Ƙaddamar da kai
 Ƙaddamar da kai | |
|---|---|
general principles of French law (en)  | |
 | |
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na | Haƙƙoƙi |
| Bangare na | Dokar kasa da kasa |
| Fuskar | bourgeois nationalism (en) |
| Depicted by (en) | self-determination (en) |
A cikin dokar kasa da kasa, Ƙaddamar da kai [1] yana nufin haƙƙin mutane na kafa ƙungiyar siyasa ta kansu. Ƙaddamar da kai ƙa'ida ce mai mahimmanci a cikin dokar ƙasa da ƙasa ta zamani, ɗaurewa, saboda haka, a kan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a matsayin fassarar ƙa'idodin Yarjejeniya.[2] Ka'idar ba ta bayyana yadda za a yanke shawara ba, ko kuma abin da sakamakon ya kamata ya zama (ko 'yancin kai, tarayya, kariya, wani nau'i na cin gashin kai ko cikakken daidaitawa) Bugu da ƙari, babu haƙƙin rabuwa da aka amince da shi a ƙarƙashin dokar kasa da kasa. [3][4]
Wannan ra'ayi ya fito ne tare da hauhawar kishin kasa a karni na 19 kuma ya shiga cikin shahararren amfani a cikin shekarun 1860, yana yaduwa da sauri daga baya. A lokacin da kuma bayan yakin duniya na, Shugaban Amurka Woodrow Wilson da sauransu sun ayyana ka'idar ƙaddamar da kai.[5][6] Bayan ya sanar da Points goma sha huɗu a ranar 8 ga Janairun 1918, Wilson ya bayyana a ranar 11 ga Fabrairu 1918: "Dole ne a girmama burin kasa; mutane yanzu za a iya mamaye su kuma a mallake su ne kawai ta hanyar yardarsu. 'Ƙaddamar da kansu' ba magana ce kawai ba; ƙa'idar aiki ce mai mahimmanci".[7]Koyaya, ba Wilson da Lloyd George ko Lenin da Trotsky sun ɗauki mutanen Kudancin Duniya a matsayin babban burin maganganun da ke tallafawa ƙaddamar da kai ba. Duk da haka, maganganunsu sun fi karfin masu sauraron Turai da suke da niyyar isa. A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, an haɗa ka'idar a cikin Yarjejeniyar Atlantic, wanda Franklin D. Roosevelt, Shugaban Amurka, da Winston Churchill, Firayim Minista na Ingila, suka yi alkawarin Babban Abubuwa takwas na Yarjejeniyar. An gane shi a matsayin haƙƙin shari'a na duniya bayan an jera shi a bayyane a matsayin haƙƙi a cikin Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.[8]
Aiwatar da haƙƙin ƙaddamar da kai na iya zama da wahala a siyasa, a wani bangare saboda akwai fassarori da yawa game da abin da ke ƙunshe da mutane da kuma waɗanne ƙungiyoyi zasu iya da'awar haƙƙin ƙaddara.[9] Kamar yadda alƙalin Kotun Duniya Ivor Jennings ya ce: "mutane ba za su iya yanke shawara ba har sai wani ya yanke shawarar ko wanene mutane".
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kafin karni na 20
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ana iya gano ka'idar ƙaddamar da kai ga juyin juya halin Amurka da Faransa, da kuma fitowar kishin kasa. Juyin juya halin Turai na 1848, bayan yakin duniya na farko a Versailles, da kuma yunkurin mulkin mallaka bayan yakin duniya ya tsara kuma ya kafa ka'ida a cikin dokar kasa da kasa. An ga misalin Amurka a matsayin farkon tabbatar da haƙƙin ƙudurin kai na ƙasa, kodayake an yi jayayya da wannan da farko dangane da juriya ga mai mulkin kama karya maimakon roƙo ga "dama na halitta" na mutane don ƙayyade makomarsu ta siyasa, ƙarshen ya fito tare da 'yancin mallaka na Spain a Latin Amurka.
Wadannan ra'ayoyin sun samo asali ne daga ra'ayoyi na baya daga Hugo Grotius da Immanuel Kant, kuma a tsakiyar karni na sha tara, "ƙaddamar da kai" ya zama makami ga juyin juya halin kasa. Thomas Jefferson ya ci gaba da inganta ra'ayin cewa nufin mutane ya fi girma, musamman ta hanyar marubucin Sanarwar 'Yancin Kai ta Amurka, wanda ya zama wahayi ga ƙungiyoyin' yan kasa na Turai a cikin karni na 19.[9] Juyin Juya Halin Faransanci ya ba da izini ga ra'ayoyin ƙaddamar da kai a wannan tsohuwar nahiyar.">[3] [ta yaya?]
