Winston Churchill
Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill [lower-alpha 1] (30 Nuwamba 1874) – 24 Janairu 1965) ɗan Biritaniya ne, soja, kuma marubuci wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Firayim Minista na Burtaniya sau biyu, daga 1940 zuwa 1945 lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na biyu, kuma daga 1951 zuwa 1955. Baya ga shekaru biyu tsakanin 1922 zuwa 1924, ya kasance dan majalisa (MP) daga 1900 zuwa 1964 kuma ya wakilci mazabu biyar. A akidar tattalin arziki mai sassaucin ra'ayi kuma mai mulkin mallaka, ya kasance memba na Jam'iyyar Conservative a yawancin aikinsa, wanda ya jagoranci daga 1940 zuwa 1955. Ya kasance memba na Jam'iyyar Liberal daga 1904 zuwa 1924.
Na gauraye na Ingilishi da na Amurka, Churchill an haife shi ne a Oxfordshire zuwa ga arziƙi, dangin sarki. Ya shiga Sojan Biritaniya a 1895 kuma ya ga aiki a Biritaniya Indiya, Yaƙin Anglo-Sudan, da Yaƙin Boer na Biyu, ya sami suna a matsayin wakilin yaƙi da rubuta littattafai game da yaƙin neman zaɓe. An zabe shi dan majalisa mai ra'ayin mazan jiya a 1900, ya koma Liberals a 1904. A cikin gwamnatin masu sassaucin ra'ayi ta HH Asquith, Churchill ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Hukumar Kasuwanci da Sakataren Cikin Gida, mai fafutukar sake fasalin gidan yari da tsaron zamantakewar ma'aikata. A matsayinsa na lord na farko na Admiralty a lokacin yakin duniya na farko, ya kula da yakin Gallipoli amma, bayan ya tabbatar da annoba, an rage shi zuwa Chancellor na Duchy na Lancaster. Ya yi murabus a watan Nuwamba 1915 kuma ya shiga Royal Scots Fusiliers a Western Front na tsawon watanni shida. A cikin shekarar 1917, ya koma gwamnati a karkashin David Lloyd George kuma ya yi aiki a jere a matsayin Ministan Munitions, Sakataren Yaki, Sakatariyar Harkokin Jiragen Sama, da Sakataren Gwamnati na Mallaka, yana kula da yarjejeniyar Anglo-Irish da manufofin kasashen waje na Burtaniya a Gabas ta Tsakiya. Bayan shekaru biyu daga majalisar, ya yi aiki a matsayin Chancellor na Exchequer a gwamnatin Conservative ta Stanley Baldwin, ya maido da fam ɗin fam a 1925 zuwa ma'aunin zinare a daidai lokacin yaƙin yaƙin, matakin da ake gani da yawa a matsayin haifar da matsin lamba da kuma rage ɓacin rai. UK tattalin arziki.
Daga cikin gwamnati a lokacin da ake kiransa "shekarun jeji" a cikin shekarar 1930s, Churchill ya jagoranci yin kira ga Birtaniya da ta sake yin amfani da makamai don magance karuwar barazanar soja a Jamus na Nazi . A lokacin barkewar yakin duniya na biyu an sake nada shi Ubangijin Admiralty na Farko. A cikin Mayu 1940, ya zama Firayim Minista, ya gaji Neville Chamberlain. Churchill ya kafa gwamnati ta kasa kuma ya kula da shigar Birtaniyya a cikin yakin kawancen yaki da Axis iko, wanda ya haifar da nasara a 1945 . Bayan shan kayen da jam'iyyar Conservative ta yi a babban zaben shekarar 1945 ya zama shugaban 'yan adawa. A cikin yakin cacar baki da Tarayyar Soviet ke tasowa, ya yi kashedi a bainar jama'a game da "labule na ƙarfe" na tasirin Soviet a Turai da kuma haɓaka haɗin kan Turai. Tsakanin wa'adinsa na Firayim Minista, ya rubuta litattafai da yawa yana ba da labarin abubuwan da ya faru a lokacin yakin da aka ba shi kyautar Nobel ta adabi a 1953. Ya fadi zabe a shekarar 1950, amma a shekarar 1951 aka mayar da shi ofis. Wa'adinsa na biyu ya shagaltu da harkokin kasashen waje, musamman dangantakar Anglo-Amurka da kuma kiyaye abin da ya saura na Daular Biritaniya tare da Indiya a yanzu ba sa cikinsa. A cikin gida, gwamnatinsa ta jaddada gina gidaje kuma ta kammala kera makamin nukiliya (wanda ya riga ya fara). A cikin raguwar lafiya, Churchill ya yi murabus a matsayin Firayim Minista a 1955, kodayake ya kasance dan majalisar har zuwa 1964 . Bayan mutuwarsa a shekara ta 1965, an yi masa state funeral.
An yi la'akari da daya daga cikin manyan mutane na karni na 20, Churchill ya kasance sananne a cikin Anglosphere, inda ake ganinsa a matsayin jagoran yakin basasa wanda ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kare dimokiradiyya mai sassaucin ra'ayi na Turai daga yaduwar farkisanci. A daya bangaren kuma, an yi ta suka a kan wasu abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin yaki da kuma ra'ayinsa na daular.
