Winston Churchill

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Winston Churchill
Murya
member of the 42nd Parliament of the United Kingdom (en) Fassara

8 Oktoba 1959 - 25 Satumba 1964
District: Woodford (en) Fassara
Election: 1959 United Kingdom general election (en) Fassara
member of the 41st Parliament of the United Kingdom (en) Fassara

26 Mayu 1955 - 18 Satumba 1959
District: Woodford (en) Fassara
Election: 1955 United Kingdom general election (en) Fassara
Secretary of State for Defence (en) Fassara

28 Oktoba 1951 - 1 ga Maris, 1952
Manny Shinwell (en) Fassara - Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis (en) Fassara
Firaministan Birtaniya

26 Oktoba 1951 - 5 ga Afirilu, 1955
Clement Attlee (en) Fassara - Anthony Eden (en) Fassara
member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom (en) Fassara

25 Oktoba 1951 - 6 Mayu 1955
District: Woodford (en) Fassara
Election: 1951 United Kingdom general election (en) Fassara
member of the 39th Parliament of the United Kingdom (en) Fassara

23 ga Faburairu, 1950 - 5 Oktoba 1951
District: Woodford (en) Fassara
Election: 1950 United Kingdom general election (en) Fassara
Representative of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (en) Fassara

13 ga Augusta, 1949 - 26 Nuwamba, 1951
Leader of the Opposition (en) Fassara

26 ga Yuli, 1945 - 26 Oktoba 1951
Clement Attlee (en) Fassara - Clement Attlee (en) Fassara
member of the 38th Parliament of the United Kingdom (en) Fassara

5 ga Yuli, 1945 - 3 ga Faburairu, 1950
District: Woodford (en) Fassara
Election: 1945 United Kingdom general election (en) Fassara
Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports (en) Fassara

28 Oktoba 1941 - 24 ga Janairu, 1965
Leader of the Conservative Party (en) Fassara

9 Nuwamba, 1940 - 6 ga Afirilu, 1955
Neville Chamberlain (en) Fassara - Anthony Eden (en) Fassara
Leader of the House of Commons (en) Fassara

10 Mayu 1940 - 19 ga Faburairu, 1942
Neville Chamberlain (en) Fassara - Stafford Cripps (en) Fassara
Firaministan Birtaniya

10 Mayu 1940 - 26 ga Yuli, 1945
Neville Chamberlain (en) Fassara - Clement Attlee (en) Fassara
Secretary of State for Defence (en) Fassara

10 Mayu 1940 - 26 ga Yuli, 1945
Ernle Chatfield, 1st Baron Chatfield (en) Fassara - Clement Attlee (en) Fassara
colonel (en) Fassara

24 ga Janairu, 1940 -
First Lord of the Admiralty (en) Fassara

3 Satumba 1939 - 11 Mayu 1940
James Stanhope, 7th Earl Stanhope (en) Fassara - A. V. Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Hillsborough (en) Fassara
member of the 37th Parliament of the United Kingdom (en) Fassara

14 Nuwamba, 1935 - 15 ga Yuni, 1945
District: Epping (en) Fassara
Election: 1935 United Kingdom general election (en) Fassara
member of the 36th Parliament of the United Kingdom (en) Fassara

27 Oktoba 1931 - 25 Oktoba 1935
District: Epping (en) Fassara
Election: 1931 United Kingdom general election (en) Fassara
member of the 35th Parliament of the United Kingdom (en) Fassara

30 Mayu 1929 - 7 Oktoba 1931
District: Epping (en) Fassara
Election: 1929 United Kingdom general election (en) Fassara
Chancellor of the Exchequer (en) Fassara

6 Nuwamba, 1924 - 4 ga Yuni, 1929
Philip Snowden, 1st Viscount Snowden (en) Fassara - Philip Snowden, 1st Viscount Snowden (en) Fassara
member of the 34th Parliament of the United Kingdom (en) Fassara

29 Oktoba 1924 - 10 Mayu 1929
District: Epping (en) Fassara
Election: 1924 United Kingdom general election (en) Fassara
Secretary of State for the Colonies (en) Fassara

