Harsunan Mande
| Harsunan Mande | |
|---|---|
| Linguistic classification |
|
| ISO 639-5 | dmn |
| Glottolog | mand1469[1] |
Harsunan Mande ( Mandén, Manding ; ) rukuni ne na harsunan da al'ummar Mandé ke magana a ƙasashe da yawa a Yammacin Afirka . Wadannan sun hada da; Maninka, Mandinka, Soninke, Bambara, Kpelle, Jula, Bozo, Mende, Susu, and Vai . Akwai kusan harsuna 60 zuwa 75 waɗanda mutane miliyan 30 zuwa 40 ke magana, musamman a cikin; Burkina Faso, Mali, Senegal, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Saliyo, Laberiya, Ivory Coast, Mauritania, Ghana da kuma arewa maso yammacin Najeriya da arewacin Benin .
Harsunan Mande sun nuna ƴan kamanceceniya na ƙamus da dangin harshen Atlantika-Congo, don haka tare an gabatar da su a matsayin wani yanki na babban dangin harshen Nijar-Congo tun daga shekarun 1950. Koyaya, yarukan Modes sun rasa ilimin ilimin halittar juna wanda shine babban yanayin gano asalin na Atlantika-Congo. Saboda haka, masana harshe suna ƙara ɗaukar Mande da Atlantic-Congo a matsayin iyalai masu zaman kansu. [2]
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Akwai ra'ayoyi daban-daban game da shekarun harsunan Mande.
Valentin Vydrin ya kammala cewa " Ƙasar mahaifar Mande a rabi na biyu na karni na 4 BC yana cikin Kudancin Sahara, wani wuri zuwa Arewacin 16 ° ko ma 18 ° na Latitude Arewa kuma tsakanin 3 ° da 12 ° na yammacin Longitude." Wato yanzu Mauritania da kuma kudancin Saharar yamma .".
Idan dangantakar harshen Mande ta kasance karara wanda zai taimaka wajen sanar da tarihinsa. Misali, Joseph Greenberg ya ba da shawarar cewa kungiyar Niger-Congo, wacce a ra'ayinsa ya hada da dangin harshen Mande, sun fara wargaje a kusan shekaru 7000 BP . Masu iya magana da ita sun yi aiki da al'adun Neolithic, kamar yadda kalmomin Proto-Niger-Congo suka nuna don " saniya", "akuya" da "noma".
Ilimin farko
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Sigismund Wilhelm Koelle ne ya fara gane ƙungiyar a cikin 1854 a cikin Polyglotta Africana . Ya ambaci harsuna 13 a ƙarƙashin taken Arewa-Western High-Sudan Family, ko Mandéga Family of Languages . A cikin 1901, Maurice Delafosse ya bambanta ƙungiyoyi biyu. Ya yi maganar ƙungiyar mandé-tan ta arewa da ƙungiyar mandé-fu ta kudu. Bambancin an yi shi ne kawai saboda harsunan arewa suna amfani da furcin tan na goma, kuma harsunan kudu suna amfani da fu . A cikin 1924, Louis Tauxier ya lura cewa bambancin ba a kafa shi da kyau ba kuma akwai akalla rukuni na uku da ya kira mandé-bu . Sai 1950 André Prost ya goyi bayan wannan ra'ayi kuma ya ba da ƙarin bayani.
A cikin 1958, Welmers ya buga kasida mai suna "The Mande Languages," inda ya raba harsunan zuwa rukuni uku: Arewa maso Yamma, Kudu da Gabas. [3] Ƙarshensa ya dogara ne akan binciken lexicostatistic . Joseph Greenberg ya bi wannan bambanci a cikin Harsunan Afirka (1963). Dogon (1971) da Gérard Galtier (1980) sun bi bambance-bambancen zuwa rukuni uku amma tare da bambance-bambance masu ban mamaki.
Rabewa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Dangantaka da Niger-Congo
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Mande ba ya raba yanayin halittar mafi yawan dangin Nijar – Kongo, kamar tsarin ajin suna . Haka kuma babu wasu da yawa da aka sani a cikin ainihin ƙamus tsakanin Mande da Niger-Congo. Saboda haka, Dimmendaal (2008) ya yi jayayya cewa shaidar haɗawa ba ta da ƙarfi, kuma a yanzu Mande an fi ɗauka a matsayin dangi mai zaman kansa. [2] Güldemann (2018) yana da ra'ayi iri ɗaya.
