Dokar samun ƴancin kafa asibiti

Dokar samun ƴancin kafa asibiti
Act of Congress in the United States (en)
Bayanai
Gajeren suna	Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances Act of 1994
Ƙasa	Tarayyar Amurka
Applies to jurisdiction (en)	Tarayyar Amurka
Muhimmin darasi	reproductive health (en) da anti-abortion violence (en)
Lokacin farawa	26 Mayu 1994
Full work available at URL (en)	congress.gov…
Legislated by (en)	103rd United States Congress (en)
Signatory (en)	Bill Clinton

Dokokin samun Shiga da ƙafa asibiti Clinic ( FACE ko Dokar Samun damar, Pub. L. Lamba 103-259, 108 ƙididdiga. 694) (Mayu 26, 1994, 18 USC § 248 ) wata doka ce ta Amurka wacce Shugaba Bill Clinton ya sanya hannu a watan Mayu shekarata 1994, wacce ta haramta abubuwa uku masu zuwa: (1) amfani da karfin jiki, barazanar karfin jiki, ko toshewar jiki don cutar da gangan, tsoratarwa, tsoma baki ko ƙoƙari na raunata, tsoratarwa ko tsoma baki tare da kowane mutumin da ke samun sabis na kiwon lafiyar haihuwa ko samar da sabis na kiwon lafiyar haihuwa (wannan ɓangaren doka yawanci yana nufin asibitocin zubar da ciki), (2) amfani da karfin jiki, Kuma barazanar karfin jiki, ko toshewar jiki don raunata da gangan, tsoratarwa, tsoma baki ko ƙoƙarin raunata, Sannna tsoratarwa ko tsoma baki tare da duk wani mutumin da ke aiwatar da ko ƙoƙarin aiwatar da hakkinsu na Farko na 'yancin addini a wurin bautar addini, (3) lalata ko lalata da gangan. na wurin kula da lafiyar haihuwa ko wurin ibada.

Fage

Tsakanin shekarun 1978 zuwa 1993, yawan laifuffukan tashin hankali da ake aikatawa a kan ma'aikatan kiwon lafiyar haihuwa, cibiyoyin kula da lafiyar haihuwa da asibitocin zubar da ciki na karuwa akai-akai. Sannan Dangane da kididdigar da National Abortion Federation (NAF), kungiyar masu ba da zubar da ciki ta tattara, tun shekarata 1977 a Amurka da Kanada, an sami akalla kisan kai 9, yunƙurin kisan kai 17, barazanar mutuwa 406, al'amura 179 na hari ko baturi., da kuma yin garkuwa da mutane 5 akan masu zubar da ciki. Bugu da kari, tun a shekarar 1977 a Amurka da Kanada, laifukan kadarori da aka aikata kan masu samar da zubar da ciki sun hada da harin bama-bamai 41, kone-kone 175, yunkurin tayar da bama-bamai ko konewa 96, barazanar bam 692, aukuwar kutsawa cikin shekarata 1993, al’amuran barna 1400, da kuma hare-hare 100 da suka hada da harin bam. butyric acid ("bama-bamai masu wari"). A cikin watan Afrilun shekarar 1992, dubban “jaruman addu’a” da masu zanga-zangar goyon bayan rayuwa sun hadu a mashigar asibitocin Buffalo a zubar da ciki na tsawon wata daya da aka tsara na tsinkewa da toshewa, suna kokarin hana mata kawo karshen ciki. Bayan kwanaki bakwai na zanga-zangar da ta hada da Operation Rescue, an kama masu zanga-zangar sama da 400.