Ƙuruciya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Yarantaka da makaranta: 1874-1895
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
An haifi Churchill a ranar 30 ga Nuwamba 1874 a gidan kakanninsa, Blenheim Palace a Oxfordshire. [2] A gefen mahaifinsa, ya kasance memba na aristocracy na Biritaniya a matsayin zuriyar kai tsaye na Duke na 1st na Marlborough. Mahaifinsa, Lord Randolph Churchill, mai wakiltar Jam'iyyar Conservative, an zabe shi dan majalisa (MP) na Woodstock a 1873. Mahaifiyarsa, Jennie, 'yar Leonard Jerome, wani hamshakin dan kasuwa na Amurka.
A cikin 1876, kakan mahaifin Churchill, John Spencer-Churchill, Duke na 7 na Marlborough, an nada shi Mataimakin Ireland, sannan wani yanki na Burtaniya. Randolph ya zama sakatare na sirri kuma dangin sun ƙaura zuwa Dublin. An haifi ɗan'uwan Winston, Jack, a can a cikin 1880. A cikin yawancin shekarun 1880, Randolph da Jennie sun rabu da su sosai, [2] kuma 'yan'uwa sun kasance mafi yawan kulawa ta hanyar su nanny, Elizabeth Everest . [9] Lokacin da ta mutu a cikin 1895, Churchill ya rubuta cewa "ta kasance abokiyar ƙaunatacciya kuma mafi kusanci a cikin duka shekaru ashirin da na yi rayuwa". [3]
Churchill ya fara shiga makarantar St George's a Ascot, Berkshire, yana da shekaru bakwai amma ba ilimi ba ne kuma halinsa mara kyau. A cikin 1884 ya koma makarantar Brunswick a Hove, inda aikinsa na ilimi ya inganta. A cikin Afrilu 1888, yana da shekaru 13, ya ci nasara da ƙwaƙƙwaran jarrabawar shiga Makarantar Harrow. [4] Mahaifinsa ya so shi ya shirya don aikin soja don haka shekaru uku na ƙarshe a Harrow yana cikin aikin soja. Bayan yunƙuri biyu da bai yi nasara ba don samun shiga Makarantar Soja ta Royal, Sandhurst, ya yi nasara a kan na uku. An karɓe shi a matsayin ɗan wasan sojan doki, wanda ya fara a watan Satumba 1893. Mahaifinsa ya mutu a cikin Janairu 1895, wata daya bayan Churchill ya kammala karatunsa daga Sandhurst. [17]
{Sfn|Gilbert|1991}}
Rayuwar farko
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Babban labarin: farkon rayuwar Winston Churchill Yarantaka da makaranta: 1874-1895
Jennie Spencer Churchill tare da 'ya'yanta biyu, Jack (hagu) da Winston (dama) a 1889 An haifi Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill a ranar 30 ga Nuwamba 1874 a gidan kakanninsa, Fadar Blenheim a Oxfordshire.,[5] A wajen mahaifinsa, ya kasance memba na aristocracy a matsayin zuriyar John Churchill, 1st Duke na Marlborough[6]Mahaifinsa, Lord Randolph Churchill, mai wakiltar Jam'iyyar Conservative, an zabe shi dan majalisa (MP) na Woodstock a cikin Fabrairu 1874.[7] Mahaifiyarsa ita ce Jennie, Lady Randolph Churchill, 'yar Leonard Jerome, wani ɗan kasuwa Ba'amurke.[[8]
[9] An haifi ɗan'hsuwan Winston, Jack, a can a cikin 1880[10] ] Domin yawancin shekarun 1880, Randolph da Jennie sun rabu sosai,[11] ] kuma ƴan'uwan da mahaifiyarsu, Elizabeth Everest ta kula da su.[12] Lokacin da ta mutu a shekara ta 1895, Churchill ya rubuta "ta kasance mafi soyuwa kuma mafi kusanci da aboki a cikin dukan shekaru ashirin da na yi."[13] [14] A cikin 1884, ya koma makarantar Brunswick a Hove, inda aikinsa na ilimi ya inganta.[15] cikin Afrilu 1888, yana da shekaru 13, ya ci jarrabawar shiga makarantar Harrow.[16] Mahaifinsa ya so ya shirya don aikin soja, don haka shekaru uku na ƙarshe a Harrow yana cikin aikin soja.[17] Bayan biyu.[18] karɓe shi a matsayin ɗan wasan sojan doki, tun daga watan Satumba na shekara ta 1893.[19] Mahaifinsa ya rasu a watan Janairun shekara ta 1895.[20]
Kuba, Indiya, da Sudan: 1895-1899
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Churchill a cikin rigar soja na Sarauniya Hussars ta 4th a Aldershot a cikin 1895[18] A cikin Fabrairu 1895, an ba Churchill mukamin mukada na biyu a cikin 4th Queen's Own Hussars rejist na Birtaniya Army, tushen a Aldershot.[21] da yake son ya shaida aikin soja, ya yi amfani da ikon mahaifiyarsa wajen tura shi yankin yaki.[22] A cikin tafsirin[23] Churchill ya aika da ahotanni zuwa Daily Graphic a Landan.[24] Ya ci gaba zuwa New York kuma ya rubuta wa mahaifiyarsa game da "waɗanne manyan mutane ne [25] da Hussars, ya tafi Bombay a cikiOktoba 1896.[26] [27] [28] A Indiya, Churchill ya fara aikin koyar da kansa, [29] yana karantawa sosai ciki har da Plato, Edward Gibbon, Charles Darwin da Thomas Babington Macaulay.