13 ga Faburairu, 1921 - 19 Oktoba 1922
Alfred Milner, 1st Viscount Milner (en) Fassara - Victor Cavendish, 9th Duke of Devonshire (en) Fassara
Secretary of State for Air (en) Fassara

10 ga Janairu, 1919 - 13 ga Faburairu, 1921
William Weir, 1st Viscount Weir (en) Fassara - Frederick Guest (en) Fassara
Secretary of State for War (en) Fassara

10 ga Janairu, 1919 - 13 ga Faburairu, 1921
Alfred Milner, 1st Viscount Milner (en) Fassara - Sir Laming Worthington-Evans, 1st Baronet (en) Fassara
member of the 31st Parliament of the United Kingdom (en) Fassara

14 Disamba 1918 - 26 Oktoba 1922
District: Dundee (en) Fassara
Election: 1918 United Kingdom general election (en) Fassara
Minister of Munitions (en) Fassara

17 ga Yuli, 1917 - 10 ga Janairu, 1919
Christopher Addison, 1st Viscount Addison (en) Fassara - Andrew Weir, 1st Baron Inverforth (en) Fassara
Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster (en) Fassara

25 Mayu 1915 - 25 Nuwamba, 1915
Edwin Samuel Montagu (en) Fassara - Herbert Samuel, 1st Viscount Samuel (en) Fassara
rector (en) Fassara

1914 - 1918
Andrew Carnegie (en) Fassara - Weetman Pearson, 1st Viscount Cowdray (en) Fassara
First Lord of the Admiralty (en) Fassara

24 Oktoba 1911 - 25 Mayu 1915
Reginald McKenna (en) Fassara - Arthur Balfour (en) Fassara
member of the 30th Parliament of the United Kingdom (en) Fassara

3 Disamba 1910 - 25 Nuwamba, 1918
District: Dundee (en) Fassara
Election: December 1910 United Kingdom general election (en) Fassara
Home Secretary (en) Fassara

19 ga Faburairu, 1910 - 24 Oktoba 1911
Herbert Gladstone, 1st Viscount Gladstone (en) Fassara - Reginald McKenna (en) Fassara
member of the 29th Parliament of the United Kingdom (en) Fassara

15 ga Janairu, 1910 - 28 Nuwamba, 1910
District: Dundee (en) Fassara
Election: January 1910 United Kingdom general election (en) Fassara
member of the 28th Parliament of the United Kingdom (en) Fassara

9 Mayu 1908 - 10 ga Janairu, 1910
District: Dundee (en) Fassara
Election: 1908 Dundee by-election (en) Fassara
member of the 28th Parliament of the United Kingdom (en) Fassara

12 ga Janairu, 1906 - 16 ga Afirilu, 1908
District: Manchester North West (en) Fassara
Election: 1906 United Kingdom general election (en) Fassara
member of the 27th Parliament of the United Kingdom (en) Fassara

1 Mayu 1904 - 8 ga Janairu, 1906
District: Oldham (en) Fassara
member of the 27th Parliament of the United Kingdom (en) Fassara

1 Oktoba 1900 - 1 Mayu 1904
District: Oldham (en) Fassara
Election: 1900 United Kingdom general election (en) Fassara
Member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom (en) Fassara

