Haƙƙin ƴan adam a duniyar yanar gizo
Haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam a cikin sararin yanar gizo sabon abu ne kuma yanki ne na doka wanda ba a bayyana shi ba. Hukumar kare haƙƙn bil'adama ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ( UNHRC ) ta bayyana cewa ƴancin faɗin albarkacin baki da bayanai a karkashin doka ta 19( 2 ) na yarjejeniyar ƙasa da ƙasa kan ƴancin jama'a da siyasa ( ICCPR ) sun haɗa da ƴancin karɓa da sadar da bayanai, da ra'ayoyi ta hanyar Intanet. [1]
Wani muhimmin zance shine Mataki na 19( 3 ) na ICCPR, wanda ya tanadi cewa:
Yin amfani da haƙƙin da aka bayar a sakin layi na biyu na wannan labarin yana ɗauke da ayyuka na musamman. Don haka ana iya fuskantar ƙuntatawa, amma waɗannan za su kasance kawai waɗanda doka ta tanadar kuma sun zama dole: od
( a ) Domin mutunta haƙƙi ko mutuncin ;
HRC ta bayyana cewa "haƙƙin da mutane ke da shi kuma dole ne a kiyaye su ta kan layi" (wanda aka ambata, musamman 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki).[2] An yi la'akari da cewa dole ne a daidaita wannan ƴancin bayanan da sauran haƙƙoƙi. Ana tambayar ko tsammanin mutane game da ƴancin ɗan adam ya bambanta a sararin samaniyar yanar gizo.
Kere sirrin jama'a
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Sirri na jama'a ya ƙunshi ƴancin yin bayani da faɗar albarkacin baki a Intanet a gefe ɗaya, da tsaro da keɓantawa a sararin samaniyar intanet a ɗayan ɓangaren.[3]:3 cikin mahallin yanar gizo, sirri yana nufin amfani da Intanet a matsayin kayan aiki don keɓancewa ba tare da fargabar samun damar shiga da amfani da bayanan ta hanyoyi daban-daban ba tare da izininsu ba.[3]:3
Ƴancin ya ƙunshi ' Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki kuma an bayyana shi a cikin yarjejeniyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa da dama. [3]:3 Haƙƙin ya haɗa da ƴancin karɓa da ba da bayanai da ra'ayoyi da kuma ɗaukar ra'ayi ba tare da tsangwama na ƙasa ba. Har ila yau, ya haɗa da ƴancin bayyana kansa a kowace hanya ciki har da musayar ra'ayi da tunani ta hanyar Intanet ko shafukan sada zumunta.[3]{{rp|3} ƴanci na nufin ƴancin faɗin albarkacin baki a siyasance musamman idan aka yi la’akari da muhimmancin al’umma.
Galibin ƙasashen dimokuraɗiyya suna ci gaba da Intanet don dalilai na tattalin arziki da sadarwa; don haka, ana ba da furcin siyasa a wasu kariyar akan Intanet. Wasu gwamnatoci suna matsawa don kare bayanan ɗan akan Intanet. Duk da haka, waɗannan yarjejeniyoyin tsakanin gwamnatoci na iya haifar da rashin amfani da kuma cin zarafin bayanan sirri, wanda hakan na iya shafar sauran ƴancin da ƴancin ɗan adam. [3]:4 Ƙalubalen ga gwamnatoci shine daidaita abubuwan da ke cikin sirri tare da ƙa'idoji da suka saɓawa keɓantawa da haƙƙin ƴanci ga kowa.[3]:3
Gudanarwa a cikin sararin samaniya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Masanin kimiyyar siyasar Jamus Anja Mihr ta ce sararin samaniyar yanar gizo ya fi kowace ƙasa a duniya mafaka, amma duk da haka ba ta da wata gwamnati, hukumomi, jami'an tsaro ko duk wani tsarin mulki. Idan ba tare da waɗannan hanyoyin ba, matsaloli na tasowa wajen kare da kuma cin moriyar ɗan ƙasa.[3]:1 Ƙungiyoyin gwamnatocin duniya (IGO's), irin su Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (UN), Ƙungiyar Ƙasar Amirka, Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Afirka ko Tarayyar Turai, suna da nufin tsara ƙa'idodin ƙasa da ƙasa don amfani da sararin samaniya da Intanet don aiwatar da gwamnatocin ƙasashe, amma gaza yin haka. Matsalar ita ce ikon jihohi da hanyoyin aiwatar da su ba su wuce iyakokin jihar ba.[3]:2