Ra'ayoyin kishin kasa sun fito ne a cikin daular gargajiya: Pan-Slavism a Rasha; Ottomanism, Kemalist akidar da Larabawa a cikin Daular Ottoman; Shintoism na Jiha da asalin Jafananci a Japan; da kuma asalin Han a cikin juxtaposition ga rukunin masu mulki na Manchurian a China. A halin yanzu, a Turai kanta, haɓakar kishin ƙasa ya haifar da Italiya, Girka, Hungary, Poland da Bulgaria duk suna neman ko samun 'yancin kai.
Karl Marx da Friedrich Engels sun goyi bayan wasu daga cikin wadannan ƙungiyoyin kishin ƙasa, suna gaskanta cewa kishin ƙasa na iya zama "yanayin farko" ga sake fasalin zamantakewa da kawance na duniya. A shekara ta 1914, Vladimir Lenin ya rubuta cewa: "[Ya] ba daidai ba ne a fassara haƙƙin ƙaddamar da kai a matsayin ma'anar wani abu sai dai haƙƙin wanzuwar a matsayin ƙasa daban. "[10]
Sabanin haka, Rosa Luxemburg ta kira "yancin kasashe ga ƙaddamar da kai", wanda ya dace da dukkan ƙasashe da kowane lokaci, "babu wani abu da ya fi dacewa" wanda ba ya ba da "magani mai amfani ga matsalolin ƙasa" kuma ya yi jayayya cewa ainihin manufar al'umma a matsayin "wani abu na zamantakewa da siyasa" ya samo asali ne daga akidar bourgeois.[11]
Yaƙe-yaƙe na Duniya na I da na II
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Turai, Asiya da Afirka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Woodrow Wilson ya farfado da jajircewar Amurka ga ƙaddamar da kai, aƙalla ga jihohin Turai, a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na I. Lokacin da Bolsheviks suka zo mulki a Rasha a cikin Juyin Juya Halin Oktoba, sun yi kira ga janyewar Rasha nan da nan a matsayin memba na Allies na Yaƙin Duniya I. Lenin ya yi amfani da "ƙaddamar da kai na ƙasa" a matsayin makami a kan Daular Rasha, kuma bayan juyin juya hali jam'iyyar ta goyi bayan haƙƙin dukkan kasashe, gami da mulkin mallaka, ga ƙaddamarwa.[10] Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Tarayyar Soviet na 1918 ya amince da haƙƙin rabuwa ga jamhuriyoyin da suka kafa shi.[9]
A watan Janairun 1918, Wilson ya ba da Points goma sha huɗu na Janairun 1918 wanda, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, ya yi kira ga daidaita da'awar mulkin mallaka, gwargwadon yadda bukatun ikon mulkin mallaka ke da nauyin daidai da'awar mutanen da ke ƙarƙashinsa.[9] Yarjejeniyar Brest-Litovsk a watan Maris na shekara ta 1918 ta haifar da ficewar Soviet Rasha daga yakin da kuma samun 'yancin kai na Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Finland, Georgia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland da Ukraine, kodayake a zahiri waɗannan yankuna suna ƙarƙashin ikon Jamus. Ƙarshen yaƙin ya haifar da rushewar Daular Austro-Hungary da Czechoslovakia da kuma hadin kai Jihar Slovenia, Croats da Serbs tare da Masarautar Serbia da ke fitowa a matsayin sabbin jihohi daga rushewar Daular Habsburg, tare da haɗa dukkan ƙasashen da ke magana da harshen Romania. Koyaya, wannan tilasta jihohin inda aka ba wasu ƙasashe (musamman Poles, Czechs, Serbs da Romanians) iko a kan wasu ƙasashe waɗanda ba sa son su kuma ba su amince da su an yi amfani da su a matsayin hujja don mamayar Jamus a Yaƙin Duniya na II.