Rayuwa
Cikakken suna Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill
Haihuwa Blenheim Palace (en) Fassara, 30 Nuwamba, 1874
ƙasa Birtaniya
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
Mazauni Dublin
Blenheim Palace (en) Fassara
Harshen uwa Turancin Birtaniya
Mutuwa Hyde Park Gate (en) Fassara, 24 ga Janairu, 1965
Makwanci St Martin's Church, Bladon (en) Fassara
Yanayin mutuwa Sababi na ainihi (Bugun jini)
Ƴan uwa
Mahaifi Lord Randolph Churchill
Mahaifiya Lady Randolph Churchill
Abokiyar zama Clementine Churchill, Baroness Spencer-Churchill (en) Fassara  (12 Satumba 1908 -  24 ga Janairu, 1965)
Yara
Ahali Jack Churchill (en) Fassara
Karatu
Makaranta Harrow School (en) Fassara
St George's School, Ascot (en) Fassara
Royal Military College, Sandhurst (en) Fassara
Stoke Brunswick School (en) Fassara
Harsuna Turanci
Faransanci
Sana'a
Sana'a ɗan siyasa, Masanin tarihi, ɗan jarida, painter (en) Fassara, autobiographer (en) Fassara, marubin wasannin kwaykwayo, biographer (en) Fassara, statesperson (en) Fassara, hafsa da marubuci
Wurin aiki Landan
Employers University of Edinburgh (en) Fassara
Muhimman ayyuka A History of the English-Speaking Peoples (en) Fassara
The Second World War (en) Fassara
A Traveller in War-Time (en) Fassara
Kyaututtuka
Ayyanawa daga
Mamba American Academy of Arts and Sciences (en) Fassara
Royal Society (en) Fassara
Society of the Cincinnati (en) Fassara
Order of the Garter (en) Fassara
Aikin soja
Fannin soja British Army (en) Fassara
cavalry (en) Fassara
Digiri colonel (en) Fassara
lieutenant colonel (en) Fassara
cadet (en) Fassara
second lieutenant (en) Fassara
major (en) Fassara
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Ya faɗaci Yakin Duniya na I
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Jam'iyar siyasa Conservative Party (en) Fassara
Liberal Party (en) Fassara
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IMDb nm0161476
hoton winston

Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill [lower-alpha 1] (30 Nuwamba 1874) – 24 Janairu 1965) ɗan Biritaniya ne, soja, kuma marubuci wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Firayim Minista na Burtaniya sau biyu, daga 1940 zuwa 1945 lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na biyu, kuma daga 1951 zuwa 1955. Baya ga shekaru biyu tsakanin 1922 zuwa 1924, ya kasance dan majalisa (MP) daga 1900 zuwa 1964 kuma ya wakilci mazabu biyar. A akidar tattalin arziki mai sassaucin ra'ayi kuma mai mulkin mallaka, ya kasance memba na Jam'iyyar Conservative a yawancin aikinsa, wanda ya jagoranci daga 1940 zuwa 1955. Ya kasance memba na Jam'iyyar Liberal daga 1904 zuwa 1924.

Na gauraye na Ingilishi da na Amurka, Churchill an haife shi ne a Oxfordshire zuwa ga arziƙi, dangin sarki. Ya shiga Sojan Biritaniya a 1895 kuma ya ga aiki a Biritaniya Indiya, Yaƙin Anglo-Sudan, da Yaƙin Boer na Biyu, ya sami suna a matsayin wakilin yaƙi da rubuta littattafai game da yaƙin neman zaɓe. An zabe shi dan majalisa mai ra'ayin mazan jiya a 1900, ya koma Liberals a 1904. A cikin gwamnatin masu sassaucin ra'ayi ta HH Asquith, Churchill ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Hukumar Kasuwanci da Sakataren Cikin Gida, mai fafutukar sake fasalin gidan yari da tsaron zamantakewar ma'aikata. A matsayinsa na lord na farko na Admiralty a lokacin yakin duniya na farko, ya kula da yakin Gallipoli amma, bayan ya tabbatar da annoba, an rage shi zuwa Chancellor na Duchy na Lancaster. Ya yi murabus a watan Nuwamba 1915 kuma ya shiga Royal Scots Fusiliers a Western Front na tsawon watanni shida. A cikin shekarar 1917, ya koma gwamnati a karkashin David Lloyd George kuma ya yi aiki a jere a matsayin Ministan Munitions, Sakataren Yaki, Sakatariyar Harkokin Jiragen Sama, da Sakataren Gwamnati na Mallaka, yana kula da yarjejeniyar Anglo-Irish da manufofin kasashen waje na Burtaniya a Gabas ta Tsakiya. Bayan shekaru biyu daga majalisar, ya yi aiki a matsayin Chancellor na Exchequer a gwamnatin Conservative ta Stanley Baldwin, ya maido da fam ɗin fam a 1925 zuwa ma'aunin zinare a daidai lokacin yaƙin yaƙin, matakin da ake gani da yawa a matsayin haifar da matsin lamba da kuma rage ɓacin rai. UK tattalin arziki.