[30]] A cikin wasiƙar 1898 ya yi ishara da aƙidarsa yana mai cewa: “Ban yarda da Kiristanci ko wani nau’in akidar addini ba”[31] An yi wa Churchill baftisma a cikin Cocin Ingila[32] amma ya fuskanci yanayin gaba da Kiristanci a lokacin kuruciyarsa, [33] kuma yayin da yake balagagge ya kasance mai rashin imani.[34]A wata wasika zuwa ga wani mataki kusa Dalili[35] [36] Mai sha'awar al'amuran majalisa, [37] .[38] Maimakon haka, ya haɗa kansa ga reshen dimokuradiyya na Tory na Conservatives kuma a ziyarar da ya kai gida, ya ba da jawabinsa na farko na Primrose League na jam'iyyar a Claverton Down.[39] [40] [41] [42] [43] ya koma ga tabbatacce reviews.[44] ya rubuta aikin sa kawai na almara, Savrola, soyayyar Ruritanian.[45] Ku",[46] [47] ,[48]
Siyasa da Afirka ta Kudu
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Churchill a cikin 1900 a kusa da lokacin zabensa na farko zuwa Majalisar[49] Churchill ya yi magana a tarurrukan Conservative[50]kuma an zabe shi a matsayin daya daga cikin 'yan takara biyu na jam'iyyar don zaben Oldham na Yuni 1899.[51] ] Yayin yakin neman zabe, ya kira kansa a matsayin "mai ra'ayin mazan jiya da kuma Tory Democrat"[52] . Ko da yake kujerun sun kasance a hannun masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, sakamakon ya kasance ƙunƙunwar nasara ta masu sassaucin ra'ayi.,[53] [54] Kamar yadda .[,[55] [56] cikin Oktoba, ya yi tafiya zuwa yankin rikici kusa da Ladysmith, wanda sojojin Boer suka yi wa kawanya, sannan ya nufi Colenso.[57] yakin Chieveley, jirgin nasa ya bijire da harsashin bindigar Boer, kuma an kama shi a matsayin fursuna na yaki (POW) aka shigar da shi a sansanin POW a Pretoria.[58] A cikin Afirka.[59]Gudun da ya yi ya jawo jama’a da yawa.[60] [61]
A cikin .[62] Ya kasance daga cikin sojojin Birtaniya na farko a wurare biyu. Tare da dan uwansa Charles Spencer-Churchill, Duke na Marlborough na 9, ya nemi kuma ya karbi mika wuya na masu gadin sansanin Boer 52.[63] cikin yakin, ya fito fili ya tsawata wa kyamar Boer, yana mai kira da a yi musu da "karimci da hakuri", [64] sanana ya bukaci Birtaniyya da su kasance masu girman kai a cikin nasara.[65] sayar da kyau[66]
[67] cikin wannan watan, ya buga Maris na Ian Hamilton, littafi game da abubuwan da ya faru a Afirka ta Kudu, [[68] [69] [70] A cikin bazara 1901, ya ba da laccoci a Paris, Madrid, da Gibraltar.[71]
MP mai ra'ayin mazan jiya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Churchill a cikin 1904 lokacin da ya ketare bene. A cikin watan Fabrairun 1901, Churchill ya hau kujerarsa a majalisar dokokin kasar, inda jawabinsa na farko ya samu yaduwa.[72] ya haɗu da ƙungiyar Conservatives da aka nasani da Hughligans, [73] mma yana sukar sojojin ruwa.[74] Wannan ya harzuka gaban benci na Conservative amma masu sa[75] ra'ayi sun sami goyon bayansu, wanda ya kara cudanya da su, musamman masu sassaucin ra'ayi irin su H. H. Asquith.[76] daa baya Churchill ya rubuta cewa ya “juya a hankali zuwa hagu”[77] ya yi la'akari a asirce "halittar a hankali ta hanyar tsarin juyin halitta na jam'iyyar Democrat ko ci gaba ga Jam'iyyar Conservative", [78] ko kuma a madadin "Jam'iyyar Tsakiya" don haɗakar Conservatives da Liberals.[79]
[80] Churchill yana ganin cewa kiyayyar 'yan jam'iyyar za ta hana shi samun mukamin majalisar ministoci a karkashin gwamnatin Conservative. Jam'iyyar masu sassaucin ra'ayi ta kasance tana samun goyon baya mai girma, don haka yunkurinsa a shekara ta 1904 na iya samun tasiri ga buri.[81] Ya ƙara yin zaɓe tare da masu sassaucin ra'ayi.[82] misali, ya yi adawa da karuwar kudaden soji, [83] ya goyi bayan dokar Liberal don maido da haƙƙin doka ga ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago, [84] da kuma adawa da gabatar da jadawalin kuɗin fito.[85] Gwamnatin Arthur Balfour ta sanar da dokar kariyar a watan Oktoba 1903.[86] ] [87] A cikin watan Mayun 1904, Churchill ya yi adawa da kudurin dokar Aliens da gwamnati ta yi, wanda aka tsara don dakile shige da ficen Yahudawa.[88] ] Ya samu gagarumar riba.”[89] A ranar 31 ga Mayun 1904, ya haye bene ya zauna a matsayin memba na Jam’iyyar Liberal[90]
MP mai sassaucin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]ra'ayi: 1904-1908 Babban labarin: Winston Churchill's Liberal Party shekaru, 1904-1924