Ba tare da tabbatar da cewa Mande ba dan Niger-Congo ne ko kuma ba shi ba, Vydrin (2016) ya lura cewa ainihin ƙamus na proto-Mande ya dace da Nijar-Congo, kuma ma'auni na rubutu kamar rashin tsarin suna ya kamata. ba za a dauka a matsayin mai yiwuwa ba; Ya lura cewa "Idan aka tabbatar da matsayin Mande a cikin Niger-Congo ... Mande zai wakilci mafi dadadden reshe na phylum". [4] Blench yana ɗaukarsa a matsayin reshe na farko wanda ya ɓarke kafin tsarin halittar suna-aji ya haɓaka. Dwyer (1998) ya kwatanta shi da sauran rassan Nijar – Kongo kuma ya gano cewa sun kafa iyali mai dunkulewa, inda Mande ya kasance mafi banbance-banbance na rassan da ya yi la’akari da su.
Rabewar ciki
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Bambance-bambance da zurfin dangin Mande yana kama da na Indo-Turai. An kusan yarda da rassan Mande guda goma sha ɗaya a duniya: Kudancin Mande (Dan da sauransu), Mande ta Gabas (Bisa, Boko da sauransu), Samogo, Bobo, Soninke – Bozo, Mande Kudu maso Yamma (Mende, Kpelle, Loma da sauransu). Soso–Jalonke, Jogo, Vai–Kono, Mokole and Manding (Bambara, Djula da sauransu). An kuma yarda cewa waɗannan rassa na farko biyu ne, na farko a matsayin Mande Kudu maso Gabas, sauran kuma a matsayin Western Mande.
Yawancin rarrabuwar Mande na ciki sun dogara ne akan lexicostatistics, alal misali, wanda ya dogara da jerin Swadesh . Wani madadin rarrabuwa daga Kastenholz (1996) ya dogara ne akan sabbin dabaru da ilimin harshe . Kastenholz yayi kashedin duk da haka cewa wannan baya dogara ne akan ma'auni na haƙiƙa don haka ba rarrabuwa ba ne a cikin kunkuntar ma'ana. Rarraba mai zuwa tarin duka biyu ne. Vydrin (2009) ya ɗan bambanta da wannan: ya sanya Soso-Jalonke tare da Kudu maso Yamma (komawa zuwa André Prost 1953); Soninke-Bozo, Samogho da Bobo a matsayin rassa masu zaman kansu na Western Mande, da Mokole tare da Vai-Kono. Yawancin rarrabuwa suna sanya Jo a cikin Samogo.
Siffofin Morphosyntactic
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Harsunan Mande ba su da tsarin ajin suna ko faɗaɗa magana na harsunan Atlantika-Congo waɗanda harsunan Bantu suka shahara sosai don su, amma Bobo yana da nau'ikan fi'ili da ke haifar da rashin fahimta . Harsunan Mande na Kudu maso Yamma da Soninke suna da maye gurbi na farko. Yawanci yawanci ana yiwa alama da clitic; a wasu harsuna, tare da sautin, misali a cikin Sembla . Sau da yawa karin magana suna da rabe-raben da ba za a iya raba su ba da kuma haɗawa da keɓancewa . Tsarin kalma a cikin juzu'i masu jujjuyawa shine batun - taimako - abu - fi'ili - adverb . Ana amfani da madaidaicin matsayi . A cikin jimlolin sunaye, masu mallaka suna zuwa gaban suna, da sifofi da alamomin jam’i bayan fi’ili; Ana samun nuni tare da umarni biyu.
