Winston Churchill
Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill [lower-alpha 1] (30 Nuwamba 1874) – 24 Janairu 1965) ɗan Biritaniya ne, soja, kuma marubuci wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Firayim Minista na Burtaniya sau biyu, daga 1940 zuwa 1945 lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na biyu, kuma daga 1951 zuwa 1955. Baya ga shekaru biyu tsakanin 1922 zuwa 1924, ya kasance dan majalisa (MP) daga 1900 zuwa 1964 kuma ya wakilci mazabu biyar. A akidar tattalin arziki mai sassaucin ra'ayi kuma mai mulkin mallaka, ya kasance memba na Jam'iyyar Conservative a yawancin aikinsa, wanda ya jagoranci daga 1940 zuwa 1955. Ya kasance memba na Jam'iyyar Liberal daga 1904 zuwa 1924.
Na gauraye na Ingilishi da na Amurka, Churchill an haife shi ne a Oxfordshire zuwa ga arziƙi, dangin sarki. Ya shiga Sojan Biritaniya a 1895 kuma ya ga aiki a Biritaniya Indiya, Yaƙin Anglo-Sudan, da Yaƙin Boer na Biyu, ya sami suna a matsayin wakilin yaƙi da rubuta littattafai game da yaƙin neman zaɓe. An zabe shi dan majalisa mai ra'ayin mazan jiya a 1900, ya koma Liberals a 1904. A cikin gwamnatin masu sassaucin ra'ayi ta HH Asquith, Churchill ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Hukumar Kasuwanci da Sakataren Cikin Gida, mai fafutukar sake fasalin gidan yari da tsaron zamantakewar ma'aikata. A matsayinsa na lord na farko na Admiralty a lokacin yakin duniya na farko, ya kula da yakin Gallipoli amma, bayan ya tabbatar da annoba, an rage shi zuwa Chancellor na Duchy na Lancaster. Ya yi murabus a watan Nuwamba 1915 kuma ya shiga Royal Scots Fusiliers a Western Front na tsawon watanni shida. A cikin shekarar 1917, ya koma gwamnati a karkashin David Lloyd George kuma ya yi aiki a jere a matsayin Ministan Munitions, Sakataren Yaki, Sakatariyar Harkokin Jiragen Sama, da Sakataren Gwamnati na Mallaka, yana kula da yarjejeniyar Anglo-Irish da manufofin kasashen waje na Burtaniya a Gabas ta Tsakiya. Bayan shekaru biyu daga majalisar, ya yi aiki a matsayin Chancellor na Exchequer a gwamnatin Conservative ta Stanley Baldwin, ya maido da fam ɗin fam a 1925 zuwa ma'aunin zinare a daidai lokacin yaƙin yaƙin, matakin da ake gani da yawa a matsayin haifar da matsin lamba da kuma rage ɓacin rai. UK tattalin arziki.
Daga cikin gwamnati a lokacin da ake kiransa "shekarun jeji" a cikin shekarar 1930s, Churchill ya jagoranci yin kira ga Birtaniya da ta sake yin amfani da makamai don magance karuwar barazanar soja a Jamus na Nazi . A lokacin barkewar yakin duniya na biyu an sake nada shi Ubangijin Admiralty na Farko. A cikin Mayu 1940, ya zama Firayim Minista, ya gaji Neville Chamberlain. Churchill ya kafa gwamnati ta kasa kuma ya kula da shigar Birtaniyya a cikin yakin kawancen yaki da Axis iko, wanda ya haifar da nasara a 1945 . Bayan shan kayen da jam'iyyar Conservative ta yi a babban zaben shekarar 1945 ya zama shugaban 'yan adawa. A cikin yakin cacar baki da Tarayyar Soviet ke tasowa, ya yi kashedi a bainar jama'a game da "labule na ƙarfe" na tasirin Soviet a Turai da kuma haɓaka haɗin kan Turai. Tsakanin wa'adinsa na Firayim Minista, ya rubuta litattafai da yawa yana ba da labarin abubuwan da ya faru a lokacin yakin da aka ba shi kyautar Nobel ta adabi a 1953. Ya fadi zabe a shekarar 1950, amma a shekarar 1951 aka mayar da shi ofis. Wa'adinsa na biyu ya shagaltu da harkokin kasashen waje, musamman dangantakar Anglo-Amurka da kuma kiyaye abin da ya saura na Daular Biritaniya tare da Indiya a yanzu ba sa cikinsa. A cikin gida, gwamnatinsa ta jaddada gina gidaje kuma ta kammala kera makamin nukiliya (wanda ya riga ya fara). A cikin raguwar lafiya, Churchill ya yi murabus a matsayin Firayim Minista a 1955, kodayake ya kasance dan majalisar har zuwa 1964 . Bayan mutuwarsa a shekara ta 1965, an yi masa state funeral.
An yi la'akari da daya daga cikin manyan mutane na karni na 20, Churchill ya kasance sananne a cikin Anglosphere, inda ake ganinsa a matsayin jagoran yakin basasa wanda ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kare dimokiradiyya mai sassaucin ra'ayi na Turai daga yaduwar farkisanci. A daya bangaren kuma, an yi ta suka a kan wasu abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin yaki da kuma ra'ayinsa na daular.