Churchill da Kaiser Wilhelm na biyu na Jamus yayin wani aikin soja kusa da Breslau, Silesia, a shekara ta 1906 A matsayinsa na mai sassaucin ra'ayi, Churchill ya kai hari ga manufofin gwamnati kuma ya sami suna a matsayin mai tsattsauran ra'ayi a ƙarƙashin tasirin John Morley da David Lloyd George.[91] A cikin .[92] Da fatan samun rinjaye na aiki, Campbell-Bannerman ya kira babban zabe a watan Janairu 1906, wanda masu sassaucin ra'ayi suka yi nasara a gagarumin rinjaye.[93] Churchill ya lashe kujerar Manchester North West, [94] ] kuma an buga tarihin mahaifinsa, [95] wanda ya sami biyan kuɗi na gaba na £ 8,000.[96] an karɓe shi sosa[97] an buga tarihin farko na Churchill da kansa, wanda Liberal MacCallum Scott ya rubuta, a wannan lokacin.[98]
A cikin d.[99] yi aiki a ƙarƙashin Sakataren Gwamnati na Mallaka, Victor Bruce, 9th Earl of Elgin, [100] ] kuma ya ɗauki Edward Marsh a matsayin sakatarensa; Marsh ya kasance sakatarensa na tsawon shekaru 25.[101] Aikin farko na Churchill shine taimakawa wajen tsara kundin tsarin mulki na Transvaal;,[102] kuma ya taimaka wajen sa ido kan kafa gwamnati a cikin Kogin Orange Colony.[103] cikin mu'amala da kudancin Afirka, ya nemi tabbatar da daidaito tsakanin Burtaniya da Boers.[104] Ya .[105] bayyana damuwarsa game da alakar da ke tsakanin mazauna Turai da bakar fata na Afirka; bayan da ‘yan kabilar Zulu suka kaddamar da Tawayen Bambatha a Natal, Churchill ya koka da yadda Turawa suka yi “masu kisan gilla na ’yan kasa”[106]
Gwamnatin Asquith:
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]1908-1915 Babban labarin: Winston Churchill's Liberal Party shekaru, 1904-1924 Shugaban Hukumar Kasuwanci: 1908-1910
Churchill da angonsa Clementine Hozier jim kadan kafin aurensu a 1908 Tare da Campbell-Bannerman da ke fama da rashin lafiya, Asquith ya zama Firayim Minista a cikin Afrilu 1908. Ya nada Churchill a matsayin Shugaban Hukumar Kasuwanci.[107] yana da shekaru 33, Churchill shi ne mafi karancin shekaru a majalisar ministoci tun 1866.[108] sabkn Ministocin da aka nada a bisa doka sun wajaba su sake tsayawa takara a zaben fidda gwani. A ranar 24 ga Afrilu, Churchill ya sha kaye a zaben fidda gwani na Manchester North West zuwa dan takarar Conservative da kuri'u 429.[109] A ranar 9 ga Mayu, masu sassaucin ra'ayi sun tsayar da shi a wurin zaman lafiya na Dundee, inda ya yi nasara cikin kwanciyar hankali.[110] [111] [112] [113] a cikin 1909.[[114] [115] Nasarar aurensu yana da mahimmanci ga aikin Churchill kamar yadda soyayyar Clementine ta ba shi aminci da farin ciki.[116]
Daya , akan Kogin Tyne.[117] na [118] [119]
Ci gaba da aikin Lloyd George, [120] rana.[121] A Cikin [122] A cikin neman aikin yi[123] jihar[124] nkinsenkins 2001 [125] [126] ƙin yarda da yaƙi da Jamus ba makawa.[127] A matsayinsa na Chancellor, Lloyd George ya gabatar da "Kudifin Jama'a" a ranar 29 ga Afrilu 1909, yana mai kira da kasafin yaki don kawar da talauci. Tare da Churchill a matsayin na kusa da shi, [128] Lloyd George ya ba da shawarar harajin da ba a taɓJenkins 2001, pp. 154–157; Toye 2007, pp. 54–55a gani ba a kan masu arziki don tallafawa shirye-shiryen jin daɗin Liberal.[129] [130] , [131]] .[132] ya [133] A watan Afrilu, Ubangijin Ubangiji ya tuba, kuma kasafin jama'a ya wuce.[134] ya rage kuma ya takura masa[135] [136] shirin sake fasalin gidan yari.[137] .M[138] s, [139]to da buqatar gudanar da nishadi sau hudu a shekara.[[140] [141] ..[142] An soke daurin mutane masu shekaru tsakanin 16 zuwa 21 sai dai manyan laifuka.[143] cikin mutuwar 43.[144] [145] [146] [147] [148] s.[149] ] .[150] kamar yadda suka karva[151] A keɓe, Churchill yana ɗaukar masu ma'adinai da masu hakar ma'adinai a matsayin "marasa hankali sosai" [152] Times da sauran kafofin watsa labaru sun zarge shi da kasancewa mai laushi a kan masu tayar da hankali;[153] ] a cikin .[154] Churchill ya haifar da zato na tsawon lokaci na ƙungiyoyin aiki.[155]
[156] A cikin Janairu 1911, [157] ya tsaya tare da 'yan sanda duk da cewa bai jagoranci aikinsu ba.[158] [159].[160]