Daga cikin gwamnati a lokacin da ake kiransa "shekarun jeji" a cikin shekarar 1930s, Churchill ya jagoranci yin kira ga Birtaniya da ta sake yin amfani da makamai don magance karuwar barazanar soja a Jamus na Nazi . A lokacin barkewar yakin duniya na biyu an sake nada shi Ubangijin Admiralty na Farko. A cikin Mayu 1940, ya zama Firayim Minista, ya gaji Neville Chamberlain. Churchill ya kafa gwamnati ta kasa kuma ya kula da shigar Birtaniyya a cikin yakin kawancen yaki da Axis iko, wanda ya haifar da nasara a 1945 . Bayan shan kayen da jam'iyyar Conservative ta yi a babban zaben shekarar 1945 ya zama shugaban 'yan adawa. A cikin yakin cacar baki da Tarayyar Soviet ke tasowa, ya yi kashedi a bainar jama'a game da "labule na ƙarfe" na tasirin Soviet a Turai da kuma haɓaka haɗin kan Turai. Tsakanin wa'adinsa na Firayim Minista, ya rubuta litattafai da yawa yana ba da labarin abubuwan da ya faru a lokacin yakin da aka ba shi kyautar Nobel ta adabi a 1953. Ya fadi zabe a shekarar 1950, amma a shekarar 1951 aka mayar da shi ofis. Wa'adinsa na biyu ya shagaltu da harkokin kasashen waje, musamman dangantakar Anglo-Amurka da kuma kiyaye abin da ya saura na Daular Biritaniya tare da Indiya a yanzu ba sa cikinsa. A cikin gida, gwamnatinsa ta jaddada gina gidaje kuma ta kammala kera makamin nukiliya (wanda ya riga ya fara). A cikin raguwar lafiya, Churchill ya yi murabus a matsayin Firayim Minista a 1955, kodayake ya kasance dan majalisar har zuwa 1964 . Bayan mutuwarsa a shekara ta 1965, an yi masa state funeral.

An yi la'akari da daya daga cikin manyan mutane na karni na 20, Churchill ya kasance sananne a cikin Anglosphere, inda ake ganinsa a matsayin jagoran yakin basasa wanda ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kare dimokiradiyya mai sassaucin ra'ayi na Turai daga yaduwar farkisanci. A daya bangaren kuma, an yi ta suka a kan wasu abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin yaki da kuma ra'ayinsa na daular.

Ƙuruciya[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

 

Yarantaka da makaranta: 1874-1895[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Jennie Spencer Churchill tare da 'ya'yanta biyu, Jack ( hagu ) da Winston ( dama ) a cikin 1889.

An haifi Churchill a ranar 30 ga Nuwamba 1874 a gidan kakanninsa, Blenheim Palace a Oxfordshire. [2] A gefen mahaifinsa, ya kasance memba na aristocracy na Biritaniya a matsayin zuriyar kai tsaye na Duke na 1st na Marlborough. Mahaifinsa, Lord Randolph Churchill, mai wakiltar Jam'iyyar Conservative, an zabe shi dan majalisa (MP) na Woodstock a 1873. Mahaifiyarsa, Jennie, 'yar Leonard Jerome, wani hamshakin dan kasuwa na Amurka.

A cikin 1876, kakan mahaifin Churchill, John Spencer-Churchill, Duke na 7 na Marlborough, an nada shi Mataimakin Ireland, sannan wani yanki na Burtaniya. Randolph ya zama sakatare na sirri kuma dangin sun ƙaura zuwa Dublin. An haifi ɗan'uwan Winston, Jack, a can a cikin 1880. A cikin yawancin shekarun 1880, Randolph da Jennie sun rabu da su sosai, [2] kuma 'yan'uwa sun kasance mafi yawan kulawa ta hanyar su nanny, Elizabeth Everest . [9] Lokacin da ta mutu a cikin 1895, Churchill ya rubuta cewa "ta kasance abokiyar ƙaunatacciya kuma mafi kusanci a cikin duka shekaru ashirin da na yi rayuwa". [3]