Ƙuruciya
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Yarantaka da makaranta: 1874-1895
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An haifi Churchill a ranar 30 ga Nuwamba 1874 a gidan kakanninsa, Blenheim Palace a Oxfordshire. [2] A gefen mahaifinsa, ya kasance memba na aristocracy na Biritaniya a matsayin zuriyar kai tsaye na Duke na 1st na Marlborough. Mahaifinsa, Lord Randolph Churchill, mai wakiltar Jam'iyyar Conservative, an zabe shi dan majalisa (MP) na Woodstock a 1873. Mahaifiyarsa, Jennie, 'yar Leonard Jerome, wani hamshakin dan kasuwa na Amurka.
A cikin 1876, kakan mahaifin Churchill, John Spencer-Churchill, Duke na 7 na Marlborough, an nada shi Mataimakin Ireland, sannan wani yanki na Burtaniya. Randolph ya zama sakatare na sirri kuma dangin sun ƙaura zuwa Dublin. An haifi ɗan'uwan Winston, Jack, a can a cikin 1880. A cikin yawancin shekarun 1880, Randolph da Jennie sun rabu da su sosai, [2] kuma 'yan'uwa sun kasance mafi yawan kulawa ta hanyar su nanny, Elizabeth Everest . [9] Lokacin da ta mutu a cikin 1895, Churchill ya rubuta cewa "ta kasance abokiyar ƙaunatacciya kuma mafi kusanci a cikin duka shekaru ashirin da na yi rayuwa". [3]
Churchill ya fara shiga makarantar St George's a Ascot, Berkshire, yana da shekaru bakwai amma ba ilimi ba ne kuma halinsa mara kyau. A cikin 1884 ya koma makarantar Brunswick a Hove, inda aikinsa na ilimi ya inganta. A cikin Afrilu 1888, yana da shekaru 13, ya ci nasara da ƙwaƙƙwaran jarrabawar shiga Makarantar Harrow. [4] Mahaifinsa ya so shi ya shirya don aikin soja don haka shekaru uku na ƙarshe a Harrow yana cikin aikin soja. Bayan yunƙuri biyu da bai yi nasara ba don samun shiga Makarantar Soja ta Royal, Sandhurst, ya yi nasara a kan na uku. An karɓe shi a matsayin ɗan wasan sojan doki, wanda ya fara a watan Satumba 1893. Mahaifinsa ya mutu a cikin Janairu 1895, wata daya bayan Churchill ya kammala karatunsa daga Sandhurst. [17]
Kuba, Indiya, da Sudan: 1895-1899
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A cikin watan Fabrairun 1895, an ba Churchill mukamin mukada na biyu a cikin 4th Queen's Own Hussars rejist na Birtaniya Army, tushen a Aldershot. Domin ya yi marmarin shaida ayyukan soja, ya yi amfani da ikon mahaifiyarsa don sanya kansa a yankin yaƙi. A cikin kaka na 1895, shi da abokinsa Reggie Barnes, wanda a lokacin subaltern, sun je Cuba don kallon yakin 'yancin kai kuma sun shiga cikin fadace-fadace bayan shiga sojojin Spain da ke yunkurin murkushe mayakan 'yancin kai. Churchill ya aika da rahotanni game da rikicin zuwa Daily Graphic a London. Ya ci gaba zuwa birnin New York kuma, cikin sha'awar Amurka, ya rubuta wa mahaifiyarsa game da "waɗanne manyan mutane ne Amurkawa!". [4] Tare da Hussars, ya tafi Bombay a watan Oktoba 1896. An kafa a Bangalore, ya kasance a Indiya tsawon watanni 19, ya ziyarci Calcutta sau uku kuma ya shiga balaguro zuwa Hyderabad da Arewa maso Yamma.
A Indiya, Churchill ya fara aikin koyar da kansa, yana karanta yawancin marubutan da suka haɗa da Plato, Edward Gibbon, Charles Darwin da Thomas Babington Macaulay. Mahaifiyarsa ce ta aika masa da litattafan, wanda ya kasance tare da su akai-akai lokacin da suke waje. Domin sanin siyasa, ya kuma nemi mahaifiyarsa ta aiko masa da kwafin rijistar shekara-shekara, almanac na siyasa. [6] A cikin wata wasiƙa ta 1898 zuwa gare ta, ya yi nuni ga imaninsa na addini, yana mai cewa: "Ban yarda da Kiristanci ko wani nau'i na addini ba". [4] An yi wa Churchill baftisma a cikin Cocin Ingila [7] amma, kamar yadda ya fada daga baya, ya fuskanci yanayin gaba da Kiristanci a lokacin kuruciyarsa, kuma yayin da yake balagagge ya kasance mai bin Allah. A wata wasiƙa zuwa ga ɗaya daga cikin ’yan uwansa, ya kira addini a matsayin “narcotic mai daɗi” kuma ya bayyana fifiko ga Furotesta akan Roman Katolika saboda yana jin “mataki ne kusa da Dalili”. [4]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Price, Bill (2009). Winston Churchill: War Leader. Harpenden: No Exit Press. p. 12. ISBN 978-18-42433-22-5.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Jenkins 2001.
- ↑ Best 2001.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Gilbert 1991.
- ↑ Haffner 2003.
- ↑ Roberts 2018.
- ↑ Reagles & Larsen 2013.
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