A cikin .[161]Ya fitar da siffa[144]. A cikin Afrilu, Lloyd George ya gabatar da dokar inshora ta farko ta kiwon lafiya da rashin aikin yi, Dokar Inshora ta Ƙasa ta 1911, wadda Churchill ya yi amfani da shi wajen tsarawa.[162] A watan Mayu, Clementine ta haifi ɗa na biyu, Randolph, mai suna bayan mahaifin Winston.[163] da gane da karuwar rikicin cikin gida a cikin 1911, Churchill ya aika da sojoji cikin Liverpool don kwantar da masu zanga-zangar adawa da yajin aikin jirgin kasa na kasa[164]
Ubangijin farko na Admiralty
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A matsayin Ubangijin Farko na Admiralty, mazaunin Churchill na London shine Admiralty House. A cikin Oktoba 1911, Asquith ya nada Churchill na farko Ubangijin Admiralty, [167] kuma ya zauna a hukumance a Admiralty House.[168] Ya halicci rundunar sojan ruwa[169] da.[170]Bayan da Jamus ta zartar da doar sojan ruwa ta 1912 don ƙara yawan samar da jiragen ruwa, Churchill ya yi alƙawarin cewa ga kowane sabon jirgin ruwan Jamus, Biritaniya za ta gina biyu.[171] [172] [173] Churchill ya yunƙura don samun ƙarin albashi da ƙarin wuraren nishaɗi ga ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa, [174] ] ƙarin jiragen ruwa, [175] da sabunta mayar da hankali kan sabis na jiragen ruwa na Royal Naval, yana ƙarfafa su don gwada yadda za a yi amfani da jirgin sama don dalilai na soja.[176] [177] [178] ,[179]
Batu na tsakiya a Biritaniya shine Dokar Gida ta Irish kuma, a cikin 1912, gwamnatin Asquith ta gabatar da Dokar Gida.[180] [181][182] [183] [184]Neman sulhu, Churchill ya ba da shawarar Ireland ta ci gaba da zama wani ɓangare na Tarayyar Birtaniya, amma wannan ya fusata masu sassaucin ra'ayi da 'yan Irish.[185]
,[186] [187] .[188] na uku, Sarah. karfafawa[189] s.[190] [191] cikin Nuwamba, Asquith ya kira Majalisar Yaƙi ciki har da Churchill.[192] [193] Churchill yana sha'awar wasan kwaikwayo na Gabas ta Tsakiya, kuma yana so ya rage matsin lamba ga Rashawa a yankin Caucasus ta hanyar kai hare-hare kan Turkiyya a Dardanelles. Ya yi fatan cewa Birtaniya za su iya kwace Konstantinoful[174]. An ba da izini.[194] [195] [196]
Hidimar soja, 1915-1916
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Babban labarin: Winston Churchill's Liberal Party shekaru, 1904-1924 [197] Churchill ya umarci Battalion ta 6, Royal Scots Fusiliers, 1916. A ranar 25 ga Nuwamba 1915, Churchill ya yi murabus daga gwamnati, kodayake ya kasance dan majalisa. Asquith ya ki amincewa da bukatarsa na a nada shi Gwamna-Janar na Birtaniya ta Gabashin Afirka.[198] Churchill ya yanke shawarar komawa aiki tare da Sojoji kuma an haɗa shi da 2nd Grenadier Guards, a Yammacin Gabar.[199] A cikin Janairu 1916, an ƙara masa girma na ɗan lokaci zuwa laftanar-kanar kuma an ba shi umarni na 6th Royal Scots Fusiliers.[[200] [201],[202] ] Churchill ya tsallake rijiya da baya alokacin da, a ziyarar da dan uwansa Duke na Marlborough ya kai masa, wni katon gungu ya fado a tsakaninsu.[203] watan Mayu, an haɗa Fusiliers na Royal Scots na 6 zuwa Division na 15. Churchill bai nemi sabon umarni ba, a maimakon haka ya sami izinin barin sabis mai aiki[204] matsayi na wucin gadi ya ƙare a ranar 16 ga Mayu 1916, lokacin da ya koma matsayin manyan [205] [206]
[207] A cikin Nuwamba 1916 ne ya rubuta "Mafi girman aikace-aikacen injiniyoyi don gabatar da wani hari a kan ƙasa", amma ya faɗi a kunne.[[208] Ya ji takaicin rashin ofis, amma ‘yan jarida masu goyon bayan Conservative sun zarge shi da laifin bala’in Gallipoli.[[209] ya yi gardama kan kararsa a gaban Hukumar Dardanelles, wanda rahotonta bai dora alhakin gazawar yakin neman zaben ba a kansa da kansa.[210]
Ministan Al'adu
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cikin Oktoba 1916, Asquith ya yi murabus a matsayin firayim minista kuma Lloyd George ya gaje shi wanda, a cikin Mayu 1917, ya aika Churchill ya duba yunkurin yakin Faransa.[211] cikin watan Yuli, an nada Churchill a matsayin ministan al'adu[212] ]. Ya yi shawarwarin kawo karshen yajin aikin da aka yi a masana'antar harhada bindigogi tare da Clyde da kuma karuwar yawan alburusai.[213] cikin wasiƙar da ya rubuta a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1917 zuwa ga abokan aikinsa na majalisar ministocin, ya rubuta shirin kai hari a shekara mai zuwa, wanda zai kawo nasara ta ƙarshe ga Ƙungiyoyin Ƙawance.[214]Ya kawo karshen yajin aikin na biyu, a watan Yuni 1918, ta hanyayin barazanar shigar da masu yajin aikin soja.[215] cikin House of Commons Churchill ya kada kuri'a don goyon bayan dokar wakilcin jama'a ta 1918, wadda ta ba wa wasu mata 'yancin kada kuri'a.[216] cikin Nuwamba 1918, kwana huɗu bayan Armistice, an haifi ɗa na huɗu na Churchill, Marigold.,[217]