Saboda sararin samaniyar yanar gizo ba shi da iyaka, hanyoyi da hanyoyin gudanar da shi har yanzu ba a bayyana su ba. Wannan yana haifar da matsalolin da masu son aikata laifuka ke samun sauƙin ƙetare kan iyakoki ta yanar gizo, saboda ba a san inda hurumi yake ba.[4] Idan aka taɓa kafa tsarin mulki, da alama zai ƙunshi masu ruwa da tsaki da ƴan wasan kwaikwayo da dama da suka haɗa da na ƙasa, na duniya, da masu zaman kansu kamar wakilan kamfanoni, shafukan sada zumunta, ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da kuma daidaikun mutane.[3]:2
Alhaki na masu samar da sabis na Intanet
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tambaya Tambaya tana tasowa lokacin da aka tauye haƙƙin ɗan adam na asali. Shin abin alhaki ya kamata ya fada kan wanda ya haifar da keta hakkin, ko kuma nauyi ya kamata ya fada kan mai bada sabis na Intanet (ISP)? Wannan lamari ne da ya dace musamman idan ana batun daidaita 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki da bata suna. Ƙara saurin sauri da masu sauraron Intanet marasa iyaka suna haifar da haɗari mafi girma ga daidaikun mutane da kuma mutuncinsu. .
Ƙila ISPs ba su da hanyar sa ido kan abubuwan da aka buga a gidajen yanar gizon su, kuma ƙila ba su san cewa akwai bayanin batanci a rukunin yanar gizon su ba. An nuna wannan a cikin yanayin Cubby, Inc. v. CompuServe Inc. inda aka gano cewa ISP tana aiki ne a matsayin mai rarrabawa kawai kuma ba za ta iya zama abin dogaro ga abubuwan da aka buga akan tallar sa ba. Koyaya, a cikin Stratton Oakmont, Inc. v. Prodigy Services Co. [5] Kotun Koli ta New York ta gudanar da cewa Prodigy ya yi aiki a matsayin mai wallafa tare da aikin edita, don haka an sami abin dogaro.
Waɗannan shari'o'in suna nuna shubuhar da ke tattare da alhakin da aka sanya wa ISPs. Wata ƙarin tambaya ita ce ko ISPs za su ɗauki kansu don yin aiki a matsayin "masu kula da ɗabi'a" na sararin samaniya. Idan ISPs masu tsattsauran ra'ayi sun fara ƙin karɓar wasu rukunin yanar gizo na Intanet, wannan na iya, bi da bi, lalata haƙƙin 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki da faɗin albarkacin baki. Idan aka kwatanta, rashin fahimta game da abin alhaki na ISPs na iya nufin ISPs suna ba da izinin abun ciki ba tare da la'akari da illar sa ba. [6]
Tsaron Intanet
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ganin yadda ake yawan yin kutse, ƙwayoyin cuta da rashin amfani da rana, Gidan Yanar Gizon Yanar Gizo na Duniya ( WWW ) ba shi da tsaro wurin adana bayanan sirri masu mahimmanci. Cyberspace kayan aiki ne inda mutane zasu iya amfani da 'yancinsu, amma sararin samaniya ba zai iya ba da tabbacin 'yancinmu ba. :11A yau akwai masu amfani da intanet kusan biliyan 2.5. Muna rayuwa ne a cikin duniyar da kowa ke da dogon bayanan bayanai, don haka tsaro na intanet shine babban fifiko. :12
A yau yawancin mutane fiye da kowane lokaci suna da fahimtar sirri ko 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki don haka suna raba ra'ayoyi guda ɗaya game da yadda za su kare da amintar bayanansu na sirri. :13Har yanzu bisa ga Freedom in the Net Index da aka bayar a cikin 2013, yawancin ƙasashe na duniya suna tantance 'yancin Intanet, wasu fiye da wasu. Kasashe za su yi hakan ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Misali, ta amfani da ‘yan sandan Intanet . Akwai hanyoyi da yawa na tacewa da yin la'akari da aiwatar da 'yancin kai.
