Haƙƙoƙin Jin Daɗi
| Iri | harkar zamantakewa |
|---|---|
Haƙƙoƙin jin daɗi na nufin haƙƙoƙin mutane su sani kuma su sami mafi girman haƙƙinsu na fa'idodin jin daɗin Jiha, kuma a kula da su da kyau ta tsarin jin daɗin rayuwa. An kafa shi a cikin United Kingdom tun shekara ta 1969 kuma an haɓaka shi a wasu ƙasashe ciki har da Ireland, Australia da Amurka . Ya zama dole saboda sarkar tsarin tsaro na zamantakewar Burtaniya kuma yana da alaƙa a lokacin tare da haɓaka ƙungiyar Claimants Union . Kamar yadda hukumomin yankin suka fahimci fa'idar samun ƙwararrun ma'aikatan layi na gaba kamar jami'an gidaje da ma'aikatan jin daɗin rayuwa, waɗanda galibi suna magance tambayoyin fa'ida a matsayin wani ɓangare na manyan ayyukansu, sun juya ga ma'aikatan haƙƙin jin daɗi don ba da wannan ƙwarewar ga duka biyun. horarwa da kulawa da hadaddun lokuta. A cikin shekara ta 1980s, yayin da ƙananan hukumomi suka ɗauki ajandar 'daidaitu'', ana ganin aikin yaƙi da talauci a matsayin ingantaccen aiki na cikin gida a cikin kansa. Ƙara yawan kuɗin shiga na fa'ida yana taimaka wa ɗaiɗaikun mutane amma kuma yana haɓaka tattalin arziƙin gida.
Haƙƙoƙin jin daɗi a Burtaniya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Wasu ƙananan hukumomi da ƙungiyoyin sa-kai na sa kai, kamar Ofishin Ba da Shawarwari ga Jama'a, suna ɗaukar masu ba da shawara game da haƙƙin jindadi masu biyan kuɗi ko masu sa kai. Waɗannan masu ba da shawara yawanci suna ba da shawara kyauta, mara son kai da mai zaman kanta, bayanai da goyan baya akan duk fa'idodin tsaro na zamantakewa da ƙima na haraji, gami da wakilci kyauta a Kotun Ƙoli ta matakin farko da Kotun Koli, waɗanda Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Burtaniya ke gudanarwa.[1]
Wasu lauyoyi, da mashawarta masu zaman kansu ko kamfanoni suna bayar da shawarwarin haƙƙin jin daɗi da wakilci. Waɗannan masu ba da shawara na iya cajin kuɗi ko kuma za su iya ba da shawara da taimako mai iyaka (kyauta).
Masu ba da shawara kan haƙƙin walwala gaba ɗaya suna ba da shawarar ƙwararrun doka game da ma'amala da ma'aikatun jama'a, kamar fa'idar Gidajen gida da sabis na Amfanin Harajin Majalisar, Harajin Haraji da Kwastam (HMRC) da Sashen Ayyuka da Fansho (DWP).[2]
Masu ba da shawara kan haƙƙin jin daɗi gaba ɗaya sune kamar haka:
- Bincika abin da fa'idodi ko kiredit na haraji mutane za su iya cancanta
- Taimaka tare da hadaddun fa'idodin aikace-aikacen fa'ida
- Ba da shawara da wakilci a kan duk abubuwan da suka shafi dokar tsaro ta zamantakewa, gami da haƙƙin fa'idodi, koma baya, dakatarwa da ƙarin biyan kuɗi.
- Bayar da shawarwari da wakilci a gaban kotunan ƙaramar tsaro ta zamantakewa
Masu ba da shawara kan haƙƙoƙin jin daɗi sukan yi amfani da tsarin sarrafa shari'a don taimaka musu sarrafa aikinsu. Waɗannan na iya zama tushen takarda, tushen kwamfuta ko kan layi.
Jami'an kare haƙƙin jin daɗin jama'a galibi suna kawance da ƙungiyoyin yaƙin neman zaɓe da ƙungiyoyin agaji irin su Child Poverty Action Group (CPAG), Citizens Advice Bureau da London Advice Service Alliance (LASA), alal misali. Ana girmama waɗannan ƙungiyoyin don horarwa da wallafe-wallafen, waɗanda masu ba da shawara ke amfani da su sosai a duk faɗin Burtaniya, da kuma ayyukan yaƙin neman zaɓe.
Ƙungiyoyin ƙwararrun masu ba da shawara kan haƙƙin jin daɗi ita ce Ƙungiyar Masu Ba da Shawarar Haƙƙin Jin Dadi (NAWRA) a matakin Burtaniya; Scotland tana da ƙungiyar ƙwararrun ta, Shawarar Haƙƙin Scotland (RAS).
Haƙƙin jin daɗi a Amurka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Dokar Flemming na shekara ta 1960, mai suna bayan Arthur Flemming, wani hukunci ne na gudanarwa wanda ya zartar da cewa jihohi ba za su iya musun cancantar tallafin kuɗi ta hanyar Aid to Families with Dependent Children shirin a kan tushen gidan da ake ganin bai dace ba ga yaran macen da ake kira a matsayin shege.
A cikin shekara ta 1963 Johnnie Tillmon ya kafa ANC (Aid to Needy Children) Mothers Anonymous, wanda ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin mata masu jin daɗin jin daɗin jama'a na farko, wanda a ƙarshe ya zama wani ɓangare na Ƙungiyar Haƙƙin Jin Dadin Jama'a.
Ƙungiyar Kare Haƙƙoƙin Jin Daɗin Jama'a, wacce ta yi aiki daga shekara ta 1966 zuwa shekara ta 1975, kungiya ce mai fafutuka da ke fafutukar kare Haƙƙin jama'a, musamman mata da yara. Ƙungiyar tana da manufofi guda huɗu: isassun kuɗin shiga, mutunci, adalci, da kuma shiga cikin dimokuradiyya. Johnnie Tillmon shine shugaban kungiyar na farko.
Sarki v. Smith , 392 US 309 (1968), wani hukunci ne wanda Kotun Ƙoli ta yanke hukuncin cewa ba za a iya hana Agaji ga Iyalai da Yara masu dogaro ba saboda kasancewar “mahaifin mahaifinsa” wanda ke ziyartar dangi a karshen mako.
A cikin watan Afrilun shekara ta 1991 Cheri Honkala ya kafa Kensington Welfare Rights Union, wani ci gaba na adalci na zamantakewa, aikin siyasa, da ƙungiyar shawarwari na, ta, da kuma ga matalauta da marasa gida waɗanda ke aiki daga Philadelphia, Pennsylvania kuma Galen Tyler ke jagoranta.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "Tillmon, Johnnie (1926-1995); The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed". The Black Past. Retrieved 2015-11-10.
- ↑ Dorothy Sue Cobble (15 March 2007). The Sex of Class: Women Transforming American Labor. Cornell University Press. pp. 205–. ISBN 0-8014-8943-1.
Littafi Mai Tsarki
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Fa'idodin Jin Dadi da Tax Credits Handbook (buga na shekara) Ƙungiyar Talauci ta Yara. London.
- Littafin Jagoran Haƙƙin nakasa (buga na shekara). Ƙungiyoyin Nakasa. London.
- Bateman, N. (2006) Ƙwararren Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru. Oxford.