1919-1921
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Churchill ya sadu da ma'aikata mata a ayyukan cikawa na Georgetown kusa da Glasgow a cikin Oktoba 1918. Lloyd George ya kira babban zabe na 14 ga Disamba 1918.[218] lokacin yakin neman zabe, Churchill ya yi kira da a may da layin dogo kasa kasa, da kula da mulkin mallaka, da sake fasalin haraji, da kuma kafa kungiyar kasashen duniya don hana yaƙe-yaƙe.[219] An mayar da shi a matsayin dan majalisa na Dundee kuma, ko da yake Conservatives ya sami rinjaye, Lloyd George ya kasance a matsayin firaminista.[220] A cikin Janairu 1919, Lloyd George ya koma Churchill zuwa Ofishin Yaki a matsayin duka Sakataren Yaki da Sakatariyar Harkokin Sama.[221]
[222] Churchill yana daya daga cikin ’yan kalilan din gwamnati da suka yi adawa da tsauraran matakai a kan Jamus, [223] kuma ya yi gargadi game da ruguza sojojin Jamus, yana mai gargadin cewa za a iya bukatar su a matsayin katangar yaki da Soviet Rasha.[224] Ya yi kakkausar suka ga gwamnatin jam'iyyar gurguzu ta Vladimir Lenin a Rasha.[225] Da farko ya goyi bayan yin amfani da sojojin Burtaniya don taimakawa sojojin farar fata masu adawa da kwaminisanci a yakin basasar Rasha, [[226] amma nan da nan ya gane sha'awar mutane na dawo da su gida[227] Bayan da Soviets suka yi nasara a yakin basasa, Churchill ya ba da shawarar yin amfani da cordon sanitaire a cikin ƙasar.[[228]
A cikin Yaƙin 'Yancin Irish, ya goyi bayan amfani da Baƙar fata da Tans don yaƙar ƴan juyin juya hali na Irish.[[229] [230] Ya ga mamayar da aka yi wa Iraki a matsain wani maguɗi ne ga Biritaniya, kuma ya ba da shawara, ba tare da samun nasara ba, cewa gwamnati ta mayar da ikonta ga Turkiyya.[231]
Sakatn Gwamnati na Mallaka: 1921-1922 Churchill a matsayin Sakataren Gwamnati na Mallaka yayin ziyararsa zuwa Falasdinu Tilas, Tel Aviv, 1921. Churchill a matsayin Sakataren Gwamnati na Mallaka yayin ziyararsa zuwa Falasdinu na wajibi, Tel Aviv, 1921
Babban gidan Churchill shine Chartwell a Kent. Churchill ya zama Sakataren Gwamnati na Mallaka a cikin Fabrairu 1921.[232] faru ne a birnin Paris, inda Churchill ya baje kolin a karkashin sunan sa.[233]A watan Mayu, mahaifiyarsa ta mutu, a watan Agusta kuma 'yarsa Marigold, daga sepsis.[234] ya mutu sakamakon mutuwar Marld har tsawon rayuwarsa.[235]
Churchill ya shiga cikin tattaunawa tare da shugabannin Sinn Féin kuma ya taimaka wajen tsara yarjejeniyar Anglo-Irish.[236] shi ne ke da alhakin rage tsadar mamayar yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya,[237] kuma yana da hannu wajen kafa Faisal I na Iraki da Abdullah I na Jordan.[238] Churchill ya yi tattaki zuwa Falasdinu na wajibi inda matsayinsa na mai goyon bayan yahudawan sahyoniya, ya ki amincewa da bukatar Falasdinawa Larabawa na hana hijirar Yahudawa[239] ba da izini na wucin gadi bayan tarzomar Jaff[240]
A shekara ta 1922 babban zabe.[241]
gidan iyalansa[242] A cikin Oktoba 1922, an yi masa tiyata a cikin appendectomy. Yayin da yake asibiti, kawancen Lloyd George ya wargaje. A babban zaben, Churchill ya rasa kujerar Dundee[243] zuwa Ed.[244] an ɗaukaka shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mambobi 50 na Order of the Companions of Honour, kamar yadda mai suna Lloyd George's 1922 Dissolution Honors list.[245]
Daga Majalisa: 1922-1924
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Babban labarin: Winston Churchill's Liberal Party shekaru, 1904-1924
Churchill tare da yara Randolph da Diana a 1923[246] Churchill ya shafe yawancin watanni shida masu zuwa a Villa Rêve d'Or kusa da Cannes, inda ya sadaukar da kansa wajen yin zane da rubuta abubuwan tarihinsa.[247] ya rubuta tarihin tarihin yakin, The World Crisis. An buga juzu'in farko a watan Afrilu 1923 sauran kuma a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa.[248] batan da aka kira babban zaɓe na 1923, ƙungiyoyi bakwai masu sassaucin ra'ayi sun nemi Churchill ya tsaya a matsayin ɗan takararsu, kuma ya zaɓi Leicester West, amma bai yi nasara ba[249] Gwamnatin Labour karkashin jagorancin Ramsay MacDonald ta karbi mulki. Churchill ya yi fatan za a ci nasara a hannun kawancen Conservative-Liberal.