Hakkokin sadarwa
| Iri | Haƙƙoƙi |
|---|---|
Haƙƙoƙin sadarwa sun haɗa da 'yancin faɗar ra'ayi da faɗar albarkacin baki, mulkin dimokuradiyya, mallakin kafofin watsa labarai da kula da kafofin watsa labarai, shiga cikin al'adun mutum, 'yancin harshe, 'yancin ilimi, keɓantawa, taro, da 'yancin kai. Hakanan suna da alaƙa haɗawa da keɓancewa, inganci da samun dama ga hanyoyin sadarwa. [1]
"Haƙƙin sadarwa" da "haƙƙin sadarwa" suna da alaƙa da juna, amma ba iri ɗaya ba. Na farko yana da alaƙa da muhawarar Sabuwar Watsa Labarai da Sadarwa ta Duniya, kuma yana nuna buƙatar amincewar doka ta hukuma game da irin wannan haƙƙin, a matsayin tsarin gabaɗaya don aiwatar da ingantaccen aiki. Wannan na ƙarshe yana jaddada gaskiyar cewa dama akwai haƙƙoƙin ƙasa da ƙasa da ke huldodin sadarwa, amma da yawa ana yin watsi da su kuma suna buƙatar faɗakarwa da ƙwazo.
Tarihi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Manufar haƙƙin sadarwa ta fara ne a shekarar 1969 tare da Jean D'Arcy, majagaba a cikin gidan talabijin na Faransa da Turai a shekarun 1950 da kuma shekarar 1969 Daraktan Sashen Rediyo da Kayayyakin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, inda ya shiga cikin tattaunawar manufofin kasa da kasa da suka taso. na sabbin hanyoyin sadarwa na duniya na tauraron dan adam. Ya gane cewa haƙƙoƙin sadarwa da suka shafi yancin faɗar albarkacin baki da ke kunshe a cikin sanarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kare haƙƙin ɗan adam (UDHR) da aka amince da ita a shekarar 1948 na buƙatar sake yin nazari a cikin yanayin sadarwa ta duniya, sadarwa tsakanin mutane da al'ummomi. Ya yi kira da bukatar a amince da haƙƙin ɗan adam na sadarwa wanda zai ƙunshi haƙƙoƙin da aka kafa a baya. [2] Don haka shi ne farkon wanda ya danganta sadarwa da haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya. Malaman ilimi, masana siyasa, da ma'aikatan gwamnati ne suka dauki kiran nasa zuwa kungiyar 'Yancin Sadarwa, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da na farar hula da dama wadanda suka hada da Platform for Co-operation on Communication and Democratization, da kuma 'yancin Sadarwa. a cikin Kamfen Society (CRIS).
Muhawarar farko mai fa'ida ta kafofin watsa labarai da sadarwa a duniya, wacce aka iyakance ga gwamnatoci, ta shafe shekaru goma daga tsakiyar shekarun 1970. Gwamnatocin Kudu, a lokacin mafi rinjaye a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, sun fara bayyana bukatu a cikin UNESCO game da maida hankali kan kafofin watsa labarai, da kwararar labarai, da kuma ''mulkin mallaka na al'adu'. Rahoton MacBride (1981) yayi nazarin matsalar, yana bayyana 'yancin sadarwa' gabaɗaya. Muhawarar dai ta samu cikas, ta hanyar jawaban yakin cacar baka, kuma ta wargaje ne bayan ficewar Amurka da Birtaniya daga UNESCO.
Rahoton MacBride ya zama babu shi har sai Ƙungiyar Sadarwar Kirista ta Duniya (WACC) ta ɗauki nauyin sake buga ta a shekarar 1988. WACC ta rike sakatariyar Yakin CRIS 2000-05.