Kwatankwacin ƙamus
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A ƙasa akwai samfurin ƙamus na ƙamus na gyare-gyaren da aka sake ginawa:
| Harshe | ido | kunne | hanci | hakori | harshe | baki | jini | kashi | itace | ruwa | ci | suna |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Proto-Mande [4] | *ɲíŋ | *lɛɓ́ Ṽ | *yiti | |||||||||
| Proto-West Mande | *tuli | *sʸún | *ɲín | **nɛ̌N | *da ~ ɗá | *jio ~ yi | *guri ~ wuri | *jio ~ yi | *tako | |||
| Proto- Manding (Mandekan) | *nya | *tulo | *nun | *yin | *na (e) | *da | *joli | *kolo | *yiri | *ji | *domin (n) | *tɔgu |
| Proto- Gabas Mande (Niger-Volta) | *JɛN (< *gɛN) | *toro | *N-jẽ | *son (-ka) | *N-le | *lɛ | *(N-)wa (-ru) | *(N-) gero | *li/*da | *jin | *ba (-le) | *tɔ |
| Proto- South Mande | *yũ̀ã́ | *tɔɗa | *yṹã̄ | *sɔ̃̀ɛ̃́ | *nã̄nɛ̃́ | *Dé | *yɔ̃̀mũ̄ | *wɔ̃́nɛ̃́ | * yi | * yi | * ɓɪ̀lɪ̀ | *tɔ |
| GLOSS | PROTO- MANDÉ |
Manding | Kono-Vai | Susu | Mandé (SW) | Soninké | Sembla | Bobo | San | Busa | Mano | Dan | Guro | Mwa |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 'mouth' | *da | da | da | dɛ | la | laqqe | jo | do | le | le | le | Di | le | le, di |
| 'saliva' | *da-yi | da-ji | da- | sɛ-ye | la-yi | laxan-ji | jon-fago | dibe | se | le-i | le-yi | Di-li | leri | liri |
| 'water' | *yi | je | yi | yi | ya | ji | jo | ji, zio | mun | i | yi | yi | yi | yi |
| 'breast' | *n-koŋ | sin | susu | sisi | ŋeni | konbe | kye | ɲiŋi | ɲo | ɲo | ɲoŋ | ɲoŋ | ɲoŋ | ɲoŋ |
| 'milk' | *n-kon-yi | nɔnɔ | susu-ji | xin-yɛ | gen-iya | -xatti | kye-n-dyo | n-yan-niŋi | n-yo- | n-yoŋ-yi | n-yoŋ-yi | |||
| 'goat' | *bo(re) | ba | ba | ɓoli | sugo | bi | gwa | bwe | ble | bɔ | bɔ | bori | bɔ | |
| 'buck' | *bore-guren | ba-koro | diggeh | gu-gura | ble-sa | bɔ-gon | bɔ-gon | gyagya | bɔ-guren | |||||
| 'sheep' | *saga | saga | bara-wa | yexe | ɓara | jaxe | sega | sɛge | sere | sa | baa | bla | bera | bla |
| 'ram' | *saga-guren | saga-koro | jaxampade | kekyere | si-gula | da-gu | bla-gon | bra-gon | bla-gure | |||||
| 'head' | * | Koun-kolo | yin-kola |
Yi la'akari da cewa a cikin waɗannan cognates:
- 'saliva' = 'baki'+'ruwa'
- 'madara' = 'nono'+'ruwa'
- 'Buck (he-goat)' = 'akuya'+'namiji'
- 'rago' = 'tumaki'+'namiji'
Lambobi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kwatanta lambobi a cikin yaruka ɗaya:
| Classification | Language | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bissa | Bissa (Bisa) | díí | píjà | kakʊ́ | sɪ̀ | sɔ́ɔ̀ | sòàtɪ (5 + 1) | sáápra (5 + 2) | síɲe (2 x 4) ? | nɛfʊ̀ (10 -1) ? | bʊ̀ |
| Busa | Boko | do | pla | ʔààɔ̃ | sííɔ̃ | sɔ́o | soolo (5 + 1) | sopla (5 + 2) | swaàɔ̃ (5 + 3) | kɛ̃̀okwi [ litː tear away 1 (from) 10 ] | kwi |
| Busa | Bokobaru (Zogbẽ) | do | pláa | ʔààɡɔ̃ | sííɡɔ̃ | sɔ́ɔ́ro | swɛ́ɛ̀do (5 + 1) | swɛ́ɛ̀pláa (5 + 2) | sɔ́rààɡɔ̃ (5 + 3) | kɛ̃́ndo (10–1) | kurì |
| Busa | Illo Busa | do | pia | ʔààkɔ̃ | ʃííkɔ̃ | sɔ́o | sóodo (5 + 1) | soopia (5 + 2) | swààkɔ̃ (5 + 3) | kĩ́ṇdokwi [litː tear away 1 (from) 10] | kwi |
| Busa | Busa | do | pla | ʔààkɔ̃ | sííkɔ̃ | sɔ́ɔ́ro | súddo (5 + 1) | súppla (5 + 2) | sɔ́rààkɔ̃ (5 + 3) | kɛ̃́ndo (10–1) | kurì |
| Kyanga | Kyanga (Kyenga) (1) | dúú | fʸáā | ˀāàː | ʃíí | sɔ́ɔ́rū | sɔ̄ɔ̄dū (5 + 1) | sʷāhʸáā (5 + 2) | sōōwà (5 + 3) | sòòʃí (5 + 4) | kōōrì |
| Kyanga | Kyanga (Kyenga) (2) | dūː | fʲâː | ʔàː | ʃíː | sɔ̂ːwû | sɔ̂ːdū (5 + 1) | sɔ̂ːfʲá (5 + 2) | sōːuwà (5 + 3) | sōwēʃíː (5 + 4) | kōːlì |
| Kyanga | Kyenga (3) | do | hia / fia | ʔà | ʃí | sɔɔlu | sɔɔdu (5 + 1) | sɔɔhia (5 + 2) | soowà (5 + 3) | sooʃí (5 + 4) | korì |
| Kyanga | Shanga | do | ʍa | ʔà | ʃí | sɔ́ɔ | sɔbodo (5 + 1) | sɔhia (5 + 2) | sɔboʔà (5 + 3) | sɔdoʃí (5 + 4) | wókòì |
| Samo | Matya Samo | ɡɔ̀rɔ́ | prá | tjɔwɔ | sí | sɔ́rɔ́ | sɛ̀rɛ́ (5 + 1) | tjʊ́sʊ́ (5 + 2) | tjisí (2 x 4) | ménaŋɡɔrɔ (10–1) | flè / fʊ̀ |
| Samo | Maya Samo | dɛ́nɛ́ | fúrá | kàakú | síirí | sɔ́ɔrɔ́ | sɔ̀rɔ̀ (5 + 1) | sɔ̀frá (5 + 2) | cíɡísí (2 x 4 ) ? | sóosí (5 + 4) ? | bù |
| Guro-Tura | Guro | dʊ | fíé | yaá | zĩ̀ɛ̃́ | sólú | sʊɛdʊ / sʊɛlʊ (5 + 1) | sʊlàyíé (5 + 2) | sʊlaá (5 + 3) | sʊlàzĩ̀ɛ̃́ (5 + 4) | vu |
| Guro-Tura | Yaouré | tʊ̀ | fli̋ | yaaɡa | sĩjɛ̃ = sĩɟɛ̃ or sĩd͡ʒɛ̃ | sóolu | ʃɛ́dʊ (5 + 1) | sɔ́ravli (5 + 2) | sɔ́ra (5 + 3) | sɔ́rasiɛ̃ (5 + 4) | fù |
| Guro-Tura | Mann (Mano) | doó | pèèlɛ | yààka | yììsɛ | sɔ́ɔ́li | sáláádo (5 + 1) | sálápèèlɛ (5 + 2) | sálàka (5 + 3) | sɛ́lɛ̀ìsɛ (5 + 4) | vũ̀ |
| Nwa-Ben | Beng | do | plaŋ | ŋaŋ | siéŋ | sɔ́ŋ | sɔ́do (5 + 1) | sɔ́pla (5 + 2) | sɔ́wa (5 + 3) | sisi (5 + 4) | ebu |
| Nwa-Ben | Gagu | dò | fɪ́n | yía | zié | súu | sɛ́dò (5 + 1) | sɛ́fɪ́n (5 + 2) | sɛà (5 + 3) | tízie (5 + 4) | vù |