[250] Ya yi kakkausar suka ga matakin da gwamnatin MacDonald ta dauka na ba da rancen kudi ga Tarayyar Soviet kuma ya ji tsoron sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Anglo-Soviet[251] [252] [253] amma aka ci shi[254] watan Mayu, ya yi jawabi a taron masura'ayin mazan jiya a Liverpool kuma ya bayyana cewa babu sauran gurbi ga jam'iyyar Liberal a cikin siyasa. Ya ce dole ne masu sassaucin ra'ayi su goyi bayan masu ra'ayin mazan jiya don dakatar da Labour da kuma tabbatar da "nasara na nasarar gurguzu"[255] a watan Yuli, ".[256]Yan Conservatives sun yi nasara, kuma Baldwin ya kafa sabuwar gwamnati. Duk da cewa Churchill ba shi da ilimin kudi ko tattalin arziki, Baldwin ya nada shi a matsayin Chancellor.[257] [258] [259] [260]
"Shekarun Daji": 1929-1939
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Babban labarin: Winston Churchill's "Wilderness" shekaru, 1929-1939 Tambayar Marlborough da Indiya: 1929-1932 [261] [262] ] A bayan ofis, Churchill ya kasance mai saurin kamuwa da baƙin ciki (“baƙar karensa”) amma ya magance n ta hanyar rubutu.[263] a fara aiki akan Marlborough: Rayuwarsa da Zamaninsa, tarihin kakansa John Churchill, Duke na Marlorough na 1st.[264]I] Ya sami suna don kasancewa mai yawahan giya, kodayake Jenkins ya yi imanin cewa galibi ana yin karin gishiri.[265] [266] [267] [268] A cikin Janairu 1931, Churchill ya yi murabus daga Conservative Shadow Cabinet saboda Baldwin ya goyi bayan matakin gwamnati na ba da Matsayin Dominion ga Indiya.[[269] [270] Ya kasance yana adawa da Mohandas Gandhi, wanda ya yi la'akari da shi "lauyan tsattsauran ra'ayi mai tayar da hankali, wanda yanzu ya nuna a matsayin fakir" [271] Ra'ayinsa ya harzuka ra'ayin jam'iyyar Labour da Liberal, ko da yake ya samu goyon bayan jama'a da yawa na Conservatives.[272]
[273] [274] Ya fara rangadin lacca a Arewacin Amurka, yana fatan dawo da asarar kudi da aka samu a hadarin Wall Street[275] [276] A ranar 13 ga Disamba, yana wucewa ta Fifth Avenue a New York lokacin da wata mota ta fado masa, yana fama da ciwon kai wanda ya kamu da cutar neuritis.[277] Don .[278]Ya koma Amurka a karshen watan Janairun 1932 kuma ya kammala mafi yawan laccoci kafin ya isa gida a ranar 18 ga Maris[279]
253] A cikin?"[280] Ba da daɗewa ba bayan ya ziyarci Blenheim, zazzabin paratyphoid ya kamu da Churchill kuma ya shafe makonni biyu a wani ɗakin kiwon lafiya a Salzburg[281] [282] [283] [284]
Gargadi game da Jamus da rikicin murabus:
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]1933-1936 Bayan da Hitler ya hau kan karagar mulki a watan Janairun 1933, Churchill ya yi gaggawar gane barazanar irin wannan gwamnati, kuma ya nuna fargabar cewa gwamnatin Birtaniya ta rage yawan kudaden da ake kashewa na sojojin sama, ya kuma yi gargadin cewa nan ba da jimawa ba Jamus za ta mamaye Biritaniya wajen samar da sojojin sama.[285]][286] [287] Ya yi magana game da damuwarsa a cikin watsa shirye-shiryen rediyo a watan Nuwamba 1934, [288]bayan ya yi Allah wadai da rashin haƙuri da yaƙi da 'yan Nazi a cikin House of Commons [289] da Churchill ya dauki mulkin Mussolini a matsayin katanga daga barazanar juyin juya halin gurguzu, ya yi adawa da mamayewar Italiya na Habasha,[290] [291] [292] ,[293]
Tsakanin Oktoba 1933 da Satumba 1938, an buga littattafai huɗu na Marlborough: Rayuwarsa da Zamaninsa kuma an sayar da su da kyau.[294]I A cikin Disamba 1934, Dokar Indiya ta shia majalisa kuma aka zartar a cikin Fabrairu 1935. Churchill da wasu 'yan majalisa 83 masu ra'ayin mazan jiya sun kada kuri'ar kin amincewa da shi.[295] watan Yuni 1935, MacDonald ya yi murabus kuma Baldwin ya gaje shi a matsayin firayim minista.[262] Daga nan Baldwin ya jagoranci jam'iyyar Conservatives zuwa nasara a babban zaben 1935; Churchill ya ci gaba da zama, amma an sake barinsa daga gwamnati.[296] mahaifinsa, George V, a matsayin sarki. Sha'awarsa ta auren wata Ba'amurke da ta sake aure, Wallis Simpson, ta haifar da rikicin barin gado.[297] ya goyi bayan Edward kuma ya yi karo da Baldwin kan batun[298] haka, ko da yake Churchill nan da nan ya yi alkawarin yin biyayya ga George VI, ya rubuta cewa murabus din ya kasance "wanda bai kai ba kuma mai yiwuwa bai zama dole b[299] [300] [301]