An kafa League of Nations a matsayin alama ce ta tsarin da ke tasowa bayan yakin. Ɗaya daga cikin ayyukanta na farko shine ya halatta iyakokin yankuna na sabbin kasashe da aka kirkira a yankunan tsohuwar Daular Ottoman, Asiya, da Afirka. Kungiyar ba ta dace da yadda ta yi amfani da ka'idar a cikin yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya bayan yakin ba kuma, a wurare da yawa, dole ne ta biya tare da shirye-shirye masu rikitarwa don tabbatar da kariya ga 'yan tsiraru.Har ila yau, ka'idar ƙaddamar da kai ba ta kai ga kawo ƙarshen mulkin mallaka ba, a ƙarƙashin tunanin cewa jama'ar yankin ba su da isasshen wayewa; Ƙungiyar Al'ummai ta sanya kowane ɗayan jihohin da yankuna bayan Ottoman, Asiya da Afirka zuwa ikon Turai ta hanyar ba da umarnin Ƙungiyar Al-ummai.
Ɗaya daga cikin ƙin yarda da Jamusanci ga Yarjejeniyar Versailles shine aikace-aikacen zaɓi na ka'idar ƙaddamar da kai, kamar yadda Jamhuriyar Jamus-Austria, wacce ta haɗa da Sudetenland, ana ganin tana wakiltar niyyar shiga Jamus a waɗancan yankuna, yayin da yawancin mutane a Danzig ke so su kasance a cikin Reich. Koyaya, Abokan hulɗa sun yi watsi da ƙin yarda da Jamusanci. Wilson's 14 Points ya yi kira ga a dawo da 'yancin Poland da Poland ta sami "amfani mai aminci zuwa teku", wanda zai nuna cewa a ba da birnin Danzig na Jamus (Gdańsk na zamani, Poland) ga Poland. A Taron Zaman Lafiya na Paris a 1919, tawagar Poland ta nemi Wilson ya girmama batu 14 daga cikin maki 14 ta hanyar canja wurin Danzig zuwa Poland, suna jayayya cewa birnin na Poland ne har zuwa 1793, kuma Poland ba za ta kasance mai cin gashin kanta ba tare da shi ba.[13] A lokacin Rarrabawar Farko ta Poland a cikin 1772, mazaunan Danzig sun yi yaƙi sosai don ya kasance wani ɓangare na Poland, amma a sakamakon tsarin Jamusanci a cikin karni na 19, kashi 90% na mazaunanta Jamusanci ne a 1919, wanda ya haifar da kirkirar Free City of Danzig, birni-jiha inda Poland ke da wasu hakkoki na musamman. Kodayake birnin Danzig ya kasance kashi 90% na Jamusanci da kashi 10% na Poland, yankunan da ke kewaye da Danzig sun kasance mafi yawan mutanen Poland, kuma yankunan karkara na kabilanci na Poland da aka haɗa a cikin Free City of Danzig sun ki amincewa, suna jayayya cewa suna so su kasance wani ɓangare na Poland.[13] Ba 'yan Poland ko Jamusawa ba su gamsu da wannan sulhu ba, kuma batun Danzig ya zama abin da ya faru na tashin hankali tsakanin Jamusanci da Poland a duk lokacin yakin basasa.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "Self determination (international law)". LII / Legal Information Institute (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-09-19.
- ↑ Empty citation (help)
- ↑ "Legal Aspects of Self-Determination". The Princeton Encyclopedia of Self-Determination. Princeton University.
- ↑ (Joe ed.). Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named "Fisch". - ↑ Emerson, Rupert (1971). "Self-Determination". American Journal of International Law (in Turanci). 65 (3): 459–475. doi:10.2307/2198970. ISSN 0002-9300.
- ↑ "President Wilson's Address to Congress, Analyzing German and Austrian Peace Utterances (Delivered to Congress in Joint Session on February 11, 1918)". gwpda.org. February 11, 1918. Retrieved September 5, 2014.
- ↑ Daniel, Thürer; Thomas, Burri (2008). "Self-Determination". Oxford Public International Law. doi:10.1093/law:epil/9780199231690/e873. ISBN 978-0-19-923169-0.
- 1 2 3 4 Unterberger, Betty Miller (2002). "Self-Determination". Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on February 20, 2008 – via FindArticles.CS1 maint: unfit url (link)
- 1 2 "What Is Meant By The Self-Determination of Nations?". Marxists.org. Retrieved 2012-03-04.
- ↑ Lewis, Tom (October–November 2000). "Marxism and Nationalism". International Socialist Review (14). Retrieved 22 October 2022.
- ↑ "The World in 1945" (PDF). United nations. May 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-01-13. Retrieved 2012-03-04.
- 1 2 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named "Macmillan, Margaret page 211".