Wata kungiya mai yaki da zubar da ciki da aka fi sani da Sojojin Allah ta taka rawar gani musamman wajen aikata wadannan munanan laifuka. Wannan kungiyar ita kadai ce ke da alhakin tayar da bama-bamai tare da kona asibitoci sama da dari kafin shekarata 1994. Sun kuma mamaye asibitoci sama da dari uku tare da lalata sama da dari hudu A cikin 1993, jami’ai sun gano littafin Sojojin Allah, jagorar dabara don kone kone-kone, hare-haren sinadarai, mamayewa da tashin bamabamai, aka binne a bayan gidan Sojoji. gidan dan gwagwarmayar Allah Shelley Shannon . Kuma Ba da jimawa ba aka samu Shelley Shannon da laifin yunkurin kisan Dokta George Tiller a wannan shekarar.

Baya ga aikata ta'addanci, an san wasu masu fafutukar hana zubar da ciki da bin ma'aikatan lafiya tare da yin amfani da hotunansu a allunan "Ana son Kisa". Wannan tashin hankalin da ke faruwa ya kai kololuwar a cikin Maris a shekarata 1993 lokacin da Dr. David Gunn, likita wanda aikin likitancinsa ya haɗa da hanyoyin zubar da ciki, Michael F. Griffin ya harbe shi kuma ya kashe shi a wajen asibitin mata na Pensacola da ke Pensacola, Florida . Wannan karuwar tashe-tashen hankula ya zama nauyi sosai ga jami'an tsaro na cikin gida, kuma a cewar wasu, aikin 'yan sanda na cikin gida ya kasance mai sauki. Wasu 'yan majalisar dattawa da wakilai sun yi imanin cewa irin wannan haramtacciyar hanya tana yin katsalandan ga 'yancin da tsarin mulki ya ba mata na samun sabis na kiwon lafiyar haihuwa (musamman zubar da ciki), wanda aka ba da tabbacin tun lokacin da Kotun Koli ta yanke hukuncin Roe v. Wade a shekarar 1973.

Tarihin majalisa

An zartar da dokar ne ta hanyar mayar da martani kai tsaye ga karuwar dabarun tashin hankali da masu fafutukar zubar da ciki suka yi amfani da su wanda ya kai ga "Spring of Life" a Buffalo Abortion Clinics, a cikin Afrilu shekarata 1992 da kuma kisan Dr. Gunn a cikin Maris shekarar 1993.

An fara gabatar da Dokar FACE a cikin Janairu shekarata 1993 kuma Babban Wakilin Chuck Schumer (D--NY) ya dauki nauyinsa, tare da Wakilin Constance Morella (R--MD) a matsayin babban mai ba da tallafi. An gabatar da sigar lissafin a Majalisar Dattawa a watan Maris shekarar 1993, wannan wanda Sanata Edward Kennedy (D-MA) ya dauki nauyinsa. Majalisa da Majalisar Dattawa duka sun amince da kudirin a watan Nuwamba shekarata 1993. Majalisar ta zartar da dokar ta hanyar jefa kuri'a, kuma majalisar dattijai ta zartar da shi 69-30, tare da fitattun 'yan Republican 17 sun kada kuri'a don kudirin. Wani kwamitin hadin gwiwa tsakanin majalisar dattijai ya hada kudirin biyu jim kadan, sannan kuma shugaban kasa Bill Clinton ya sanya hannu kan kudurin dokar da ta fara aiki a watan Mayun shekarata 1994.

Tanadi

Ma'anoni

Yawancin kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su a cikin rubutun hukuma na 'Yancin Samun shiga Dokar Shiga Clinic suna ƙarƙashin fassarori daban-daban. Don haka ne Sashen Haƙƙin Bil Adama na Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Amurka ta ba da ma'anoni na yau da kullun ga waɗannan sharuɗɗan:

1. Facility — Kalmar “kayan aiki” ta haɗa da asibiti, asibiti, ofishin likita, ko wani wurin da ke ba da sabis na kiwon lafiyar haihuwa, kuma ya haɗa da gini ko tsarin da wurin yake.
2. Tsangwama tare da — Kalmar "shisshigi da" yana nufin tauye 'yancin motsin mutum.
3. Tsoro — Kalmar "tsoratarwa" tana nufin sanya mutum cikin fargabar cutarwar jiki gare shi- ko kanta ko ga wani.
4. Toshewar jiki — Kalmar " toshewar jiki " na nufin ba da izinin shiga ko fita daga wurin da ke ba da sabis na kiwon lafiya na haihuwa ko zuwa ko daga wurin ibadar addini, ko yin hanyar zuwa ko daga irin wannan wurin ko wurin ibadar addini mai wuyar gaske ba tare da dalili ba. ko mai haɗari.
5. Sabis na kiwon lafiya na haihuwa — Kalmar "sabis na kiwon lafiyar haihuwa" yana nufin ayyukan kiwon lafiyar haihuwa da aka bayar a asibiti, asibiti, ofishin likita, ko wani wurin aiki, kuma ya haɗa da aikin likita, tiyata, shawarwari ko shawarwari da suka shafi tsarin haihuwa na mutum, ciki har da ayyuka da suka shafi. ciki ko ƙarewar ciki.

An haramta

§ 248. 'Yancin samun damar shiga asibitin: (a) Ayyukan da aka haramta. Duk wanda -- (1) ta hanyar karfi ko barazanar karfi ko ta hanyar toshe jiki, da gangan ya ji rauni, tsoratarwa ko tsoma baki ko yunkurin cutar da wani mutum, ko tsoratarwa ko tsoma baki tare da wani mutum saboda wannan mutumin yana ko ya kasance, ko don tsoratarwa. Kuma irin wannan mutum ko wani mutum ko kowane nau'in mutane daga, samun ko ba da sabis na kiwon lafiyar haihuwa

Wadannan halaye suna da alaƙa musamman da asibitocin kula da lafiyar haihuwa amma kuma ana iya amfani da su a wuraren ibada:

• Katange hanyar mutum zuwa ƙofar wurin aiki
• Rage motoci daga shiga da/ko fita wurin aiki
• Tsayar da mutane a jiki yayin da suke ƙoƙarin tafiya zuwa ƙofar shiga ko ta wurin ajiye motoci
• Yin wahala ko haɗari shiga da/ko fita daga wurin aiki
• Ketare iyaka kan kadarorin kayan aiki
• Aikata duk wani aikin tashin hankali akan ma'aikacin asibiti, mai rakiya ko mara lafiya
• Barna
• Barazanar tashin hankali
• Yin magana da ma'aikacin asibiti ko mai kula da lafiyar haihuwa
• Konewa ko barazanar konewa
• Bama -bamai ko barazanar bam
• Tsoro

Ba a haramta ba

Ba a haramta waɗannan halaye masu zuwa ba saboda suna da kariya a ƙarƙashin yancin faɗar albarkacin baki:

• Zanga- zangar a wajen asibitoci
• Rarraba adabi
• Dauke alamomi
• Ihu (idan dai ba a yi barazanar ba)
• Waƙar yabo
• Nasiha

Hukunce-hukuncen cin zarafi

Hukunce-hukuncen masu laifi na keta FACE sun bambanta dangane da girman laifin da wanda ake tuhuma a baya na laifin cin zarafi iri ɗaya. Ana iya yanke wa mai laifin farko hukuncin daurin shekara daya a gidan yari da kuma tarar dala 100,000. Don cin zarafi na biyu, ana iya daure mai laifin har na tsawon shekaru uku a ci tararsa a kalla $250,000. Duk da haka, babban laifin da ba na tashin hankali ba yana da hukuncin daurin watanni shida a gidan yari da kuma tarar dala 10,000 na laifin farko, da kuma daurin watanni 18 a gidan yari da kuma tarar dala 25,000 na laifukan da suka biyo baya. Idan laifin ya jawo wa mutum rauni, hukuncin daurin shekaru 10 ne, ba tare da la’akari da laifin farko ko a’a ba, kuma duk laifin da ya kai ga kisa yana da hukuncin daurin rai-da-rai. Waɗannan su ne matsakaicin jimloli; ƙananan hukunce-hukuncen suna halatta bisa ga shawarar alkali.

