Elvy Kalep
Alviine-Johanna Kalep (26 Yuni 1899 - 15 Agusta 1989), wanda aka fi sani ta Elvy Kalep, 'yar Estoniya ne kuma matukiyar jirgi na farko na ƙasar,kuma mai fasaha,mai zanen wasan yara da marubuciyar yara sau ɗaya.
Kalep ta girma a Estonia da Rasha,kuma daga baya ta koma China don tserewa yakin basasa na Rasha.Ta yi aiki a ɗan gajeren lokaci a matsayin mai fassara ga jami'an soja a China kafin ta zauna a Paris don nazarin fasaha tare da Alexandre Jacovleff.A cikin 1931,ta cancanci zama matukiyar jirgi a Jamus,inda ta zama matukiyar jirgi mace ta farko ta Estoniya. tayi abokantaka da ma'aikaciyar jirgin Amurka Amelia Earhart,ta shiga cikin 999 kuma ta ɗauki aikin ƙarfafa wasu mata su shiga jirgin sama. Ta rubuta kuma ta kwatanta littafin yara game da tashi,Air Babies,wanda aka fara bugawa a 1936.
Bayan ta zauna a Amurka, Kalep taa kafa kasuwancin kera kayan wasa a New York.Duk da cewa an tilasta mata rufe kasuwancin a 1946 saboda rashin lafiyarta,ta sami rayuwa a cikin shekarun 1950 ta hanyar sayar da haƙƙin mallaka ga ƙirar wasan yara ga manyan ƴan kasuwa.A cikin shekarun baya bayan nan,ta ƙirƙira zane-zane daga fata, waɗanda ta baje kolin a duk faɗin Amurka.Ta mutu a Florida a 1989.
Kuruciya[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
An haifi Kalep a ranar 26 ga Yuni 1899 a ƙauyen Taali a Tori Parish, gundumar Pärnu.Ita kaɗai ce 'yar Joanna (née Liidemann) da maƙalla Aksel Emil, waɗanda dukansu suka mutu lokacin da take ƙarama. Ta halarci Tallinna Tütarlaste Kommertsgümnaasium, makarantar sakandaren 'yan mata a Tallinn. lokacin da take matashi, Kalep ta ƙaura zuwa Rasha don ta zauna da wata inna a Saint Petersburg. Ta shaida abubuwan da suka haifar da juyin juya halin Fabrairu a 1917,kuma ta kwana a tsare 'yan sanda a matsayin mai shaida.[1] Ta yi yunkurin guduwa ne a farkon juyin juya halin Musulunci wanda bai yi nasara ba, inda ta shaida yadda aka harbe wasu maza shida a lokacin da suke kan layi don sayen tikitin jirgin kasa daga kasar. [2] Ita da mahaifiyarta sun koma Vladivostok, inda ta auri wani janar na Rasha,Count Slastšov, kuma ta haifi ɗa.Ta zauna a Vladivostok na tsawon shekaru takwas,a lokacin ta yi ƙoƙarin tserewa da yawa,kafin sabon danginta su sami nasarar tserewa zuwa China, mafakar da suka zaɓa saboda alakar Slastšov da Zhang Zuolin. [1]
A cikin shekara guda da isa Harbin, China,ɗan Kalep ya mutu kuma mijinta ya ɓace. Kalep ta sami damar tallafawa kanta ta yin aiki a matsayin mai fassara—ta yi magana da Rashanci, Jamusanci, Ingilishi da Sinanci—ga wani janar na Burtaniya a Shenyang. Har ila yau, Zhang Zuolin da ɗansa, Zhang Xueliang suka yi mata aiki, amma ta yanke shawarar komawa Estonia a 1925.Ta bi ta Indonesia, Italiya da Faransa kafin daga bisani ta isa Tallinn a 1926. Ba da daɗewa ba ta zauna a birnin Paris,inda ta yi nazarin fasahar zanen mai tare da mai zanen Rasha Alexandre Jacovleff.[1] Ta auri Rolf Baron von Hoeningen-Bergendorff, wanda dan asalin Jamus ne ko Austriya.[1]
Aikin jirgin sama[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Kalep ta fara shawagi a ƙarshen 1920s,lokacin da ta haɗu da wani ɗan ƙasar Holland Anthony Fokker a lokacin hutu a St. Moritz kuma ta tambaye shi ya koya mata tukin jirgin sama. Ta kammala jirgin sama na sa'o'i biyar tare da Fokker kuma,bayan karya hannunta yayin wani hatsarin sledding a cikin hunturu na 1931,ta ɗauki gwajin matukinta a Jamus a ranar 1 ga Agusta 1931.Ta ci nasara,inda ta zama mace ta farko da ta cancanta daga Estonia, kuma mace ta bakwai da ta ci jarrabawar a Jammus. [1] Ba da daɗewa ba bayan samun lasisinta, Kalep da Valter Mayer, wani makaniki na Jamus, sun haɗu da wani ƙaramin jirgin Klemm daga Berlin ta yankin Baltic, ya tsaya a Szczecin, Gdańsk, Kaunas, Jelgava da Riga,a ƙarshe ya sauka a Tallinn a ranar 18 ga Agusta. Lokacin da ta isa Tallinn, Kalep ta samu tarba daga taron 'yan jarida da jami'an rundunar sojojin saman Estoniya ;Ta ɗan ziyarci dangi a Nõmme kafin ta fara tafiya ta komawa Amsterdam. [1]