| Nwa-Ben | Mwan (Muan) | do | plɛ | yaɡa | yiziɛ | sóó | srɔádo (5 + 1) | srɔáplɛ (5 + 2) | srɔ́a (5 + 3) | srɔáyiziɛ (5 + 4) | vu |
| Nwa-Ben | Wan | do | pilɔŋ | ʔã́ | sijá | sɔ̀lú | wáŋ́ | séaʔã́ (5 + 2) | séjãŋ́ (5 + 3) | sɔlásijá (5 + 4) | sɔ́jɔlú |
| Jogo-Jeri | Jalkunan | dúlì | fìlɑ̀ | siɡ͡bù | nɑ̄ːnī | sōːlō | mìːlù | mɑ̀ɑ́lɑ̀ | mɑ̀sīɡ͡bū (5 + 3) | mɑ́nɑ̄nì (5 + 4) | tɑ̄ |
| Jogo-Jeri | Ligbi | díén / díyé | fàlà / fàlá | sèɡ͡bá / siɡ͡bá | náánè / náani | sóólò / sóolo | mɔ̀ɔ̀dó / mooró (5 + 1) | màúlà / mafála (5 + 2) | másèɡ͡bá / masiɡ͡bá (5 + 3) | màdááné / maráni (5 + 4) | táàn / táa |
| Manding | Marka (Dafing) | kyen / kyeren | fila / fila | saba / saba | nɛi / naani | luu / luuruSamfuri:Typo help inline | wɔɔ / wɔɔrɔ | wəna / wonla | sii / siɡi | konon / kondon | tan / tan |
| Manding | Bambara | kélen [kélẽ́] | fìla [fìlá] | sàba [sàbá] | náani [náːní] | dúuru [dúːrú] | wɔ́ɔrɔ [wɔ́ːrɔ́] | wólonwula [wólṍwulá] | sèɡin [sèɡĩ́] | kɔ̀nɔntɔn [kɔ̀nɔ̃̀tɔ̃́] | tán [tã́] |
| Manding | Jula (1) | kelen [ké.lẽ́] | filà [fì.là] ~ [flà] | sàbà [sà.bà] | nàànìn [nàːnĩ̀] | dùùrù [dù.ɾù] | wɔ̀ɔ̀rɔ̀ [wɔ̀ːɾɔ́] | wolon fìlà [wò.lṍ.fi.̀là] | sieɡi [sí.é.ɡí] | kɔ̀nɔ̀ndon [kɔ.̀nɔ̃.ⁿdṍ] | tan [tã́] |
| Manding | Jula (2) | kelen [kélẽ́] | fila [fìlá] / fla [flá] | saba [sàbá] | naani [náːní] | looru [lóːrú] | wɔɔrɔ [wɔ́ːrɔ́] | wolonfila [wólṍfìlá] / wolonfla | seɡin [sèɡĩ́] / seeɡi [sèːɡí] | kɔnɔntɔn [kɔ̀nɔ̃̀tɔ̃́] | tan [tã́] |
| Manding | Sankaran Maninka | kɛlɛn | fila | sawa | naani | loolu / looli | wɔɔrɔn | wɔɔrɔn (fi)la | sen | konondo | tan |
| Manding | Mahou | kéléŋ | fyàà | sàwà | náání | lóó | wɔ́ɔ́lɔ́ | wóóŋvyàà | sɛ́ɲíŋ | kɔ̀ɔ̀nŋdɔ́ŋ | táŋ |
| Manding | Mandinka | kíliŋ | fula | saba | náani | lúulu | wóoro | wórówula | sáyi | konónto | táŋ |
| Manding | Xaasonga | kilin | fula | saba | naani | luulu | wooro | woorowula | saɡi | xononto | tan |
| Mokole | Kakabe | kélen | fìla | sàba | náani | lɔ́ɔlu | wɔ́ɔrɔ | wɔ́rɔwila (6 + 1) | sáɡin | kɔ̀nɔntɔ | tán |
| Mokole | Kuranko | kelen | fila | sawa / saba | nani | loli | wɔrɔ | wɔrɔnfila (6 + 1) ? | seɡin | kɔnɔnt | tan |
| Mokole | Lele | kelɛŋ | fela | sawa | nani | luuli | wɔɔrɔ | wɔrɔŋ kela (6 + 1) | seŋ | kɔnɔndɔ | taŋ |
| Vai-Kono | Kono | ncélen / ncéle, dɔ́ndo | fèa | sàwa | náani | dúʔu | wɔ́ɔlɔ | wɔ́nfèa / ɔ́ɱfèa | séi / séin | kɔ̀nɔ́ntɔn | tán |