EUqq ta saka hannun jari a ayyukan tacewa da yawa kamar NETprotect I da II, ICRAsafe da shirin PRINCIP. [7] .An bayyana cewa yin katsalandan da kai da masu amfani da Intanet ke yi wa kan su watakila shi ne mafi munin barazana ga ‘yancin Intanet. Sa ido na jama'a da kuma tsoron watsar da hanyoyin sadarwa masu zaman kansu suna haifar da tauye kai. Wannan yana haifar da mutane ba su ƙara yin amfani da injunan bincike ko hanyoyin sadarwar zamantakewa don bayyana imaninsu, ra'ayoyinsu ko ra'ayoyinsu, saboda wasu kalmomi na iya haifar da damuwa tare da hukumomin tsaron ƙasa, wanda ya haifar da Intanet ya zama kayan siyasa na magudi :13
Halayen nuna wariya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Cin zarafin yanar gizo
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Halayen nuna wariya da ke faruwa 'offline' suma suna faruwa 'kan layi' Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan ɗabi'un shine 'cin zarafin cyber'. Cin zarafin yanar gizo yana shafar aƙalla ɗaya cikin ɗalibai goma a Ostiraliya. Cin zarafi ta yanar gizo na iya yin tasiri akan kewayon haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam da suka haɗa da: haƙƙin zuwa mafi girman ma'auni na lafiyar jiki da ta hankali; haƙƙin yin aiki da yanayin aiki na gaskiya; 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki da kuma rike ra'ayi ba tare da tsangwama ba; Haƙƙin yaro ko saurayi na shagala da wasa.
Cyber-wariyar launin fata
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Wariyarlaunin fata ta Intanet na iya kasancewa ta hanyar mutane da ke aika kalaman wariyar launin fata ko shiga cikin rukunin rukunin da aka kafa musamman don manufar wariyar launin fata. Misalin da ya fito da kyau na wannan shine shafin Facebook memes na Aboriginal wanda ya ƙunshi hotuna daban-daban na ƴan asalin ƙasar tare da taken wariyar launin fata. An ruwaito cewa Facebook ya sanya shafin a matsayin 'mai ban dariya'.
Kalaman ƙiyayya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Mataki na 20 na ICCPR ya ce "Duk wani shawarwari na ƙiyayya na ƙasa, kabilanci ko addini wanda ya ƙunshi tunzura wariya, ƙiyayya ko tashin hankali doka ta haramta." Kalaman ƙiyayya ana nufin su dagula tashin hankali ko nuna kyama ga ƙungiyar mutane dangane da ƙabila, launin fata, ƙasa ko kuma yanayin jima'i. Hakanan an yi amfani da sararin samaniya ta wannan hanyar azaman hanyarlalata.
Hadarin da ke tattare da haƙƙin ɗan adam yana bayyana ne lokacin da ƴan ta'adda suka haɗu tare don shiryawa da tunzura mutane don tada zaune tsaye. " Al-Qaeda " ta koma sararin samaniyar yanar gizo, "yankin da ba shi da mulki" inda aka kafa makarantu don haɓaka horon akida da soja da kuma makaman farfaganda. Ya zama batun da aka bayyana mai mahimmanci cewa ana kula da waɗannan yanayi don shirya wa tsararraki masu zuwa na ta'addanci ta yanar gizo.