Ƙaddamarwa: 1937-1939
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Churchill da Neville Chamberlain, babban mai ba da shawara A cikin Mayu 1937, Baldwin ya yi murabus kuma Neville Chamberlain ya gaje shi a matsayin Firayim Minista. Da farko Churchill ya yi maraba da nadin Chamberlain amma, a cikin watan Fabrairun 1938, al'amura sun ci karo da juna bayan Sakataren Harkokin Waje Anthony Eden ya yi murabus kan neman yardar Chamberlain na Mussolini,[302] manufar da Chamberlain ke mikawa Hitler.[303] cikin 1938, Churchill ya gargadi gwamnati game da kwantar da hankali kuma ya yi kira da a dauki matakin gama kai don dakgwile ta'asar Jamus.[[304] [305] nagaBayan Anschluss, Churchill ya yi magana a cikin House of Commons:
[306] Ya fara yin kira da a kulla yarjejeniyar kare juna tsakanin kasashen Turai da ke fuskantar barazanar fadada Jamus, yana mai cewa wannan ita ce kadai hanyar da za a iya dakatar da Hitler[307] A watan Satumba, Jamus ta shirya don mamaye Sudetenland a cikin Czechoslovakia.[308] Churchill ya ziyarci Chamberlain kuma ya buace shi ya gaya wa Jamus cewa Birtaniya za ta kaddamar da yaki idan Jamusawa suka mamaye yankin Czechoslovak; Chamberlain bai yarda ya yi haka ba.[309] A ranar 30 ga Satumba, Chamberlain ya rattaba hannu kan yerjejeniyar Munich, tare da amincewa da ba da izinin shigar da Jamusanci na Sudetenland. Da yake magana a cikin House of Commons a ranar 5 ga Oktoba, Churchill ya kira yarjejeniyar "cikakkiyar kashin da ba a yankewa ba".[[310]] Bayan wargajewar jam'iyyar Czechoslovakia a watan Maris na 1939, Churchill da magoya bayansa sun yi kira da a kafa kawancen kasa. Sakamakon shahararsa ya karu.[311] [312]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Price, Bill (2009). Winston Churchill: War Leader. Harpenden: No Exit Press. p. 12. ISBN 978-18-42433-22-5.
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- ↑ Roberts 2018, p. 52
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- ↑ . 29753". The London Gazette (Supplement). 16 September 1916. p. 9100.
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- ↑ Brooks, Richard (28 February 2016). "Churchill's torment over death of two year old daughter laid bare". The Times. Archived from the original on 27 January 2022. Retrieved 27 January 2022.
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- ↑ Meeting Hitler, 1932". The Churchill Project. Hillsdale, Missouri: Hillsdale College. 5 March 2015. Archived from the original on 21 Apil 2021. Retrieved 22 May 2021.
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- ↑ Jenkins 2001, pp. 479–480
- ↑ Gilbert 1991, p. 533
- ↑ The International Situation". Hansard. 5th. Westminster: House of Commons. 24 October 1935. pp. 357–369. Archived from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 17 May 2021. We cannot afford to see Nazidom in its present phase of cruelty and intolerance, with all its hatreds and all its gleaming weapons, paramount in Europe
- ↑ Gilbert 1991, p. 544
- ↑ The International Situation". Hansard. 5th. Westminster: House of Commons. 24 October 1935. pp. 357–369. Archived from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 17 May 2021. No one can keep up the pretence that Abyssinia is a fit, worthy
- ↑ Rhodes James 1970, p. 408.
- ↑ Gilbert 1991, pp. 522, 533, 563, 594
- ↑ Gilbert 1991, p. 279
- ↑ A cikin Janairu 1936, Edward VIII ya gajGilbert 1991, p. 285
- ↑ Rhodes James 1970, p. 62; Gilbert 1991, pp. 282–285; Jenkins 2001, p. 249.
- ↑ Rhodes James 1970, p. 62; Gilbert 1991, p. 286; Jenkins 2001, pp. 250–251.
- ↑ Rhodes James 1970, p. 62; Gilbert 1991, p. 286; Jenkins 2001, pp. 250–251.
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill#CITEREFRhodes_James1970
- ↑ Gilbert 1991, p. 328
- ↑ Gilbert 1991
- ↑ Gilbert 1991, pp. 293, 298–
- ↑ Rhodes James 1970, pp. 64–67; Gilbert 1991, pp. 291–292; Jenkins 2001, pp. 255, 261.
- ↑ Rhodes James 1970
- ↑ Gilbert 1991
- ↑ Rhodes James 1970, p. 79; Gilbert 1991, pp. 316–316; Jenkins 2001, pp. 273–274.
- ↑ Gilbert 1991, pp. 319–320; Jenkins 2001, p. 276
- ↑ Gilbert 1991, pp. 329–332
- ↑ Gilbert 1991, pp. 340–341
- ↑ 29520". The London Gazette (Supplement). 24 March 1916. p. 3260.
- ↑ Gilbert 1991, pp. 342–245
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