| Vai-Kono | Vai | lɔ̀ndɔ́ | fɛ̀(ʔ)á | sàk͡pá | náánì | sóó(ʔ)ú | sɔ̂ŋ lɔ̀ndɔ́ (5 + 1) | sɔ̂ŋ fɛ̀(ʔ)á (5 + 2) | sɔ̂ŋ sàk͡pá (5 + 3) | sɔ̂ŋ náánì (5 + 4) | tâŋ |
| Susu-Yalunka | Susu | kérén [kɛ́rɛ̃́] | fìrín [fìrĩ́] | sàxán [sàxã́] | náání | súlí | sénní [sẽní] (5 + 1) | sólófèré (5 + 2) | sólómásàxán (5 + 3) | sólómánáání (5 + 4) | fuú |
| Susu-Yalunka | Yalunka (1) | kèdé | fìríŋ | sàkáŋ | nànì | sùlù | sènì (5 + 1) | fòlófɛ̀rɛ́ (5 + 2) | fòlòmàsàkáŋ (5 + 3) | fòlòmànànì (5 + 4) | fù |
| Susu-Yalunka | Yalunka (Jalonke) (2) | keden | fidin | saxan | naani | suuli | sɛnni (5 + 1) | solofɛdɛ (5 + 2) | solomasɛɡɛ (5 + 3) | solomanaani (5 + 4) | fuu |
| Kpelle | Guinea Kpelle | tááŋ | hvèèlɛ̌ / hvèèlɛ́ | hààbǎ / hààbá | nááŋ́ | lɔ́ɔ́lí | mɛ̀í dà (5 + 1) | mɛ̀ì hvéélɛ̀ (5 + 2) | mɛ̀ì háábà (5 + 3) | mɛ̀ì nááŋ́ (5 + 4) | pòǔ |
| Kpelle | Liberia Kpelle | taaŋ / tɔnɔ / dɔnɔ | feerɛ | saaɓa | náaŋ | nɔ́ɔlu / lɔ́ɔlu | mɛi da (5 + 1) | mɛi feerɛ (5 + 2) | mɛi saaɓa (5 + 3) | mɛi náaŋ (5 + 4) | puu |
| Mende-Loma | Looma (Toma) (1) | ɡílàɡ | félé(ɡɔ̀) | sáwà(ɡɔ̀) | náánĩ̀(ɡɔ̀) | dɔ́ɔ́lù̀(ɡɔ̀) | dòzìtà (5 + 1) | dɔ́fèlà (5 + 2) | dɔ́sáwà (5 + 3) | tàwù̀(ɡɔ̀) (10–1) ? | pù̀(ɡɔ̀) |
| Mende-Loma | Loma (2) | ɡila | feleɡɔ | saaɡɔ | naaɡɔ | dooluo | dɔzita (5 + 1) | dɔfela (5 + 2) | dɔsava (5 + 3) | taawu (10–1) ? | puu |
| Mende-Loma | Bandi (1) | ìtá(ŋ), hítà(ŋ) | fèlé(ŋ) | sàwá(ŋ), sàá(ŋ) | náánì(ŋ) | ndɔ̀ɔ́lú(ŋ) | nɡɔ̀hítá(ŋ) (5 + 1) | ŋɡɔ̀félà(ŋ) (5 + 2) | ŋɡɔ̀hák͡pá(ŋ), ŋɡwahák͡pá(ŋ) (5+ 4) | tààwú(ŋ), tààvú(ŋ) (10–1) ? | pû(ŋ), púù(ŋ) |
| Mende-Loma | Bandi (2) | iitá | feelé | saawá | naáni | ndɔɔ́lu | nɡɔhíta (5 + 1) | nɡɔféla (5 + 2) | nɡwahák͡pa (5 + 3) | taávu (10–1) ? | púu |
| Mende-Loma | Loko (1) | íla(ŋ) | félé(ŋ), féé(ŋ) | sáwá(ŋ), cáwá(ŋ) | nááí(ŋ) | ńdɔu(ŋ) | ŋɡɔhita (5 + 1) | ŋɡɔfɛla (5 + 2) | ŋɡɔsaak͡pa | karaabu, raabu | puu(ŋ), kapuu(ŋ) |
| Mende-Loma | Loko (2) | ila | fele | itʃawa | naiŋ | ndɔu | nɡɔita (5 + 1) | nɡɔfla (5 + 2) | nɡɔsaɡ͡ba (5 + 3) | karabu (10–1) ? | kapu |
| Mende-Loma | Mende | yilá / itáá | felé | sawá | nááni | lɔ́ɔ́lu | wɔ́íta (5 + 1) | wɔ́fíla (5 + 2) | wáyák͡pá (5 + 3) | táálú (10–1) ? | puú |
| Samogo | Duungooma | sɔʔi | fíʔi | ʒiʔi | naai | nũ | tũmɛ̃ | ɲɛ̃ːnũ | ŋaai | kleːlo | ceũ |
| Samogo | Dzùùngoo | sōː ́ / sōːrē | fíː / fíːkí | ʒìːɡī ́ | nàːlẽ́ | nũ̀ | tsũ̀mɛ̃̄ ́ | ɲɛ̃̀ːnṹ | ŋáːlõ̀ | kjèːrṍ | tsjéù |