Sha'awar haƙƙin sadarwa ta yi rauni a cikin shekarun 1980 saboda babu wani motsi na jama'a don haɓaka shi saboda sauƙi mutane kaɗan ne suka sami gogewa kai tsaye ta hanyar sadarwa ta hanyar sadarwar lantarki ta duniya. Wannan yanayin ya canza sosai a shekarar 1990s tare da tarin sababbin abubuwa waɗanda suka haɗa da Intanet, Gidan Yanar Gizo na Duniya, injunan bincike, samun kwamfutoci na sirri, da sadarwar zamantakewa. Yayin da mutane da yawa ke shiga cikin sadarwa mai ma'amala da kuma ƙalubalen da ta taso game da irin waɗannan haƙƙoƙin sadarwa kamar 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, keɓantawa, da 'yancin yin bayani, sun fara haɓaka fahimtar mahimmancin irin waɗannan haƙƙoƙin ga ikon su na sadarwa.
Sakamakon wannan haɓakar fahimtar sadarwa shine sabunta sha'awar bincike da shawarwarin siyasa don haƙƙin sadarwa (duba nassoshi). Daga shekarun 1990 zuwa gaba, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da masu fafutuka ya ƙara ƙwazo a cikin batutuwan sadarwa iri-iri, tun daga kafofin watsa labarai na al'umma, zuwa haƙƙin harshe, zuwa haƙƙin mallaka, zuwa samar da Intanet da software na kyauta da buɗe ido. Waɗannan sun haɗa kai cikin ƙungiyoyin lamai da yawa waɗanda ke magance matsalolin da ke da alaƙa waɗanda ra'ayin jam'i na haƙƙin sadarwa ya fara yin tasiri, wannan karon tun daga tushe.
Kwanan nan, Mujallar Tattalin Arziƙi ta Ƙasashen Duniya ta buga wani batu na musamman kan haƙƙin sadarwa wanda ke cewa "Haƙƙin sadarwa yana magance duka "'yancin ra'ayi da faɗar albarkacin baki" da haƙƙi da 'yanci "ba tare da bambancin harshe ba" (United Nations, 1948) [3] Batu na musamman ya yi magana game da haƙƙin sadarwa ta fuskoki huɗu: (1) haƙƙin sadarwa na kowane mutum; (2) Haƙƙin sadarwa na mutanen da ke da nakasar sadarwa; (3) haƙƙin sadarwa na yara da (4) haƙƙoƙin sadarwa da suka shafi harshe. Sama da mutane 10 000 ne suka rattaba hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Sadarwa ta Duniya (Tsarin Sadarwa ta Duniya, 2014) kuma ta ce: “Mun fahimci cewa ikon sadarwa shine ainihin haƙƙin ɗan adam. Mun gane cewa kowa yana da damar sadarwa. Ta hanyar sanya sunayenmu ga wannan sanarwar, muna ba da tallafinmu ga miliyoyin mutane a duk duniya waɗanda ke da matsalar sadarwa da ke hana su samun gamsuwa da rayuwa da kuma shiga daidai da cikakken a cikin al'ummominsu. Mun yi imanin cewa mutanen da ke da nakasar sadarwa ya kamata su sami damar samun tallafin da suke bukata don gane cikakken damar su." [4] .