Churchill ya fara shiga makarantar St George's a Ascot, Berkshire, yana da shekaru bakwai amma ba ilimi ba ne kuma halinsa mara kyau. A cikin 1884 ya koma makarantar Brunswick a Hove, inda aikinsa na ilimi ya inganta. A cikin Afrilu 1888, yana da shekaru 13, ya ci nasara da ƙwaƙƙwaran jarrabawar shiga Makarantar Harrow. [4] Mahaifinsa ya so shi ya shirya don aikin soja don haka shekaru uku na ƙarshe a Harrow yana cikin aikin soja. Bayan yunƙuri biyu da bai yi nasara ba don samun shiga Makarantar Soja ta Royal, Sandhurst, ya yi nasara a kan na uku. An karɓe shi a matsayin ɗan wasan sojan doki, wanda ya fara a watan Satumba 1893. Mahaifinsa ya mutu a cikin Janairu 1895, wata daya bayan Churchill ya kammala karatunsa daga Sandhurst. [17]

Kuba, Indiya, da Sudan: 1895-1899[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Churchill a cikin rigar soja na 4th Queen's Own Hussars a Aldershot a 1895. [5]

A cikin watan Fabrairun 1895, an ba Churchill mukamin mukada na biyu a cikin 4th Queen's Own Hussars rejist na Birtaniya Army, tushen a Aldershot. Domin ya yi marmarin shaida ayyukan soja, ya yi amfani da ikon mahaifiyarsa don sanya kansa a yankin yaƙi. A cikin kaka na 1895, shi da abokinsa Reggie Barnes, wanda a lokacin subaltern, sun je Cuba don kallon yakin 'yancin kai kuma sun shiga cikin fadace-fadace bayan shiga sojojin Spain da ke yunkurin murkushe mayakan 'yancin kai. Churchill ya aika da rahotanni game da rikicin zuwa Daily Graphic a London. Ya ci gaba zuwa birnin New York kuma, cikin sha'awar Amurka, ya rubuta wa mahaifiyarsa game da "waɗanne manyan mutane ne Amurkawa!". [4] Tare da Hussars, ya tafi Bombay a watan Oktoba 1896. An kafa a Bangalore, ya kasance a Indiya tsawon watanni 19, ya ziyarci Calcutta sau uku kuma ya shiga balaguro zuwa Hyderabad da Arewa maso Yamma.

Winston Churchill a cikin abokan gwagwarmaya

A Indiya, Churchill ya fara aikin koyar da kansa, yana karanta yawancin marubutan da suka haɗa da Plato, Edward Gibbon, Charles Darwin da Thomas Babington Macaulay. Mahaifiyarsa ce ta aika masa da litattafan, wanda ya kasance tare da su akai-akai lokacin da suke waje. Domin sanin siyasa, ya kuma nemi mahaifiyarsa ta aiko masa da kwafin rijistar shekara-shekara, almanac na siyasa. [6] A cikin wata wasiƙa ta 1898 zuwa gare ta, ya yi nuni ga imaninsa na addini, yana mai cewa: "Ban yarda da Kiristanci ko wani nau'i na addini ba". [4] An yi wa Churchill baftisma a cikin Cocin Ingila [7] amma, kamar yadda ya fada daga baya, ya fuskanci yanayin gaba da Kiristanci a lokacin kuruciyarsa, kuma yayin da yake balagagge ya kasance mai bin Allah. A wata wasiƙa zuwa ga ɗaya daga cikin ’yan uwansa, ya kira addini a matsayin “narcotic mai daɗi” kuma ya bayyana fifiko ga Furotesta akan Roman Katolika saboda yana jin “mataki ne kusa da Dalili”. [4]




Manazarta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  1. Price, Bill (2009). Winston Churchill: War Leader. Harpenden: No Exit Press. p. 12. ISBN 978-18-42433-22-5.
  2. 2.0 2.1 Jenkins 2001.
  3. Best 2001.
  4. 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Gilbert 1991.
  5. Haffner 2003.
  6. Roberts 2018.
  7. Reagles & Larsen 2013.


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