| Samogo | Jowulu (Jo) | tẽẽna | fuuli | bʒei | pʃɪrɛᶦ | tãã | tãmãnɪ (5 + 1) | dʒɔ̃mpʊn (3 + 4) | fulpʊn (2 x 4) | tẽmpʊn (5 + 4) | bʒĩĩ |
| Samogo | Seeku | swɛ̃̄ | fĩ́ | ʃwɛ̀ | nàà | nɔ̄ | tsìì | ɲɛ̀ɛ̀ | kàà | kùòmɛ̀ | tó |
| Soninke-Bobo | Konabéré | tálɪ̄ | pálà | sǎ | nìã̄ | kʊ̄ | kʊ̀tã́nɪ̀ (5 + 1) | kʊ̀rʊ̀párá (5 + 2) | kʊ̀rʊ̀sɔ̄ʊ̀ (5 + 3) | kʊ̀rʊ̀nɔ̂ŋ (5 + 4) | m̥ḿ̩ |
| Soninke-Bobo | Southern Bobo Madare | tèlé | plá | sáà | náà | kóò | kònálá (5 + 1) | kòk͡pùrá (5 + 2) | kórósɔ̃̌ (5 + 3) | kórónɔ̃̌ (5 + 4) | fʊ̃̀ |
| Soninke-Bobo | Hainyaxo Bozo (Kelenga) | sâ:nà | fíenù | sí:yù | ná:nà | kɔ́lɔ́hɔ̀ | tú:mì | dʒíenì | sɛ́kì | káfì | tã̄ |
| Soninke-Bobo | Tièmà-Cièwè Bozo | sàn:á | pẽ̀ːndé | sì:yé | nà:rá | kɔ̀lɔ́ | tù:mì | dʒiènĩ́ | tʃèkí | kìáwí | tá |
| Soninke-Bobo | Tiéyaxo Bozo (Tigemaxo) (1) | sáná | fẽ́:ndè | sí:yò | kɔ́lɔ̀ | kɔ́lɔ̀ | tú:mĩ̀ | dʒê:nì | sɛ̄kī | kìáwì | tã́ |
| Soninke-Bobo | Tiéyaxo Bozo (2) | sanna / kuɔn | fendeen / pendeen | siiyon | naaran | kɔlɔn | tuumi | jeeni | sekiin | kiawi | tan |
| Soninke-Bobo | Jenaama Bozo (1) | sànːá | pẽ̀ndéː | síkɛ̃̀ũ | nàtã́ | kɔ̀ːɡṍ | tǔːmí | yíèní | sèkːí | kàpːí | tʃɛ́mí |
| Soninke-Bobo | Jenaama Bozo (2) | sanna | pende | sikɛũ / siɡɛũ | nataũ | kɔɡõ | tuumi | yeeni | seki | kapi | tʃɛmi / tʃami |
| Soninke-Bobo | Soninke | bàanè | fíllò / filːi | síkkò / sikːi | náɣátò / naɣati | káráɡò / karaɡi | tṹmù / tũmi | ɲérù / ɲeri | séɡù / seɡi | kábù / kabi | tã́mú / tãmi |
Duba kuma
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Jerin abubuwan sake gina Proto-Mande (Wiktionary)
- Jerin abubuwan sake gina Proto-West Mande (Wiktionary)
- Harsuna manding
- Mandé
- Yaren Mende
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/mand1469
|chapterurl=missing title (help). Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. - ↑ 2.0 2.1 Empty citation (help)
- ↑ Empty citation (help)
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Empty citation (help)
Kara karantawa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Empty citation (help)
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Harsuna MANDE Archived 2016-02-23 at the Wayback Machine
- Shafin Mande na Jaridar Harsunan Yammacin Afirka
- Jaridar Mandenkan Archived 2011-01-04 at the Wayback Machine ( gabatarwa) Archived 2021-01-27 at the Wayback Machine