Tasiri

Bisa kididdigar da Hukumar Kula da Ciwon Ciki ta Kasa (NAF) ta tattara, al'amuran da suka fi muni na tashe-tashen hankula (kamar kisan kai, yunƙurin kisan kai, tashin bama-bamai da konewa) sun ragu sosai tun daga shekarata 1994, shekarar da Dokar 'Yancin Samun Shiga Clinical ta kasance. zartarwa. Gwamnatin Clinton ta gurfanar da mutane 17 da ake tuhuma bisa laifin keta dokar FACE a 1997 kadai kuma ta gurfanar da kusan mutane 10 da ake tuhuma a duk shekara tun lokacin da aka kafa dokar. Gwamnatin George W. Bush, duk da haka, tana tuhumar mutane kusan biyu ne kawai a kowace shekara saboda keta dokar FACE. A cewar Cathleen Mahoney, Mataimakiyar Shugaban Hukumar Kula da Zubar da Zubar da Zubar da Ciki ta Kasa kuma tsohon lauya na Ma’aikatar Shari’a, “Yawancin ayyukan [tashin hankali] ya ragu sosai bayan an aiwatar da FACE kuma an fara aiwatar da shi”.

Binciken shari'a

A cikin shekarar 1995, Ƙungiyar Rayuwa ta Amirka ta yi ƙoƙarin ƙalubalantar Dokar FACE a Kotun Gundumar Amurka don Gundumar Gabashin Virginia a cikin shari'ar da ake kira American Life League, Inc. v. Reno . Ƙungiyar Life League ta Amirka ta yi muhawarar cewa Dokar ta keta 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki. Kotun ta yi watsi da hakan, domin dokar ba ta hana yin addu’a ko wani ibada ba, sai dai toshewa, barazana, da Kuma tashin hankali. Masu shigar da karar sun kuma bayar da hujja guda uku inda suka ce dokar ta FACE ta keta ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki. Na farko shi ne dokar ta haramta cutar da mata da masu bayarwa, wanda zai iya haɗa da cutar da hankali. Domin 'yancin fadin albarkacin bakinsu na iya haifar da illa ga tunani, masu shigar da kara sun yi zargin cewa dokar ta FACE ta keta 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki. Sai dai kotun ta yi watsi da hakan, inda ta ce illar da kawai aka haramta ta haifar da tashe-tashen hankula, da barazanar tashin hankali, da kuma toshe asibitoci. Hujja ta biyu ta masu shigar da kara ita ce, dokar ba ta da tushe balle makama, wanda kotun kuma ta yi watsi da shi saboda akwai misalai da dama na ayyukan kundin tsarin mulkin da ke da irin yare. Kuma A karshe dai masu shigar da kara sun ce dokar ta shafi masu zanga-zangar hana zubar da ciki ne musamman kuma ba ta tsaka-tsaki, inda kotun ta ce za a yi amfani da dokar kan duk wanda ya karya ta, don haka ta kasance tsaka tsaki. Don haka, kotu ta amince da dokar FACE.

Bayan an zartar da dokar 'Yancin Samun shiga Clinic, jihohi da yawa sun zartar da wasu dokoki. Dokar Massachusetts ita ce Dokar Kula da Lafiya ta Haihuwa, wadda aka ƙalubalanci a Kotun Tarayya kuma a ƙarshe ta rushe a McCullen v. Coakley . Duk da haka, an tsara shawarar da ƙwaƙƙwaran don kada a yi watsi da dokar FACE da sauran dokokin matakin jiha.

Duba wasu abubuwan

• Kariyar doka ta samun damar zubar da ciki
• Tsarin lokaci na dokokin haƙƙin haifuwa

Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

• Cikakkun rubutu na 'Yancin Samun shiga Dokar Shiga Clinic Archived 2015-06-10 at the Wayback Machine
• Shafin Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Amurka Archived 2015-08-09 at the Wayback Machine
• Rijistar Rikicin Ciwon Ciki