Makomar haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin Zaman Dijital
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Makomar 'yancin ɗan adam a sararin samaniyar yanar gizo ya dogara ne da juyin halitta na doka da fassarar ta daga hukumomin ƙasa da na duniya. Jon Bing yayi gargadin cewa da zarar dokoki da ka'idoji sun zama masu sarrafa kansa, suna da matukar wahala ga batun bitar shari'a. [6] Bing ya bayyana cewa muna fuskantar yanayin da "fasaha [na] aiwatar da doka". [6]
Roger Brownsword ya dubi wasu batutuwan da ke da alaƙa da ci gaba a cikin fasahar kere-kere da haƙƙin ɗan adam tare da waɗanda fasahar dijital ta taso kuma ya ba da shawarar matsayi uku na ɗabi'a kan batutuwan: matsayin mai amfani mai amfani, kare haƙƙin ɗan adam, da kuma "ƙawancen manyan mutane". Daga cikin mukamai uku, Brownsword ya yi ikirarin cewa biyun farko sun shahara a Burtaniya, yana mai cewa ana samar da fasahohin da ke daukar batutuwan dan Adam kamar ba su da 'yancin kai da kuma damar zabar wa kansu. [6]
An yi tataunawar kwanan nan a hukumance game da makomar sararin samaniyar yanar gizo. A cikin Afrilu 2008, an gudanar da taron Dokokin Kayayyakin Kaya a New York. Taron ya ƙunshi mahalarta kamar Microsoft, Sony, da Kamfanin Walt Disney . Ajandar ta haɗa da tattaunawa game da aiwatar da ikon mallakar fasaha, batutuwan shari'a da suka taso daga tsabar kuɗi, batutuwan shari'a da suka taso daga kadarori, matsalolin ɗabi'a ga lauyoyi da shuwagabanni a cikin duniyoyi masu kama-da-wane, da kuma yadda za a ƙaddamar da ƙararrakin kama-da-wane.
Sauraron Majalissar Dokokin Amurka akan Duniyar Rubutu ya faru ne tare da manufar ilimi da binciko abubuwan da za a iya samu. Ajandar ta haɗa da nazarin abubuwan da suka shafi kariyar mabukaci, kariyar mallakar fasaha, da kare yara, da sauransu. Wannan sauraron yana ɗaya daga cikin binciken farko na majalisa game da duniyoyi masu kama da juna. Ya rage a gani ko ɗayan waɗannan tarurrukan suna yin wani tasiri mai dorewa a fagen, wanda ke ci gaba da haɓaka cikin sauri ta hanyar kulle-kulle tare da ci gaba da fasaha.
A ranar 22 ga Mayu, 2020, Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a tattaunawarsa kan tsaro ta Intanet ya nuna bukatar amincewa da hare-haren ta yanar gizo a matsayin daya daga cikin batun kare hakkin dan Adam. Matakin da aka ɗauka ya yi cikakken bayanin cewa yunƙuri kamar rufewar Intanet da gwamnati ke yi da kutse cikin na'urorin ƴan adawa, na iya haifar da babban take haƙƙin ɗan adam. Aƙalla ƙasashe goma sha biyu ne suka yarda da wannan ra'ayin da suka haɗa da Estonia, Belgium, Netherlands, Ecuador, Japan, Switzerland, da sauransu.[31]
Duba kuma
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ United Nations Human Rights Committee. "International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights". General Comment no.34, note 4, para 12.
- ↑ "The promotion, protection and enjoyment of human rights on the Internet" (PDF). Human Rights Council Resolution. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 6, 2018. Retrieved April 10, 2015.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 Mihr, Anja (2013). "Public Privacy Human Rights in Cyberspace" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-02-06. Retrieved 2022-03-26. Cite journal requires
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(help) - ↑ Fanchiotti, Vittoriio; Pierini, Jean Paul (2012). "Impact of Cyberspace on Human Rights and Democracy": 51. Cite journal requires
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