A cikin Mayu 1932,Kalep ta yi tafiya daga Faransa zuwa New York a kan jirgin ruwa na SS Paris da niyyar komawa Turai ta ƙetare Tekun Atlantika ; a lokacin,babu wata mace da ta yi wani jirgin sama na transatlantic solo.Ta yi abokantaka da majagaba na jirgin Amurka Amelia Earhart, wanda,ba tare da sanin Kalep ba, tana shirin irin wannan aikin. Bayan nasarar jirgin Earhart daga Kanada zuwa Ireland a ranar 20 ga Mayu,Kalep ta yanke shawarar cewa bai dace ta yi nata yunƙurin shawagi a tekun Atlantika ba, tunda ba za ta ƙara zama mace ta farko da za ta yi hakan ba.Ta ci gaba da karfafa wa sauran mata gwiwa su shiga fagen zirga-zirgar jiragen sama, duk da haka, kuma ta zama mamba a kungiyar mata matukan jirgi ta kasa da kasa ta tarawadda Earhart da wasu mata 98 suka kafa. [1] A cikin watan Agustan 1932, Kalep ta shirya tashi tare da Roger Q. Williams daga Los Angeles zuwa Athens don bikin tsohon birnin na karbar bakuncin gasar Olympics ta lokacin bazara na 1932,amma an soke jirginsu.Ba da daɗewa ba, an ba da rahoton cewa Kalep ta sake yin aure da WE Hutton-Miller,wani ɗan kasuwa na Amurka.[1]
A cikin 1936, Kalep ta buga na farko na Air Babies, littafin yara wanda ta rubuta kuma ta kwatanta don koya wa yara game da tashi.Labarin ya biyo bayan jirage matasa biyu,Happy Wings da Speedy, da kuma sake buga 1938 sun haɗa da kalmar daga Earhart, wacce ta hau jirginta na ƙarshe bayan kwanaki uku bayan rubuta wannan yanki; ta bace a lokacin da take tashi a 1937. Daga baya Kalep ta ce game da bacewar Earhart: “Na yi kewarta sosai.Da na ji cewa Amelia ta bace,da kyau,sai na rabu.” [3] Ta ziyarci Baje kolin Duniya na New York na 1939 don haɓaka Air Babies akan talabijin da kuma yin magana a wurin cin abincin rana na Jam'iyyar Mata ta Ƙasa .
Aikin fasaha da zane[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Bayan barkewar yakin duniya na biyu a shekara ta 1939,da kuma rabuwar aurenta na uku,Kalep ta fara wani sabon harka ta kasuwanci a kasuwar wasan yara ta Amurka.Ta kera wata ‘yar tsana mai suna Patsie Parachute wadda idan aka jefa ta cikin iska,sai ta fado a hankali kamar yadda mai parachuti zai yi.An samar da ’yan tsana ne a wata masana’anta ta New York inda Kalep da kanta aka tilasta mata yin aiki don ci gaba da kasuwancin. Amma lafiyarta ta tabarbare, kuma ribar da take samu daga wannan sana’ar ta kashe kusan kuxin magani; An tilasta mata rufe masana'antar a 1946. Ta murmure a shekara ta 1950 kuma ta sami rayuwa ta hanyar siyar da haƙƙin mallaka don ƙirar wasan yara ga manyan ƴan kasuwa.Ɗaya daga cikin ƙirar da ta yi nasara ita ce Scribbles Dolls - ƴan tsana tare da fuskoki mara kyau waɗanda yara za su iya ƙawata su daban-daban - wanda ta sami wahayi daga shugabannin tsana 50,000 da ta bari daga rufe masana'antar Patsie Parachute.
A cikin 1960s, yayin da take zaune a Palm Beach,Florida, Kalep ta fara ƙirƙirar zane-zane na fata wanda ta sayar wa makwabta don yin rayuwa. Ta ƙirƙiri zane-zane masu girma uku da aka yi da ƙananan fata masu launi waɗanda aka shigo da su daga Faransa. A cikin 1970s ta nuna fasaharta a cikin nune-nunen a fadin Amurka kuma ta sayar da ayyuka ga manyan abokan ciniki ciki har da Eugene Ormandy.
Mutuwa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Kalep ta mutu a kan 15 Agusta 1989, tana da shekaru 90,a cikin Regency Health Care Center na Lake Worth, Florida .Ta kasance a wurin tun 1986. Ta yi aure sau uku amma ba ta da iyali a lokacin mutuwarta. An buga Obituaries na Kalep a cikin jaridar Florida Sun-Sentinel da Vaba Eesti Sõna, jaridar Estoniya da aka buga a New York. [3]