayyane yake	Kafin, kafin	Ya kasance mai suna "Ill".	Ɗan nan	Alamar	Sai dai	Jiki mai mahimmanci	Boi
Togo-Kan	Koporo-pen	Bayyanawa	Surguru	kírní	Gudanar da shi	Snow	Kyantaka	Snow	Nursar	náː	díː	ñíː ~ ñíː	Bayan aiki
Mombo	Songho	Girma	Gishiri na ciki	Sinanci	a cikin	Newder	Rashin saurin saurin sa	Gen: ge	gàːwněː	Tininginging	Farawa:	Fushiː	a cikin
Rashin karfi		ɡìré	taŋà	superby-rì	n n n'a da kuma	nóɔ́ n ʒɛ́rí	Arewa	Kai	nnò́rɛ́	dwàà, dwàɛ̀	Mutanen da ke ciki	Rana ce	(màá) níì

Lambobin

Kwatanta lambobi a cikin harsuna daban-daban:

Harshe	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
Dogulu Dom (1)	Tunanin	An haife shi	yana tafiya a wurin	Kafin	N'aurar	ƙuƙwalwar	Sa'ad da aka yi amfani da shi	Sanyen	Tuùwɔ́	Ƙananan abubuwa
Dogul Dom Dogon (2)	Ɗauki	Snow	Taandu	Rashin jituwa	ba haka ba ne	kuloi	Sunanci	Seele	tuwɔ	Zaben da ya shafi
Tommo So Dogon	tií (ka a matsayin mai gyara)	haihuwar	tàndú	Sashin sauka	N'adda kuma	kúlóy	Sa'ad da aka yi	ɡáɡírà	Tuwwɔ́	Ƙananan
Donno Don Dogon	tí (don ƙidaya), túru	Yana da alaƙa	tàːnu	Zuwa	lamba / nnɔ	kúlóy / kulei	Sa'ad da aka yi	ɡàɡara	Tuño / tuɡɔ	Ƙananan abubuwa
Jamsay Dogon	ka	lɛ̌y / lɛ́y	tǎːn / tàːn	nǎyn / nàyn *	Sai dai idan ya yi haka ne	Kúróy	tabbatacce	ɡáːrà	láːrúwà / láːrwà	Ƙarshen
Toro So Dogon (1)	Bayani (don ƙidaya), túrú	Kalmomin	Ya kasance a cikin	Naji	Nunifoc	kúlòj	Sa'ad da aka yi amfani da shi	ɡáárà	Tuwɔ́	Ƙarshen
Toro So Dogon (2)	tíírú (don ƙidaya), túrú	Ka karanta	Tun daga wannan lokacin	na'urar	Nuckovikin	kúlóí	Sa'a	ɡáɡá	Tuwɔ́	Lelu
Toro Tegu Dogon	ka	Har ila yau,	tǎːlí	An kafa shi ne a lokacin da aka kafa shi.	Sai dai:	kúréy	son	ɡáːrà	laːra	Ya kasance mai sauƙi
Bankan Tey Dogon	Ka samu	jǒj	tàːní	Nãgidan	Nummǔjn	A cikin shekaru	Signɔjn	ɡáːràj	kaiːsúm	Ƙananan ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin
Ben Tey Dogon	Ka yi amfani da shi:	Bayyanawa	tànúː	da aka sani da shi	Numǔyn	Tun da daɗewa	Sunanin	ɡáːrày	t.sǐm	Ƙarshen
Mombo Dogon	Oshina: Oshina / Oshina (a ƙidaya)	nɛ́ːŋɡá	tandːndì	Kafin nan	ƙira: ƙira	kúléyn	sɔ́ːlì	watan Satumbar	Dukkanin haka:	Ƙarshen haske
Najamba-Kindige	Ƙarƙashin	nôːj	tàːndîː	caji	Numîː	kúlèj	swɛ̂j	sáːɡìː	twâj	Firai
Nanga Dogon	Kafin nan	Ya kasance a cikin	tàːndǐː	Arewa	Nãmǐː	kúrê	Sunayen	ɡáːrɛ̀	t.sǐː	Ƙananan ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin
Togo Kan Dogon (1)	kai	Rodi	Ta'an, ta'an	Sashin sautin	Núnen	Kurewa	Sa'ad da aka yi amfani da shi	Sihaila	Tuwa	Ƙarshen
Togo Kan Dogon (2)	kai	Rashin jituwa	tann	náɲì	ma'auni	Kúlèn	Sa'ad da aka yi amfani da shi	Yana da	kai ka	Lami
Yanda Dom Dogon	Ka samu:	nɔː / a'a	inda	Abin da ya faru	Nnu	ƙuƙwalwa	Swɛ́ː	Saːɡè	twâː	ka yi amfani da shi

Dubi kuma

• Harsunan Mali
• Jerin kalmomin Dogon (Wiktionary)

Bayanan da aka ambata

• Bendor-Samuel, John & Olsen, Elizabeth J. & White, Ann R. (1989) 'Dogon', a cikin Bendor- Samuel & Rhonda L. Hartell (eds.) Harsunan Nijar-Congo: Rarrabawa da bayanin dangin harshe mafi girma na Afirka (shafi na 169-177).  Lanham, Maryland: Jami'ar Jami'ar Amurka.
• Bertho, J. (1953) 'Matsayin yarukan Dogon na dutsen Bandiagara tsakanin sauran kungiyoyin harsuna na yankin Sudan,' Bulletin de l'IFAN, 15, 405-441.
• [Inda Aka Dauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] "Binciken harsunan Dogon a Mali: Bayani". OGMIOS: Jaridar Gidauniyar Harsuna Masu Hadari. 3.02 (26): 14–15. An samo shi a 2011-06-30..
• Blench, Roger (2005b) 'Baŋgi me, wani harshe na ba a san shi ba a Arewacin Mali', OGMIOS: Newsletter of Foundation for Endangered Languages, 3.02 (# 26), 15-16. (ra'ayi tare da jerin kalmomi)
• Calame-Griaule, Geneviève (1956) Harsunan Dogon. Afirka, 26 (1), 62-72.
• Calame-Griaule, Geneviève (1968) Dictionnaire Dogon Dialecte tɔrɔ: Harshe da wayewa. Paris: Klincksieck: Paris.
• Heath, Jeffrey (2008) A grammar of Jamsay . Berlin/New York: Tumar Gruyter.
•  
• Plungian, Vladimir Aleksandrovič (1995) Dogon (Harsunan kayan duniya vol. 64). München: LINCOM Turai
• Williamson, Kay & Blench, Roger (2000) 'Niger-Congo', a cikin Heine, Bernd da Nurse, Derek (eds) Harsunan Afirka - Gabatarwa. Cambridge: Jami'ar Cambridge Press, shafi na 11-42. 

Haɗin waje

• Dogon da Bangime Harsuna
• Shafin yanar gizon ilimin harshe na Dogon
• Harsunan Dogon akan Rogerblench.info (ya haɗa da bayanan harshe da hotuna)
• Harsunan Dogon da Harsuna An (sic) Cikakken Bayani na Bayani Abbie Hantgan (2007)