ginshiƙai huɗu[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Kowane ginshiƙi [na Haƙƙin Sadarwa] yana da alaƙa da wani yanki na rayuwa daban-daban na zamantakewa, ƙwarewa da aiki, wanda sadarwa shine babban aiki kuma yana yin ayyuka masu mahimmanci. rational [sic] ga guda huɗu [ginshiƙai shine,] cewa kowanne ya ƙunshi wani ɗan ƙaramin yanki na aikin zamantakewa, amma duk da haka ya dogara da sauran don cimma burinsa na ƙarshe - su ne mahimman tubalan shiga tsakani a cikin gwagwarmaya don cimma haƙƙin sadarwa. Ana iya aiwatar da ayyuka tare a ƙarƙashin, kowanne, sau da yawa tare da haɗin gwiwar sauran masu aikin zamantakewa da suka shafi yankin gabaɗaya; yayin da za a iya gina gadoji zuwa sauran wuraren idan ana son cimma burin. [5]
Sadarwa a cikin jama'a[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
“Gudunwar sadarwa da kafafen yada labarai wajen gudanar da siyasar dimokuradiyya a cikin al’umma. Sai dai yayin da labarai na karya da hadaka ke yadawa ta kafafen yada labarai daban-daban don daukar matakin kudi na jihar yana da matukar hadari. Wannan dabi'a ta samo asali ne a cikin karni na 21 ba tare da la'akari da kowace al'umma a duniya ba. Sannan kuma tanadin doka da bangaren aiwatar da shi shima yana da rauni sosai kuma ana tafiyar da shi bisa ga nufin kasa. Aikin jarida mai 'yanci da gaskiya ba ya nufin bugawa da watsa labarai marasa gaskiya da manufa." [6]
Ilimin sadarwa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
"Sharuɗɗa da hanyoyin da ilimin da al'umma ke samarwa ta hanyar sadarwa, ko kuma toshe su, don amfani da ƙungiyoyi daban-daban." [6]
Hakkokin jama'a a cikin sadarwa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
"Ayyukan haƙƙin ɗan adam da suka shafi hanyoyin sadarwa a cikin al'umma." [6]
Hakkokin al'adu a cikin sadarwa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
"Sadar da al'adu daban-daban, siffofin al'adu da kuma ainihin mutum a matakan mutum da zamantakewa." [6]
Haƙƙin sadarwa da haƙƙokin sadarwa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
'Haƙƙin sadarwa' da 'haƙƙokin sadarwa' suna da alaƙa ta kud da kud, amma ba iri ɗaya ba, a cikin tarihinsu da amfaninsu. A cikin rikice-rikicen yakin cacar baka na shekarun 1970 zuwa 1980, tsohon ya kasance yana da alaƙa da muhawarar Sabuwar Watsa Labarai da Sadarwa ta Duniya (NWICO), don haka an yi watsi da ƙoƙarin da UNESCO ke yi na samar da irin wannan haƙƙin. Wannan na ƙarshe yana jaddada gaskiyar cewa an riga an sami ɗimbin haƙƙoƙin ƙasa da ƙasa da ke huldodin sadarwa, amma da yawa ana yin watsi da su kuma suna buƙatar faɗakarwa da tabbatarwa. Yayin da wasu, musamman a cikin sassan kafofin watsa labaru, har yanzu suna ganin 'yancin yin sadarwa a matsayin "kalmar lambar" don tantancewar jihar, fasahar fasaha a cikin lantarki, sadarwar duniya na 'yan shekarun da suka gabata ana ganin wasu kamar ƙalubalanci tsarin watsa labaru na gargajiya da kuma al'ada. Ƙirƙirar ƙimar haƙƙin sadarwa da ke tasowa daga gare su, ta yadda za a sabunta buƙatar sake la'akari da buƙatar haƙƙin sadarwa. [7]
Manazarta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- ↑ What are communication rights? Archived 2014-11-09 at the Wayback Machine How do they relate to human rights ? How do they differ from freedom of expression ? Centre for Communication Rights. WACC What are communication rights? Error in Webarchive template: Empty url. How do they relate to human rights? How do they differ from freedom of expression ? Centre for Communication Rights. WACC.
- ↑ D'Arcy, Jean - The Right to Communicate (edited by L. S. Harms).
- ↑ McLeod, S. (2018). Communication rights: Fundamental human rights for all. International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 20(1), 3–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/17549507.2018.1428687
- ↑ Mulcair, G., Pietranton, A. A., & Williams, C. (2018). The International Communication Project: Raising global awareness of communication as a human right. International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 20(1), 34–38. https://doi.org/10.1080/17549507.2018.1422023
- ↑ Ó Siochrú 2005
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Ó Siochrú 2005
- ↑ These issues are explored more fully in Raboy's and Shtern's Media Divides: Communication rights and the right to communicate in Canada (2010) and Dakroury, Eid, & Kamalipour (Eds.), The right to communicate: Historical hopes, global debates, and future premises. (2009).